Circumstances Of People Research Articles

Inequality of opportunity in the double burden of malnutrition in Mexico.

This paper proposes a pseudo-birth-cohort approach to deal with a lack of longitudinal data to measure health inequities over time. Using Roemer's framework for inequality of opportunity, this study measures ex-ante and ex-post inequalities in malnutrition, a concept that spans both sides of the nutrition continuum. The total contribution of observed circumstances and the direct contribution of observed efforts to the variation of malnutrition are disentangled for people born between 1983 and 1988 in Mexico. Results indicate that inequality of opportunity has been persistent across this 30-year lifespan for that cohort. Some evidence suggests that a lack of opportunities has been transmitted from parents to children and that people's circumstances account for most of the explained variation in the double burden of malnutrition. However, stratifying the analysis by sex shows that efforts account for more of the explained variation of inequality of opportunity for women in their middle adulthood than for men in most of the outcomes analyzed.

My circumstances, their circumstances: An actor‐observer distinction in the consequences of external attributions

AbstractPeople may attribute social phenomena to either internal causes (e.g., people's ability, intelligence, effort, or personality) or external causes (e.g., people's circumstances, access to opportunities, treatment by others). In this review, we focus on external attributions, which have been widely characterized as positive because they help people view marginalized groups and rejected individuals sympathetically. We argue, however, that there exists an important actor‐observer distinction in the consequences of external attributions, giving them the potential to yield both positive and negative consequences: When observers attribute others' setbacks or rejections to external causes, this may help them adopt a sympathetic view. However, when actors attribute their own setbacks or rejections to external causes, this view may harm their mental wellbeing, motivation, or self‐concept. We identify this actor‐observer distinction in three domains: social disparities, social rejection, and academic setbacks. Finally, we discuss some implications of this actor‐observer difference and directions for future research.

Factors associated with homeless experiences amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada.

Canadian homelessness is an ongoing issue, especially in the Nipissing District, Ontario, where agencies work to support those in need. However, these efforts were challenged with the sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the Cycle of Homelessness model, this study examines sociodemographic factors associated with homeless experiences during the pandemic. Using data from the 2021 (n = 207) Nipissing District homeless enumeration survey and employing bivariate and multivariate binary logistic analyses, this study examined sociodemographic factors associated with reasons of homelessness, barriers to housing loss and experiences of chronic and episodic homelessness during the pandemic. The results showed a significant sociodemographic variation in the experiences of the homeless population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Those over the age of 35 versus their younger counterparts were more likely (43.7%) found in emergency shelters. Multivariate findings indicated that females experienced housing/financial loss and interpersonal/family issues, directly causing homelessness, 2.2 and 2.5 times more than males, respectively. Welfare recipients were more likely to experience health-related reasons for housing loss (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.8), chronic homelessness (OR: 3.3), addiction (OR: 2.9), and mental health-related barriers to housing (OR: 4.1). Those aged 25-34, 25-44, and 45+ were 7.9, 4.9, and 5.1 times more likely to face chronic homelessness. Conclusions: Welfare recipients are more at-risk of health-related housing loss, addiction, and mental health barriers to housing, and chronic homelessness. This could be attributed to poor public planning and policies that put people in marginal economic and housing circumstances, especially during the pandemic. Therefore, policy reform is required to address the main barriers in eliminating homelessness.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on STI and HIV Services in the Netherlands According to Health Care Professionals.

Surveillance data from the Netherlands show that STI/HIV testing decreased at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting barriers to access to STI/HIV care. However, the impact of the pandemic on STI/HIV care may be more complex, and key populations could be differentially affected. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the impact of COVID-19 on STI/HIV care in the Netherlands from the perspective of STI/HIV care providers. We investigated whether professionals in STI/HIV care experienced changes compared to pre-COVID in access to STI/HIV care for priority populations, demand and provision of STI/HIV care, shifts to online STI/HIV counseling and care, and the quality assurance of STI/HIV care. An online survey was completed by 192 STI/HIV care professionals. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were held with 23 STI/HIV care professionals. According to participants, people in vulnerable circumstances, such as recent migrants and people with low health or digital literacy, may have had difficulties accessing STI/HIV care during the pandemic, especially during lockdowns and at public sexual health services. Hence, these may not have received the care they needed. Participants thought that COVID-19 measures may have compounded existing disparities. Furthermore, participants found that online care provision was not up to standard and were concerned about follow-up care for patients using private online providers of remote tests. It is important to explore how STI/HIV care for people in vulnerable circumstances can be ensured in future public health crises.

The Effect of Using a Client-Accessible Health Record on Perceived Quality of Care: Interview Study Among Parents and Adolescents.

Patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) are assumed to enhance the quality of care, expressed in terms of safety, effectiveness, timeliness, person centeredness, efficiency, and equity. However, research on the impact of PAEHRs on the perceived quality of care among parents, children, and adolescents is largely lacking. In the Netherlands, a PAEHR (Iuvenelis) was developed for preventive child health care and youth care. Parents and adolescents had access to its full content, could manage appointments, ask questions, and comment on written reports. This study aims to assess whether and how using this PAEHR contributes to perceived quality of care from a client's perspective. We chose a qualitative design with a phenomenological approach to explore how parents and adolescents perceived the impact of using a PAEHR on quality of care. In-depth interviews that simultaneously included 1 to 3 people were conducted in 2021. In total, 20 participants were included in the study, representing parents and adolescents, both sexes, different educational levels, different native countries, and all participating municipalities. Within this group, 7 of 13 (54%) parents had not previously been informed about the existence of a client portal. Their expectations of using the client portal, in relation to quality of care, were discussed after a demonstration of the portal. Parents and adolescents perceived that using Iuvenelis contributed to the quality of care because they felt better informed and more involved in the care process than before the introduction of Iuvenelis. Moreover, they experienced more control over their health data, faster and simpler access to their health information, and found it easier to manage appointments or ask questions at their convenience. Parents from a migratory background, among whom 6 of 7 (86%) had not previously been informed about the portal, expected that portal access would enhance their understanding of and control over their care processes. The parents expressed concerns about equity because parents from a migratory background might have less access to the service. Nevertheless, portal usability was regarded as high. Furthermore, both parents and adolescents saw room for improvement in the broader interdisciplinary use of Iuvenelis and the quality of reporting. Using Iuvenelis can contribute to the client-experienced quality of care, more specifically to perceived person centeredness, timeliness, safety, efficiency, and integration of care. However, some quality aspects, such as equity, still need addressing. In general, client information about the portal needs to be improved, specifically focusing on people in vulnerable circumstances, such as those from migratory backgrounds. In addition, to maximize the potential benefit of using Iuvenelis, stimulating a person-centered attitude among professionals is important. Considering the small number of adolescent participants (n=7), adding quantitative data from a structured survey could strengthen the available evidence.

Lipid Management in Primary Care for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Populations in Northern England: A Qualitative Study.

People in low socioeconomic circumstances are more susceptible to dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease than those living in more affluent populations. Limited healthcare access and low preventive care uptake widen health inequalities. Understanding how primary care can better serve socioeconomically disadvantaged communities is urgently needed. To explore lipid management delivery in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas and identify barriers and enablers for lipid optimization for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Individual semi-structured remote interviews with clinicians, purposively recruited from primary care practices serving extremely socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in Northern England, UK, who were involved in the delivery and organization of lipid management. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically following framework analysis. Fifteen interviews were undertaken. Five themes emerged: complex and multimorbid patients with competing priorities, limited access and follow-up to supporting services, being flexible and working beyond guidelines, high workload with inadequate staff support, and the need for care integrity and sustainable support. The findings of this study have been fed back to the delivery of the national program to improve cardiovascular health. Socioeconomically disadvantaged communities have complex health needs posing risks of multimorbidity but living with low health literacy, competing demands upon time, and financial constraints. Clinicians are willing to adapt services but a lack of guidance for care and funded services remains a significant barrier to targeted service delivery. Research is needed to inform the effectiveness and acceptability of interventions for lipid management tailored for those experiencing low socioeconomic disadvantage.

Participation in organised sport to improve and prevent adverse developmental trajectories of at-risk youth: A systematic review.

Healthy after-school activities such as participation in organised sport have been shown to serve as important resources for reducing school failure and other problem/high-risk behaviour. It remains to be established to what extent organised sport participation has positive impacts on young people in unstable life circumstances. What are the effects of organised sport on risk behaviour, personal, emotional and social skills of young people, who either have experienced or are at-risk of experiencing an adverse outcome? The database searches were carried out in March 2023 and other sources were searched in May 2023. We searched to identify both published and unpublished literature. The intervention was participation in leisure time organised sport. Young people between 6 and 18 years of age, who either have experienced or are at-risk of experiencing an adverse outcome were eligible. Primary outcomes were problem/high-risk behaviour and a secondary outcomes social and emotional outcomes. Studies that used a control group were eligible for. Studies that utilised qualitative approaches were not. The number of potentially relevant studies was 43,716. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Only seven studies could be used in the data synthesis. Five studies were judged to have a critical risk of bias and were excluded from the meta-analysis. One study did not report data that enabled the calculation of effect sizes and standard errors. Meta-analyses were conducted on each conceptual outcome separately. All analyses were inverse variance weighted using random effects statistical models. Two studies were from Canada, one from Australia, and the remaining from the USA. The timespan of the interventions was 23 years, from 1995 to 2018. The median number of participants analysed was 316, and the median number of controls was 452. A number of primary outcomes were reported but each in a single study only. Concerning secondary outcomes, two studies reported the effect on overall psychosocial adjustment at post-intervention. The standardised mean difference was 0.70 (95% CI 0.28-1.11). There was a small amount of heterogeneity. Three studies reported on depressive symptoms at 0-3 years follow-up. The standardised mean difference was 0.02 (95% CI -0.01 to 0.06). There was no heterogeneity between the three studies. In addition, a number of other secondary outcomes were reported each in a single study only. There were too few studies included in the meta-analyses in order for us to draw any conclusion. The dominance of Northern America clearly limiting the generalisability of the findings. The majority of the studies were not considered to be of overall high quality and the process of excluding studies with critical risk of bias from the meta-analysis applied in this review left us with only 7 of a total of 13 possible studies to synthesise. Further, because too few studies reported results on the same type of outcome, at most three studies could be combined in a particular meta-analysis and no meta-analysis could be performed on any of the primary outcomes.

The Distinction between Theology and Ethics: A Critical History

ABSTRACTThis article sketches an intellectual history of the distinction between Christian theology and Christian ethics. The twists and turns of that history have been obscured by a recent tendency to deny the distinction's usefulness, as part of a wider strategy for reasserting theology's relevance to modern social problems. By contrast, earlier theologians assumed the value of the theology/ethics divide, interpreting it through Aristotelian, neo‐Kantian, and finally Marxist categories. The distinction fell into disrepute because theologians struggled to maintain the distinction consistently and disagreed on the concerns implicated by it, variously using it to affirm the moral subject's agency, the divine/human difference, or the complexity of real people's circumstances. Nonetheless, the distinction has persisted as a useful shorthand for recognizing the limitations of Christian theology, qua a conceptual discourse, in fully apprehending its subject matter of the Christian life.

INTERFERENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEXEMES IN THE UKRAINIAN HUMOROUS DISCOURSE DURING THE FULL-SCALE INVASION

The article highlights the cognitive and linguistic aspects of Ukrainian humorous discourse during the full-scale Russian invasion, focusing on the process of interference of words of foreign origin. Particular attention is paid to lexemes and their reinterpretation through cognitive patterns, such as availability heuristics, negative thinking, the accessibility cascade, the friend-foe pattern, the effect of contrast and stereotypical expectations. The study reveals a variety of stylistic means of comism that are caused by the interference of words of foreign origin in humorous Ukrainian discourse. The main techniques are irony, allusion, comic innuendo, parallelism, paradox, hyperbole, baphos, gradation, metaphor, and rhetorical figures. These stylistic elements of humor play an important role in creating a comic effect and shaping a humorous statement in wartime. The determined communicative functions of Ukrainian humor fragments relate to maintaining an optimistic moral state, promoting the unanimity of the Ukrainian people in the difficult circumstances of the war, creating a negative image of the enemy, and relieving psychological stress that occurs in people during hostilities, air raids, and shelling. The sample has three American tokens, three English tokens, two German tokens, and one Turkish token, which is duplicated in two jokes. All of them are reinterpreted and receive additional meanings and connotations. Ukrainian humorous discourse during the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine is based on topics relevant to the country: political, military, cultural-historical, and social. The systematized use of borrowed words in modern jokes can be seen, and it concerns the current realities of Ukrainians. Humor itself is built on situational circumstances, military aspects, and their consequences for society. The interference of foreign-language lexemes leads to the acquisition of specific words and phrases with new and ambiguous lexical and semantic meanings. Most of the sample, which refers to the military aid of Western countries, interprets the borrowed words in a positive sense; the other part, which concerns Russian realities, gives the constructions negative comic and ironic-humorous meanings.

Communicative products of social networks and the Internet as a social glue in times of social crises and disasters

The article presents the quantitative and qualitative impact of social networks and the Internet products on social bonding during crises and disasters. The study is based on the data of psychological experiments, the results of sociological research and various models of news broadcasting and presents consideration about the nature of this impact. In particular, it is shown that informal communication, being a "social glue", has been replenished with new powerful communication channels due to the development of Internet technologies. Despite such an important characteristic as unverified information and other features of counter-knowledge, these channels are massively used by people, thus, according to the author, their communicative and informational products can be studied regarding the possibilities and conditions their expansion and heuristic ability, so they can be analyzed as a factor of social bonding. It has been proven that informal communication in its massive forms are activated in situations of social crises and disasters, because the users are traumatized, often lose control, plunge into a state of social deprivation and need constant communication with like-minded people in similar circumstances. In this way, the community is bonding by social glue by overcoming common problems, and relevant information products and their rapid sharing by the Internet contribute to this. The very information content of for the informal communication through social networks and the Internet allows people to explain reality better and "modify" or alter its representation to a more comfortable one. It has been proven that such factors as "cognitive simplicity" of the information content, its myth-producing component and the high status of an addressee of a message contribute to this. The article also outlines considerations on how people could be taught to navigate the information and choose those products of social networks and the Internet that not only glue community together, but also unite it on the basis of real knowledge. People should be taught to approach information messages critically, to understand the nature and properties of media messages, their communicative and destructive influences. Media literacy and critical thinking could be very helpful in these situations as they facilitate informational culture, teach media literacy, increase personal self-confidence, help people shape their own view of reality and consciously choose partners for constructive communication.

Forced displacement and subsequent generations’ migration intentions: intergenerational transmission of family migration capital

ABSTRACT A growing body of evidence for the ‘family migration capital’ hypothesis – whereby migration experience in a family leads to a greater propensity to move among migrants’ descendants – has so far relied on accounts of any migration experience, including voluntary moves. However, in the case of voluntary migration, a considerable part of the observable effect may be due to self-selection into migration and passing the migration-driving characteristics across generations rather than due to the transmission of ‘capital’ derived from migration. To minimise the influence of self-selection, we consider the effects of forced migration, where self-selection is less prevalent than in voluntary migration. Using data from the nationally representative Life in Transition Survey-III, collected in 32 countries in Eurasia (N = 41,977), in logistic regression, we show that descendants of people who experienced forced displacement as a result of World War II are more likely to report an intention to migrate than people in similar circumstances but without this kind of family experience. Our findings support the contention that migration experience leads to the accumulation of ‘family migration capital’ that is passed across generations and highlight the long-lasting consequences of forced displacement, happening on a large scale globally nowadays, for future voluntary migration flows.

The effectiveness of sexual assault referral centres with regard to mental health and substance use: a national mixed-methods study - the MiMoS Study.

Sexual assault referral centres have been established to provide an integrated service that includes forensic examination, health interventions and emotional support. However, it is unclear how the mental health and substance use needs are being addressed. To identify what works for whom under what circumstances for people with mental health or substance use issues who attend sexual assault referral centres. Staff and adult survivors in English sexual assault referral centres and partner agency staff. A mixed-method multistage study using realist methodology comprising five work packages. This consisted of a systematic review and realist synthesis (work package 1); a national audit of sexual assault referral centres (work package 2); a cross-sectional prevalence study of mental health and drug and alcohol needs (work package 3); case studies in six sexual assault referral centre settings (work package 4), partner agencies and survivors; and secondary data analysis of outcomes of therapy for sexual assault survivors (work package 5). There is a paucity of evidence identified in the review to support specific ways of addressing mental health and substance use. There is limited mental health expertise in sexual assault referral centres and limited use of screening tools based on the audit. In the prevalence study, participants (n = 78) reported high levels of psychological distress one to six weeks after sexual assault referral centre attendance (94% of people had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder). From work package 4 qualitative analysis, survivors identified how trauma-informed care potentially reduced risk of re-traumatisation. Sexual assault referral centre staff found having someone with mental health expertise in the team helpful not only in helping plan onward referrals but also in supporting staff. Both sexual assault referral centre staff and survivors highlighted challenges in onward referral, particularly to NHS mental health care, including gaps in provision and long waiting times. Work package 5 analysis demonstrated that people with recorded sexual assault had higher levels of baseline psychological distress and received more therapy but their average change scores at end point were similar to those without sexual trauma. The study was adversely affected by the pandemic. The data were collected during successive lockdowns when services were not operating as usual, as well as the overlay of anxiety and isolation due to the pandemic. People who attend sexual assault centres have significant mental health and substance use needs. However, sexual assault referral centres vary in how they address these issues. Access to follow-up support from mental health services needs to be improved (especially for those deemed to have 'complex' needs) and there is some indication that co-located psychological therapies provision improves the survivor experience. Routine data analysis demonstrated that those with sexual assault can benefit from therapy but require more intensity than those without sexual assault. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of providing co-located psychological therapy in the sexual assault referral centres, as well as evaluating the long-term needs and outcomes of people who attend these centres. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (16/117/03) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 11, No. 21. This trial is registered as PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018119706 and ISRCTN 18208347.

Settlement of Tax Disputes Through the Application of the Principle of Equity

Tax is a mandatory financial contribution or obligation where individuals are required to allocate a portion of their wealth or income to the government. This process allows the government to access some of society's financial resources for the benefit of the country as a whole. In tax collection, the basic principle of equality is applied. This principle underlines that taxation must be applied impartially, without discrimination. People in similar circumstances should face the same tax rates, and there should be no deviation from applicable laws in tax collection. Fulfillment of this principle guarantees a tax system that prioritizes justice, and all forms of tax collection are carried out in accordance with legal limits, thus providing legal certainty for taxpayers. The research method used is a normative juridical approach, and the data collected in this research is secondary data.

The impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths for people who experience incarceration compared to the general population in Ontario: A whole population data linkage study.

To inform preparedness and population health action, we need to understand the effects of COVID-19 on health inequities. In this study, we assess the impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths among people who experience incarceration compared to others in the general population in Ontario, Canada. We conducted a retrospective cohort study for the period of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. We accessed and linked coronial data on all opioid toxicity deaths in Ontario with correctional data for people aged 18 years and older who were incarcerated in a provincial correctional facility. We used data from the Statistics Canada Census to calculate whole population rates. We used an interrupted time series design and segmented regression to assess for change in the level or rate of increase in deaths due to opioid toxicity coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the impact of COVID-19 on the opioid toxicity death rates for people exposed and not exposed to incarceration. Rates of opioid toxicity death increased with a linear positive slope in both persons exposed to incarceration and those not exposed over the study period. The start of COVID-19 measures coincided with a marked upward shift in the trend lines with modification of the effect of COVID-19 by both sex and exposure to incarceration. For persons exposed to incarceration, the risk ratio (RR) was 1.50 (95%CI 1.35-1.69) for males and 1.21 (95%CI 1.06-1.42) for females, and for persons not exposed to incarceration, the RR was 1.25 (95%CI 1.13-1.38) for males and not significant for females. COVID-19 substantially exacerbated the risk of opioid toxicity death, impacting males and females who experienced incarceration more than those who had not, with an immediate stepwise increase in risk but no change in the rate of increase of risk over time. Public health work, including pandemic preparedness, should consider the specific needs and circumstances of people who experience incarceration.

The Reason Behind Imam Al-Shafi'i's Denial of Commendation- A Contemporary Applied Jurisprudential Study

This study identifies the reasons for Imam Al-Shafi'i's rejection of “Istihsan” or juristic preference. The study explains the concept of Istihsan, its components, the schools of jurisprudence, “ijma'” or consensus, and the attitude of ancient and contemporary jurists towards Istihsan. Scholars' opinions regarding acceptance or rejection are also presented. Contemporary applications are examined where jurists have employed Istihsan, highlighting its legitimacy and its impact on facilitating matters for Muslims in their daily lives. Istihsan is a fundamental principle of Islamic jurisprudence aimed to facilitate Muslims' lives while adhering to the divine law. Jurists reject Istihsan based on legal evidence and serve the objectives of the Sharia, as well as being a legitimate argument in itself. Furthermore, the study explores contemporary jurisprudential issues and branches based on Istihsan, their formulation, and grounding. This enables jurists to apply fundamental jurisprudential principles to the evolving issues and circumstances of people's lives.

Online qualitative research with vulnerable populations in the Philippines: Ethical and methodological challenges during COVID-19

Our article draws on two multi-sited studies to present the ethical and methodological challenges of conducting online qualitative research among vulnerable populations in the Philippines—specifically, among people who use drugs—during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the global scholarship has long articulated the difficulties inherent to pursuing research on such populations, we show how the specific milieu of the Philippines in the last three years has created exceptional, structural challenges to the conduct of said research. Besides the inevitable migration to online fieldwork brought about by the pandemic, researchers have had to contend with the continuing sociopolitical and existential threat to vulnerable populations posed by the government's drug war. Such a milieu, we argue, has further restricted access to potential study participants; redefined notions of intimacy and safety in conducting virtual data collection; and rendered people in vulnerable circumstances “more vulnerable” amid a climate of pandemic-induced precarity and aggravated distrust in the state—all of which have compelled researchers to undertake necessary innovations to uphold quality and equity in online research. We conclude by highlighting the need to maintain networks of trust with vulnerable communities, compensate research participants justly, and safeguard the independence of research institutions and people's trust in them.

WORLDVIEW PRINCIPLES OF VOLUNTEERING IN UKRAINE DURING THE WAR

Volunteering in Ukraine is becoming an increasingly popular phenomenon that occupies an important place in the life of society. Many people choose volunteering as a way to help people in difficult life circumstances, as well as to develop their own personality and engage in active civic participation. As a significant social phenomenon, volunteering has its own ideological foundations that define its core values and principles. Volunteering is based on the desire to help people and nature regardless of their status, nationality, religion, or political beliefs. The purpose of the study. The current study examines the ideological foundations of volunteering in Ukraine in wartime and their significance for volunteering, to study the practical experience of volunteers in Ukraine in 2014-2023, and to examine the peculiarities of the legal regulation of volunteering in Ukraine in wartime. Methods. Achieving the goal and objectives of the study was made possible by using a set of interrelated modern general scientific and special methods and approaches. The systematic approach made it possible to study volunteering as a holistic set of elements in the totality of the connections between them. Through the use of the method of systematization, the author provides a review of the legal framework for volunteering, factor analysis is used to determine the factors influencing the relationship between the state and society in the field of volunteering, and system analysis is used to assess the state of relations between the state and society in Ukraine at this stage through its quantitative indicators.Results. According to the study “Volunteer Movement in Ukraine”, prepared by GfK Ukraine on behalf of the UN in Ukraine, Ukrainian citizens pay great attention to the volunteer movement in the development of social processes: 62% recognize the role of volunteers in the changes in the last year; 85% believe that the volunteer movement helps strengthen peace; 81% tend to consider the volunteer movement an essential component of civil society. Regarding the legal regulation of volunteer activities in Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Volunteer Activity” of April 19, 2011, No. 3236-VI was adopted in April 2011. The Law of Ukraine of 15.08.2022 No. 2519-IX On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Volunteer Activity” on Support of Volunteer Activity regulates social relations related to volunteer activity in Ukraine. Discussion. One of the key principles of volunteering in Ukraine is selflessness and the ability to work in extreme conditions. Volunteers often work in difficult and dangerous conditions that require a high level of professionalism and skills. For many volunteers, the Ukrainian revolution of 2013-2014 and the events in eastern Ukraine were turning points that forced them to change their attitude to their own lives and start helping others. Ukrainian volunteers are an example of community and state cooperation that contributes to ensuring security and helping victims. They have shown that volunteering can be an effective tool in the fight against war and its consequences. Many volunteer organizations provided free medical care, took on the responsibility of supplying the military with necessary items and military equipment, organized the evacuation of people from the war zone, and provided psychological support to the military and their families. Conclusions.Volunteering in Ukraine is not a new phenomenon, but the war with Russia has become a catalyst for its development. This is a great example of how crises can encourage people to act together and interact to achieve a common goal. Volunteerism in Ukraine demonstrates the importance of spiritual unity and cooperation in difficult times, and is one of the most striking examples of civil society in action. The ideological principles of volunteering in Ukraine include non-profitability, openness, spirituality, and humanism, transparency and openness, security, and cooperation with government agencies and the military. The volunteer movement in Ukraine, especially in times of war, is an important factor in ensuring security and helping victims. Involvement of different groups of the population in volunteer activities, as well as cooperation with state and international structures, are important to ensure the effectiveness and success of volunteer activities.

Contributions to Action Research for Transformation: Elderly-Teachers and Resistance Against the Systematic Territorial Dispossession

ABSTRACT This article examines how elderly people living in poverty established an active space for ancestral territorial management called Wiñenani-Pikenani Intergenerational School. 16 elders waorani of Ecuador acted as mentors of their kids. This school arises from critical social work to transfer important knowledge to live successfully in a biodiverse environment. The intergenerational learning as resistance to an extractive economy that systematically impoverishes and dispossesses them. The qualitative methodological contributions to learning by doing were: Ludic-Intergenerational Workshops, Daily Coexistence Space, and Knowledge Dialogue Meetings community-university. Concluding that participatory approaches must be continually rethought to include invisible people in circumstances of poverty.

Stress Detection using Deep Learning Techniques

Abstract: Stress is a typical component of daily life that has an impact on people in different circumstances. However, sustained or acute stress can negatively impact our health and interfere with our daily activities. Early recognition of mental stress is essential for good management and the avoidance of future health problems brought on by chronic stress. Understanding the connection between facial expressions and the accompanying emotional experiences of individuals is a topic of great interest. According to research, facial expressions and indications might offer important clues for the study and classification of stress. Notably, changes in the mouth and eyebrows are important signs of stress on the human face. This technology records live video and applies conventional conversion to capture stress levels. In order to analyse the user's stress levels, this system records live video and uses conventional conversion and image processing techniques. The technology provides more precise and effective results in stress prediction by utilising machine learning algorithms that concentrate on brow and lip motions.

Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism spectrum disorders: investigation of 39 Dutch case reports (2012-2021).

Euthanasia review committees (Regionale Toetsingscommissies Euthanasie, RTE) scrutinise all Dutch cases of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS) to review whether six legal 'due care' criteria are met, including 'unbearable suffering without prospect of improvement'. There are significant complexities and ethical dilemmas if EAS requests are made by people with intellectual disabilities or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). To describe the characteristics and circumstances of people with intellectual disabilities and/or ASD who were granted their EAS request; investigate the main causes of suffering that led to the EAS request; and examine physicians' response to the request. The online RTE database of 927 EAS case reports (2012-2021) was searched for patients with intellectual disabilities and/or ASD (n = 39). Inductive thematic content analysis was performed on these case reports, using the framework method. Factors directly associated with intellectual disability and/or ASD were the sole cause of suffering described in 21% of cases and a major contributing factor in a further 42% of cases. Reasons for the EAS request included social isolation and loneliness (77%), lack of resilience or coping strategies (56%), lack of flexibility (rigid thinking or difficulty adapting to change) (44%) and oversensitivity to stimuli (26%). In one-third of cases, physicians noted there was 'no prospect of improvement' as ASD and intellectual disability are not treatable. Examination of societal support for suffering associated with lifelong disability, and debates around the acceptability of these factors as reasons for granting EAS, are of international importance.