People With Diabetes Research Articles

Homeopathic Medicinal Products and Importance in Diabetes

Background: Diabetes is a condition that happens when your blood sugar (glucose) is too high. It develops when your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all, or when your body isn’t responding to the effects of insulin properly. Diabetes affects people of all ages. Most forms of diabetes are chronic (lifelong), and all forms are manageable with medications and/or lifestyle changes. So many health problems can develop in diabetic people, like heart diseases, kidney diseases, eye problems, etc. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease. A qualified homeopathic doctor needs to be consulted for the selection of the right medicine and its potency. Objective: There are many allopathic medicines available for the treatment of diabetes, but they have lots of side effects. The main objective of this study is to find out the appropriate homeopathic medicines for the treatment of diabetes. Methods: A literature search was conducted on the databases, namely Science Direct and PubMed, with the help of different keywords such as "homeopathic medicine treatment of diabetes." The search was customized by applying the appropriate filters so as to get the most relevant articles to meet the objective of this review article. Result: There are different research and review papers based on the homeopathic medicine treatment of diabetes and the activity of new drug molecules. Conclusion: On the basis of our study, we found that some treatments approach homeopathic medicines for the treatment of diabetes and suggested that if we used homeopathic medicine to reduce the side effects of allopathic medicines.

Clinical utility of diabetic ulcer severity score in patients with diabetic foot ulcers – A prospective study

Background: The most common reason for hospitalisation for diabetic people is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). For diabetic foot ulcers, a variety of scoring systems and classifications are available with the goal of comparing treatment options and long-term results. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the diabetic ulcer severity score, a wound-based clinical scoring system for diabetic foot ulcers, in predicting clinical outcomes. Materials and method: A prospective study was conducted on 65 diabetic ulcer patients. DUSS was applied during the admission. The DUSS consists of four clinical variables: 1) pedal pulses, 2) bone probing, 3) ulcer site, and 4) ulcer number. These wounds were scored as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. All patients received standard care in accordance with a protocol. The outcome of treatment was recorded. Results: In this prospective study of 65 patients with diabetic foot ulcers, most common age group affected was between 51-70 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 8.13±4.28 years. Most commonly ulcers were of DUSS score 1. Of the 65 patients, 36 (55.38%) got conservative care, including wound debridement, 14 (21.54%) underwent skin grafting, and 15 (23.08%) underwent amputation. DFU with DUSS score 0 healed by 2 weeks, score 3 and 4 healed mostly only after surgical intervention. Comparison of amputation based on DUSS score showed statistical significance. The mean healing time was found to be 108.8±43.7 days. Conclusion: This study conclude that DUSS system is a wound based diagnostic procedure to predict healing, amputation or need for surgery by combining the four sign in a safe manner. Keywords: amputation; diabetes mellitus; duss scoring system; foot ulcer

Pragmatic Study Design to Assess the Effect of a mHealth Application on Empowerment of Noninsulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes People in a Low- and Middle-income Setup

Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as India, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) for people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) faces many barriers. mHealth applications that combine blood glucose (BG) assessment and the provision of actionable information can help overcome current challenges. Pragmatic study protocols assessing the medical value of mobile SMBG applications to deal with LMIC-specific challenges are missing. Aims and Objectives: This study will assess the impact of a mHealth application on diabetes empowerment using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form questionnaire in noninsulin-treated people with T2DM in India. Methods: An observational, single-arm, prospective study will be conducted among adults (n = 100) with T2DM who have not been using a BG meter before and were on diet, exercise, or noninsulin antidiabetic therapy. After enrollment (baseline) and an 8-week control phase, the people participating in the study will receive the mobile phone-based BG assessment devices and will receive a training for the application. During the observational period of 12 weeks (20 weeks after baseline), the subjects will monitor their BG ranges with the devices and the mobile application. At baseline and weeks 8, 14, and 20, diabetes empowerment will be assessed as primary outcome. Health literacy, diabetes treatment satisfaction, and user experience, among others, will be examined as secondary outcomes. Discussion: Mobile applications have the potential to improve diabetes care due to their higher reach, but pragmatic study designs are needed to evaluate the effectiveness. Conclusions: The results of this pragmatic study will provide more patient-reported insights on the impact of mobile applications on diabetes self-management in LMIC.

Effects of Self-Care Training Combined with Stress Management on Treatment Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes People


 
 
 Objective: Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can be exacerbated by stress, poor compliance and self-care practices. This study investigated the effects of self-care training combined with stress management on treatment adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) people.
 Materials and Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial with repeated measures. The study sample included 30 T2DM who were purposively selected among the eligible members of the Kerman Diabetes Association. The participants were randomized to the experimental group (stress management based on cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-care training) (n=15) and the control group (no intervention) (n=15). Both groups completed the Medanlo Treatment Adherence Questionnaire at the pretest, posttest, and follow-up time points. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA.
 Results: The post-test and follow-up mean scores of treatment adherence significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group (P< 0.001). In addition, the results demonstrated that treatment adherence improved in follow-up (P< 0.001).
 Conclusion: According to the study results, psychological training should be integrated with self-care training to achieve long lasting treatment adherence in T2DM people.
 
 

Evaluation of Anemia Effect on HbA1c Level Measurement in Type 2 Diabetic People


 
 
 Objective: For many years HbA1c used as diagnostic criteria for diabetes, however, measurement of HbA1 has some limitations that cannot be accurately assess blood glucose levels in conditions such as changes in red blood cell life. in this study, we evaluated and compared the levels of HbA1C in diabetic, pre-diabetic and non- diabetic individuals to understand the role and relationship of different values of RBC`s indices in these conditions.
 Materials and Methods: This study performed between august to December of year 2021, and the demographic information and hematologic indices of 706 individuals which referred to laboratories in Gorgan city were investigated. According to results of FBS and HbA1c, individuals categorized in three distinct healthy (H), pre-diabetic (PD), and diabetic (D) groups base on latest ADA criteria.
 Results: Evaluation of HbA1c level based on the presence or absence of anemia showed that in diabetic group with anemia significantly had a lower level 8.4 (± 1.5) than people without anemia 8.6 (± 1.5) (P= 0.045). Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that changes in RBC indices in anemia can lead to inaccurate measurement of HbA1c level.
 
 

Sexual Dysfunctions among Diabetic and Non-diabetic People Attending in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu Nepal.

Sexual dysfunctions including erectile dysfunction among men, a widespread sexual health issue, pose challenges to sexual satisfaction. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of sexual dysfunctions in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals aged 30-70. A study at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, surveyed 350 participants (176 men, 174 women), aged 30-70, with 52.6% having diabetes. The structured interviews and validated questionnaires like IIEF-5 for men and FSFI-6 for women to assess the prevalence and factors associated with erectile dysfunction were used. Statistical tools were employed to measure the associations of different variables with Sexual dysfunctions. Overall, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 73.7% (95% CI: 72.4- 73.7) with higher rates in men 83.9% (95% CI: 83.1- 84.7) than women 63.6% (95% CI: 62.0 - 65.2). Individuals with diabetes experienced an 81.5% prevalence of sexual dysfunction (95% CI: 80.6-82.4), whereas non-diabetic individuals exhibited a 65.1% prevalence (95% CI: 63.5-66.7). In the diabetic male population, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 97.5% (95% CI: 97.4-97.6), while diabetic females had a prevalence of 68.9% (95% CI: 67.5-70.3). Among non-diabetic men, the percentage of erectile dysfunction was 72% (95% CI: 70.7-73.3), and among non-diabetic women, sexual dysfunction remained 56.2% (95% CI: 54.4-58.0). Among individuals with diabetes, those who used tobacco exhibited a sexual dysfunction prevalence of 93.8% (95% CI: 93.5-94.1), while non-tobacco users had a prevalence of 74.8% (95% CI: 73.6-76.0). In non-diabetic individuals, obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of sexual dysfunctions, reaching 84.6% (95% CI: 83.8-84.6). High blood pressure showed a strong association with sexual dysfunctions in both diabetic (83% with 95% CI: 81.9-83.4) and non-diabetic (70% with 95% CI: 67.7-70.1) groups. Individuals with diabetes for more than five years had a higher rate of sexual dysfunction as 87.8% (95% CI: 86.6-89.0) with 100% in men and 79% in women. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions related to obesity and alcohol consumption between diabetics and non-diabetics. The research highlights a noteworthy association of sexual dysfunctions with individuals with diabetes, male sex, tobacco use, and hypertension. The observed high prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in both diabetic and non diabetic people is a public health concern, emphasizing the need for culturally tailored approaches to address the sexual health of the affected individuals.

The study of rice bran cookies for diabetic diet and dyslipidemic diet

This study is about the use of rice bran as a snack for people with degenerative diseases of diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are the highest cause of death and result in loss of productive days for sufferers and companions. To overcome this problem, the study aims to test rice bran cookies with 30% substitution on glucose levels, cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels in experimental animals so that they can be recommended as healthy cookies low in sugar and low in fat for a snack for people with diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. This type of research is an experiment. Research location of the Inter-University Center Experimental Animal Laboratory (PAU) Gadjah Mada University (UGM). The initial stage is to prepare 15 male Sprague Dawley (SD) male white rats weighing 250-300 grams and in closed cages. Rats measured blood glucose levels, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Furthermore, the rats were grouped into 3 groups, and 2 groups were given an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to make the rats diabetic. Group 1: 5 healthy rats fed a standard diet, group 2: 5 diabetic rats fed a standard diet, and group 3: 5 diabetic rats fed with rice bran cookies. Drinking water is given ad libitum and feeding is given every morning. Furthermore, weighing and analysis of blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were carried out on the seventh, tenth, seventeenth, twenty-fourth, thirty-first, and thirty-eighth days. The results showed that 30% substitute bran cookies were able to reduce glucose levels, cholesterol levels, and serum triglyceride levels so that they could be recommended as a snack for people with diabetes mellitus and people with dyslipidemia.

Prediction and Therapeutic Design for Diabetic Retinopathy Using LabVIEW

Diabetic Retinal Disease (DR) is a gradual obstruction in the functioning of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye caused by chronic hyperglycemia, which may be due to diabetes type 1 or type 2. LabVIEW software play as major role in predicting the diabetic retinopathy at different stages. The real time image of the affected eye is acquired using Vision Actuation tool in LabVIEW and then it is processed using Vision assistant tool. Lot technology is I for sending the output result to the corresponding end client. Image processing and lot. Both are implemented using LabVIEW. Additionally, the system extends its functionality beyond diagnostics by incorporating an innovative approach to monitor the temperature of the eye. By integrating LabVIEW's capabilities with lot, the proposed solution checks the temperature the eye in real-time. If the detected temperature is elevated, a Peltier crystal is employed to cool the eye, demonstrating an adaptive and responsive mechanism to address abnormal temperature conditions. Aims to check the patients whether they are suffering from diabetic retinopathy or not and if they are having the diabetic retinopathy in which stage it is. Because most diabetic people are suffering from this and may also lead to loss of vision. Due to this reason, it is highly required to classify the persons in a short time with high accuracy. Automation reduces human error and subjectivity. Can detect early stages of disease. Ability to process and analyze digital fundus images efficiently.

Tailored diffusion limiting membrane for microneedle glucose sensors with wide linear range

Continuous glucose monitoring is very important to daily blood glucose control in diabetic patients, but its accuracy is limited by the narrow linear range of the response of biosensor to the glucose concentration because of the oxygen starvation in tissue and the limited maximum conversion rate of glucose oxidase. In this work, a biocompatible diffusion limiting membrane based on two medical-grade polyurethanes is developed via blending modification to restrict the diffusion flux of glucose to match the oxygen concentration and the maximum conversion rate. The expansiveness of the linear range for the nanomaterials-modified electrode in the glucose biosensor can be achieved through the regulation of two polyurethanes, the solvent, and the thickness of the membrane. In addition, the mass transport of hydrogen peroxide and interfering substances is also limited of the membrane. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the membrane-modified microneedle biosensor exhibited a rapid response to the concentration variation of glucose, a wide linear range that is sufficient to cover the blood concentration of healthy and diabetic people, the ability to resist the oxygen concentration fluctuation and interfering substances, good reproducibility and long-term stability. The custom wearable electrochemical system, possessing these characteristics, has been proven to accurately monitor the blood concentration in a living rat in real time. This demonstrates a significant potential for application in both daily and clinical blood glucose monitoring.

Evaluation of Serum B12 Levels among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background and objectives: Vitamin B12 insufficiency is widespread among type 2 diabetic people. Advanced age of patients, malnutrition, and malabsorption are the causative factors. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes raised levels of homocysteine & estimation of homocysteine will represent the metabolic status of B12. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of B12 in relation with homocysteine levels and Insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus regardless type of treatment used in treating diabetes. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study at Dohuk Azadi teaching hospital (biochemistry department)/Dohuk city from (February 2022. - August 2022), offering questionnaire randomly we collected 138 subjects and biochemical tests include (B12 assay, fasting glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, homocysteine) with measuring of Body Mass Index. Exclusion criteria: Age < 18 years old, using vitamin B/multi vitamins, using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, debilitating diseases, alcohol intake. Results: the sample (138) was divided into 2 groups: Type 2 Diabetes Miletus (70) patients & apparently healthy subjects (68). The difference was significant in age (51.24±9.27 vs29.57±7.2 years, p<.05), B12 (252.05±83.7vs337.03±121.6 pg/ml, p<.01), Homocysteine (13.493±4.8 vs 10.041±2.2 μmol/L, p<.01), insulin resistance (6.82±2.0 vs 1.47±0.56, p<.001). ), there was a significant negative correlation between serum B12 and age, BMI, insulin resistance and serum homocysteine p value <0.01. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency is frequent in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Yearly screening for vitamin B12 deficit using serum homocysteine and supplement should be adopted among diabetes individuals with risk factors of vitamin B12 insufficiency.

Type 2 diabetes post pandemic: enabling your patients to regain control.

There are now an estimated five million people living with diabetes in the UK, most have type 2 diabetes. The COVID-19 pandemic affected access to care, led to delays in diagnoses of diabetes and many people with diabetes experienced a deterioration in their diabetes control. This article provides guidance on how nurses can work with people at risk of diabetes to prevent diabetes, to induce remission and how to use medication to treat diabetes.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Non-Adherence to Diet Recommendations among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Presenting at Fort-Portal Regional Referral Hospital

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that arises when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with non-adherence to diet recommendations among type 2 diabetic patients at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital. A cross-sectional study embracing both analytical and descriptive data was conducted whereby both qualitative and quantitative data were acquired using participant self-administered questionnaires and investigatoradministered questionnaires using the convenience sampling technique. A total of 191 participants were studied, with a response rate of 78.0%; the results were based on the 149 respondents. Results were depicted in 95% Confidence Intervals, Odd Ratios, and P-values; all calculated using Binary Logistic Regression with Pearson’s correlation in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26. Graphical representation was done by Microsoft Excel Software. Results based on the 149 respondents showed that about 76(51.1%) of the respondents were female and 73(48.9%) were male. The mean age of the study population was 38 years (with a standard deviation of 9.62 years). The prevalence of non-adherence to diet recommendations among type 2 diabetic patients at Fort-Portal Regional referral hospital was 14.8%. This prevalence was shown to be significantly associated with several factors; computed using Pearson’s correlation of which the female gender being significant a value of 0.947*(P=0.021); increasing age being significant with a value of 0.286* (P=0.002); negligence being significant at P=0.027* with a 2 tailed test at 95% confidence level, P<0.05. The prevalence of non-adherence to diet recommendations among type 2 diabetic patients at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital was 14.8%. This infers that there was quite a high percentage of diabetic people who do not adhere to dietary recommendations and advice given to them by doctors. Socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, and relation to members of the family with diabetes type 2 are significantly associated with non-adherence to dietary recommendations. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Pancreas, Diet, Female.

Prioritizing Patient Experiences in the Management of Diabetes and Its Complications: An Endocrine Society Position Statement.

Diabetes can be an arduous journey both for people with diabetes (PWD) and their caregivers. While the journey of every person with diabetes is unique, common themes emerge in managing this disease. To date, the experiences of PWD have not been fully considered to successfully implement the recommended standards of diabetes care in practice. It is critical for health-care providers (HCPs) to recognize perspectives of PWD to achieve optimal health outcomes. Further, existing tools are available to facilitate patient-centered care but are often underused. This statement summarizes findings from multistakeholder expert roundtable discussions hosted by the Endocrine Society that aimed to identify existing gaps in the management of diabetes and its complications and to identify tools needed to empower HCPs and PWD to address their many challenges. The roundtables included delegates from professional societies, governmental organizations, patient advocacy organizations, and social enterprises committed to making life better for PWD. Each section begins with a clinical scenario that serves as a framework to achieve desired health outcomes and includes a discussion of resources for HCPs to deliver patient-centered care in clinical practice. As diabetes management evolves, achieving this goal will also require the development of new tools to help guide HCPs in supporting PWD, as well as concrete strategies for the efficient uptake of these tools in clinical practice to minimize provider burden. Importantly, coordination among various stakeholders including PWD, HCPs, caregivers, policymakers, and payers is critical at all stages of the patient journey.

Herbal-based therapeutics for diabetic patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection.

Human SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 170 million people worldwide, being responsible for about 3.5 million deaths so far. Despite ongoing investigations, there is still more tounderstand the mechanism of COVID-19 infection completely. However, it has been evidenced that SARS-CoV-2 can cause Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) notably in diabetic people. Approximately 35% of the patients who died of this disease had diabetes. A growing number of studies have evidenced that hyperglycemia is a significant risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and plays a key role in COVID-19 mortality and diabetes comorbidity. The uncontrolled hyperglycemia can produce low-grade inflammation and impaired immunity-mediated cytokine storm that fail multiple organs and sudden death in diabetic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. More importantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection and interaction with ACE2 receptors also contribute to pancreatic and metabolic impairment. Thus, using of diabetes medications has been suggested to be beneficial in the better management of diabetic COVID-19 patients. Herbal treatments, as safe and affordable therapeutic agents, have recently attracted a lot of attention in this field. Accordingly, in this review, we intend to have a deep look into the molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications in SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore the therapeutic potentials of herbal medications and natural products in the management of diabetic COVID-19 patients based on recent studies and the existing clinical evidence.

Association of Diabetic Retinopathy and Sleep Quality

Sleep disorders are more common in diabetes mellitus (DM) cases rather than normal ones. In addition, this condition could be associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) development with more inflammatory indices in circulation. In the present study, we have evaluated the association between DR and sleep quality. This cross-sectional study is a part of the second phase of the study of the elderly cohort of Amirkola City, which was conducted in 2015-2016 on all people aged 60 and higher. Of all diabetic cases, 44 cases had retinopathy and were selected as the case group. To compare two control groups, 135 diabetic patients without retinopathy and 135 people without diabetes were randomly selected. The presence and type of retinopathy were determined based on an eye physical examination by an ophthalmologist. In addition, sleep quality was evaluated based on the Pittsburgh Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA, t-test, and linear regression tests. In the present study, there was a significant difference in the score of the Pittsburgh questionnaire between people with DR (45.5±68.2) compared to diabetic people without retinopathy (76.5±48.2) and people without diabetes (95.4±36.2) (P=0.470), but diabetic people without retinopathy had significantly worse sleep quality than people without diabetes (P=0.019). Also, sleep quality in women with DR was worse than in men (P=014). In the linear regression analysis, it was observed that age, gender, diabetes, and history of depression significantly affect the sleep quality of the evaluated cases (P<0.05 for all). According to the results of the present study, DR does not negatively influence the quality of sleep, and DR is not related to sleep disorders.

Effect of phenylbutazone on insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation.

Phenylbutazone is often prescribed to manage pain caused by hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis, but in diabetic people nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase insulin secretion and pancreatic activity. Investigate the effect of phenylbutazone administration on insulin secretion in horses. It was hypothesized that phenylbutazone will increase insulin secretion in horses with insulin dysregulation (ID). Sixteen light breed horses, including 7 with ID. Randomized cross-over study design. Horses underwent an oral glucose test (OGT) after 9 days of treatment with phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg IV q24h) or placebo (5 mL 0.9% saline). After a 10-day washout period, horses received the alternative treatment, and a second OGT was performed. Insulin and glucose responses were compared between groups (ID or controls) and treatments using paired t test and analyses of variance with P < .05 considered significant. In horses with ID, phenylbutazone treatment significantly decreased glucose concentration (P = .02), glucose area under the curve (2429 ± 501.5 vs 2847 ± 486.1 mmol/L × min, P = .02), insulin concentration (P = .03) and insulin area under the curve (17 710 ± 6676 vs 22 930 ± 8788 μIU/mL × min, P = .03) in response to an OGT. No significant effect was detected in control horses. Phenylbutazone administration in horses with ID decreases glucose and insulin concentrations in response to an OGT warranting further investigation of a therapeutic potential of phenylbutazone in the management of hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis beyond analgesia.

Clinical approaches to the ketogenic diet in the treatment of obesity and other chronic diseases: a systematic review

Introduction: The ketogenic diet, a restrictive diet, is mainly characterized by high fat content, low or absent carbohydrate content, and low or normal amounts of protein. Objective: It was to present the important role of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of obesity and other chronic diseases. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from September to October 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 111 articles were found, and 44 articles were evaluated, and 22 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 19 studies with a high risk of bias and 32 studies that did not meet GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=65.7%&gt;50%. It was concluded that the therapeutic use of the ketogenic diet is relevant in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, this work also showed the benefits of the metabolism of ketone bodies in the adjuvant treatment of cancer, diabetes, and obesity, thus contributing to updating knowledge about the use of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of diseases of great clinical and epidemiological importance. When it comes to obese and diabetic people, it is important to highlight that due to the lower consumption of fiber, and an increased consumption of proteins (mainly of animal origin) and fat, the risk of heart disease, colon cancer, and intestinal constipation increases.

Sugar Content, Crude Fiber Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Characteristics Of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor (L.)Moench) Snack Bar with Addition Of Klutuk Banana (Musa Balbisiana Colla) Flour

Sorghum and klutuk banana can be utilized as functional foods that are high in fiber and antioxidant and suitable for diabetic people. This study examined the effects of klutuk banana flour on the sugar content, crude fiber content, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics of sorghum snack bars. This study is true experimental, employing a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 formulations: the ratio of sorghum and banana flour klutuk PO (100:0), P1 (90:10%), P2 (80:20%), and P3 (70:30%), and 6 repetitions. Sugar content, crude fiber, and antioxidant activity were observed and analyzed using the one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Varian) test, followed by Duncan test. The sensory properties were evaluated using Friedman test. 1.94–2.86% sugar, crude fiber content is 46.04–70.89%, and antioxidant activity is 9.06–15.0%. The results revealed a significant relationship (p&lt;0.05) between the addition of klutuk banana flour to the sorghum snack bar sugar level, crude fiber content, and antioxidant activity. Texture, color, flavor, and scent were not significantly affected by the addition of klutuk banana flour to sorghum snack bars. The optimal formulation of a sorghum snack bar with the inclusion of klutuk banana flour was discovered to be P3 based on the test sugar content, crude fiber content, antioxidant activity, and sensory characteristics. The nutritional value of the P3 formulation have met USDA (2018) standards for the Nutri-Grain Fruit and Nut Bar, but the sugar content have not meet the SNI 01-3702-1995 (Indonesian National Standards) quality requirements for diabetes diet biscuit.

Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gut microbiome in diabetes among coastal communities

Cutting-edge research on oceans and human health is enhancing our comprehension of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Coastal areas are affected by pollution resulting from the changes in hydrology and land utilization. In the coastal population, an elevated incidence of diabetes was observed. Diabetes mellitus is a prominent metabolic disease that is causing major burdens for patients as well as physicians. Diabetes is an intricate condition that encompasses several molecular pathways associated with the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome significantly influences the permeability of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Alterations in the wide range of gut microbiomes have been associated with various health issues including diabetes. The two major contributors to type 2 diabetes are insulin resistance and inflammation which may result in metabolic dysregulation due to dysbiosis. Due to gut dysbiosis, diabetes may show high prevalence in individuals living in coastal areas. The correlation between dysbiosis and diabetes can be made, especially considering probiotics have been demonstrated to have some impact in helping diabetic patients with their interrupted metabolism revert to normal. Probiotic intake has reportedly resulted in improved metabolic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Prebiotics can be non-digestible carbohydrates that are naturally extracted or synthetically produced. Uses of synbiotics show a synergistic impact on type 2 diabetes by altering the gut environment. In coastal communities, the potential effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic therapy on the gut microbiome of diabetic patients have been investigated. Although these therapies have demonstrated encouraging results in coastal areas, more research is needed to fully understand their implications for controlling diabetes in this setting. In this review, we describe the role of the gut microbiome in diabetes patients residing in coastal regions and the underlying mechanisms that existed for analysing and predicting the function of the microbiome in diabetic people. The role of pre, pro, and synbiotics in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are precisely summarized. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes, gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes, coastal region, dysbiosis, prebiotics, synbiotics, probiotics.

Prevalence of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes using HbA1c in OGDCL Employees

Objectives: A screening survey using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the screening tool, was conducted amid OGDCL employees across Pakistan to evaluate the occurrence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Methodology: This study included employees aged ≥ 40 years working at OGDCL's Head Office and various Oil Fields across Pakistan, all of whom subjected to HbA1c testing. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages, with data presented graphically using bar charts. Chi-square tests were used to compare characteristics across three groups: non-diabetes, pre-diabetes, and diabetes. A significance level of p≤0.05 indicated significance, while p≤0.01 was considered highly significant. Results: A total of 8689 participants were recruited in our study. Out of which 66.26% were non- diabetic and the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was found to be 12.3% and 21.5% respectively. In our study 34.7% of the participants had family history of diabetes. In diabetic people percentage (54%) of having family history of diabetes was high as compared to the non-diabetics (29%) and pre-diabetics (32.1%) individuals which created a substantial variance between the three groups. (p=0.001) Majority 94.8% of the study participants never smoked, 3.3% were current smokers and 1.9% had history of smoking. The prevalence of current smokers was high (6.1%) in pre-diabetes as compared to the diabetes (2.0%) and non-diabetes (3.2%). A strong significant association was observed between smoking and pre-diabetes. (p=0.0001) In our study prevalence of hypertension among pre-diabetes and diabetes was 21% and 20% respectively. (p=0.738) The majority 57.8% of the participants in our study was overweight and the prevalence of obese was 10.7%. (p=0.001) Conclusions: In OGDCL, there is much higher incidence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes as was previously thought. Comprehensive approaches are required to be established to integrate screening, prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes both at primary and secondary health care levels, at Head Office and Oil Fields. This is necessary not only for intensification of the workout put but also to cut down the medical budget.