People's Beliefs Research Articles

Effects of matching personal and organizational mindsets on belonging and organizational interest.

Growth mindsets are beliefs that abilities, like intelligence, are mutable. Although most prior work has focused on people's personal mindset beliefs, a burgeoning literature has identified that organizations also vary in the extent to which they communicate and endorse growth mindsets. Organizational growth mindsets have powerful effects on belonging and interest in joining organizations, suggesting that they may be a productive way to intervene to improve individual and societal outcomes. Yet, little is known about for whom organizational mindset interventions might be more or less effective, a critical question for effective implementation and theory. We examine whether people's personal mindset beliefs might determine the effect of organizational growth mindsets, and if so, whether this moderation reflects a matching or mismatching pattern. Three experiments manipulated the espoused mindset of an organization and found that organizational growth mindsets primarily increased belonging and interest in joining among participants who personally endorsed matching growth mindset beliefs. An additional field study provided ecological validity to these findings, replicating them with students' experiences of belonging in classrooms. This study also revealed a divergent mismatching pattern on grades: rather than bolstering the grades of students with growth mindsets, growth mindset classroom contexts primarily enhanced the grades of students with more fixed mindsets. By clarifying for whom organizational growth mindsets are beneficial and in what manner, the current work provides theoretical and practical insight into the psychological dynamics of organizational growth mindsets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Childfree dalam Perkawinan Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia dan Maqashid Asy-Syari’ah Hifdz An-Nasl

The purpose of this study is to collaborate the phenomenon of Childfree in the midst of modern society and how the perspective of Human Rights and Maqashid Ash-Sharia Hifdz An-Nasl in responding to this phenomenon. Childfree shows a cultural sign that allows marriage but supports not having children. Although Indonesia has a relatively high birth rate, problems with globalization, economic difficulties, and foreign cultures lead to certain people's beliefs that marriage does not have to have children. This research uses qualitative research to describe reality systematically with accurate preparation. The results showed that there are differences of opinion regarding the phenomenon of childfree, Human Rights Perspectives Every person or couple has a personal right to decide when and how many children they want, including the choice to become childfree. No other person or entity shall prohibit this right. And the perspective of Maqashid Ash-Sharia Hifdz An-Nasl safeguards offspring (Hifdzun nasl), as Allah Almighty commands his people, through marriage that seeks to follow the sunnah of the Prophet and abstain from adultery. This is mentioned in Q.S. An-Nisa verse 3. Thus, having offspring in Islam is a recommendation. Remembering that every married couple has the right to choose not to have children.

Problem çözmeye yönelik öz-yeterlik ölçeği geliştirme çalışması

The primary goal of education is to help people become better problem solvers by utilizing their thinking and mental abilities. As a result, affective factors should be considered in addition to cognitive factors. Self-efficacy is one of these affective factors. Self-efficacy refers to people's beliefs about their skills to perform a task and succeed by organizing necessary activities. In this case, problem-solving self-efficacy is defined as one's belief in one's own ability to deal with problems patiently. In this study, we aimed to develop a scale to measure problem-solving self-efficacies. The study was executed according to scale development stages. Data were collected from 422 eighth-grade students in Turkey's public middle schools to develop and validate the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the scale's factor structure and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the resulting structure. In addition, item analysis of the scale items was executed. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it was seen that the scale had two factors. However, according to the confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that all values provided a good or perfect fit. Furthermore, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.91; for subfactors, 0.88 and 0.87, respectively, indicating that the scale is highly reliable. A high validity and reliability scale was eventually developed to determine problem-solving self-efficacy. Studies in the literature show that students' self-efficacy is related to their problem-solving skills. Therefore, we propose additional research to investigate the developed scale's effect on students while considering demographic factors.

Analisis Pengaruh Weton di Desa Pakunden dalam Pernikahan Menurut Teori Strukturalisme Lévi-Strauss

Javanese people's beliefs are very attachedto the traditions and culture of the ancestors, oneof which is about the marriage weton.The purpose of this research is to find out thecommunity's response to date regarding the weton tradition. About the weton tradition and find out what factors cause Javanese people to be unable to escape from the tradition and then analyzed byJavanese society cannot be separated from this tradition and then analyzed using the Lévi-Strauss using the theory of Lévi-Strauss Structuralism, in Lévi-Strauss theory is also known to attach a certain structure to symptoms. Theory is also known to attach a certain structure to the symptoms it faces.Of course this is very sustainable with the concept of weton in Javanese society. Weton concept that exists in Javanese society. This research uses qualitative research methodsField Research qualitative research method where the data obtained does notrequire in-depth knowledge related to the literature, but rather by interviewinginterviews with several local residents, namely Pakunden Ponorogo Village. The resultsof this research shows that 1). Pakunden community still holdsThe Pakunden community still upholds weton calculations for marriage, 2). Factors that cause people to believe in weton calculations, among others, due to the influence of family and culture, the influence of fanaticism, and the influence of religion.and culture, the influence of fanaticism, and personal experience, 3). Obtained from weton calculations in marriage carried out by the Pakunden community when viewed from the perspective of thePakunden community when viewed from the perspective of Lévi-Strauss 's structuralism theory, namely as an effort to avoid misfortune or disaster in marriageis considered a mere myth wrapped in tradition.

Religious Moderation In Youtube Content Pemuda Tersesat (Semiotic Analysis Of Habib Husain Ja'far Al-Haddar)

This research focuses on the emergence of messages in the media in the form of religious moderation which aims to provide teaching related to moderation knowledge to viewers who are experiencing a crisis in terms of understanding and implementing religious moderation such as intolerance towards the implementation of other religious worship in the current era. The aim of this research is to find out and understand the concept of religious moderation in Pemuda Tersesat content. The subject of this research is the Pemuda Tersesat YouTube channel. This research uses Rolland Barthes' semiotic analysis which includes denotation, connotation and myth. The data analysis technique uses qualitative descriptive. Data collection techniques use Library Research and Digital Research. The results of the research show that there is moderation in connotation, denotation and myth. The emergence of moderation varies in media by giving rise to the moderation that exists in today's society. As for religious moderation, in connotation, denotation and myth, there are values of moderation, understanding each other, respecting other people's beliefs, and doing justice to everyone. The emergence of religious moderation has become a middle way for various religious adherents as well as a solution so that every religious community does not have radical and intolerant views.

Religiosity, social media, and sexual orientation as predictors of attitude towards LGBTQ+ group among residents in Nigeria

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other diverse identities (LGBTQ+) continue to be an emerging issue in the 21st century worldwide. Studies have examined factors that predict attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community with varying results. This study focuses on investigating religiosity, social media, and sexual orientation as predictors of attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community amongst residents in Nigeria. The survey employs a cross-sectional design and uses purposive sampling to select three Local Government Areas. Data were collected from 202 participants using four validated scales. The collected data were analyzed through zero-order correlation, t-test of independent sample, and multiple regression analysis. The study tested four hypotheses at a significance level of p 0.05, revealing that religiosity, social media, and sexual orientation jointly predicted attitudes towards LGBTQ+ community. The findings reveal that both religiosity and sexual orientation significantly affected attitudes toward LGBTQ+. In contrast, attitudes towards LGBTQ+ were not influenced by social media. This study's novelty lies in uncovering how people's beliefs, values, cultures, and principles center on their attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community. It is recommended that the government and various institutions increase public awareness regarding LGBTQ+ issues to guide parents, adolescents, youth, and the public towards improved societal acceptance.

Examining psychometric properties of the Metacognitions about Smoking Questionnaire among young e-cigarette users

ObjectiveMetacognition can be understood as ‘cognition of cognition’ or ‘thinking about thinking’. Metacognition research has primarily focused on cigarette smoking, while e-cigarette use has been relatively unexplored. The study sought to examine the properties of the Metacognitions about Smoking Questionnaire (MSQ), as it was adapted for use among adolescent and young adult e-cigarette users. Further, the study sought to examine the ability of the Metacognitions about Smoking Questionnaire (MSQ) to predict past 30-day e-cigarette use among adolescent and young adult e-cigarette users. MethodsThe study analyzed data collected by the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance System (TATAMS) in Spring 2020. The instrument consisted of 20 items found to have sound psychometric properties when validated among self-defined cigarette smokers in the UK. The instrument was adapted for e-cigarette use by providing a brief description before the items. Participants were asked “Which of the following products you use most often?”, and those who selected “e-cigarettes” were included in the study. Participants were then presented with 20 statements about beliefs people hold about using e-cigarette and were instructed to determine their agreement with the statements on a four-point Likert scale with respect to e-cigarette use. Factors were extracted using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and factor structure was verified using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Further, each of the extracted factors were used to predict past 30-day e-cigarette use frequency in the most frequent group, using conditional effects, holding the most frequent category of categorical covariates, mean of continuous covariates and the other two metacognitive factors as reference levels. Past 30-day e-cigarette use was measured as the number of days of use in the past 30-days. ResultsParticipants who reported e-cigarette use in the past 30-days were included in this analysis (n = 244). Participants were in 10th grade (n = 46), 12th grade (n = 92) and two years beyond high school (n = 106). EFA was conducted and items were assessed with varimax rotation. CFA was conducted with multiple models (one factor, two factor and three factor solutions) and the 3-factor solution showed the best fit. Factors were named as ‘positive metacognitions about cognitive regulation’(PMCR) (e.g. ‘…helps me think more clearly’), ‘positive metacognitions about emotional regulation’(PMER) (e.g. ‘…helps me to relax when I am agitated’), and ‘negative metacognitions’(NM) (e.g. ‘It is hard to control my desire for e-cigarettes’). Cronbach’s alpha showed high internal consistency (0.92, 0.90 and 0.91, respectively). The median score (range) was 7 (5–20), 10 (5–20), and 11 (10–40) on PMCR, PMER, and NM factors. Higher scores denote higher levels of outcome expectancies of that factor. Lowest and highest score on PMCR was associated with 15 and 20.4 days of e-cigarette use in the past 30-days, respectively. Similarly, lowest and highest score on PMER and NM were associated with 13.2 and 21 days, and 14.7 and 24.6 days, respectively. The results indicate that participants who reported highest outcome expectancies for cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, and negative outcomes, used e-cigarettes on average 5, 8 and 10 days more than those who reported lowest outcome expectancies for these factors. ConclusionThe MSQ showed good psychometric soundness for measuring metacognitive factors associated with e-cigarette use. For cigarette smoking, the original questionnaire distinguished negative cognitions of ‘uncontrollability’ and ‘cognitive interference’, which was not seen in e-cigarette users. This indicates a difference in cognitions of cigarette and e-cigarette users. The instrument can help understand the similar role of cognition in e-cigarette use behavior and further assess association with e-cigarette use.

Mindreading beliefs in same- and cross-neurotype interactions.

Autistic people are often characterised as having problems with mindreading, which refers to understanding other people's thoughts, beliefs and feelings. However, it has recently been suggested that mindreading difficulties may be a two-way issue between autistic and non-autistic people. This would imply that autistic people may not have difficulty reading the minds of other autistic people, whereas non-autistic people may struggle to read autistic people effectively. In this study, we created a survey in which we asked a relatively large sample of autistic and non-autistic people to rate their own and others' mindreading abilities in relation to autistic and non-autistic others, respectively. Both groups believed that they were better at reading others in their own group than the other group. The autistic respondents reported levels of mindreading skill at least commensurate with the non-autistic respondents when the mind to be read was specified as autistic. Thus, both groups of participants' responses were consistent with the notion that mindreading abilities are relational. Although self-reports are subjective, such beliefs could have important consequences for well-being and intergroup relations.

Müzikal Yetenek İnançlarına İlişkin Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması

Beliefs, especially in the second half of the 20th century, have been the subject of research in many fields. One of these areas is education. When the literature on beliefs and education was examined, it was seen that the beliefs of academicians, teachers, pre-service teachers, and students were discussed in the context of different dimensions and characteristics. Some researchers emphasized that people's beliefs play a role in their behavior, others also stated that individuals' beliefs affect their attitudes, behaviors, and decisions. In this sense, approaches regarding the impact of beliefs on an individual's professional life have gained importance, and many studies have been conducted in this field. Music teaching is among the professions frequently discussed in these studies and research about beliefs. In addition, it seems that the beliefs of pre-service teachers who have not yet stepped into the profession are among the issues that researchers are significantly interested in. This study includes all stages of the adaptation process of a measurement tool developed for research in the field of music education into Turkish. The scale subject to the study was developed by Biasutti (2010) to determine individuals' belief levels regarding the phenomenon of musical ability. As a result of the adaptation of the measurement tool Music Abilities Beliefs Questionnaire (MABQ), consisting of 4 factors and 51 items, 4 factors were reduced to 46 items and its name was translated into Turkish as “Müzikal Yetenek İnanç Ölçeği”.

PERAN NAHDLATUL ULAMA DALAM PENGUATAN NILA-NILAI MODERASI BERAGAMA

<p><em>Nahdlatul Ulama is the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia. The existence of Nahdlatul Ulama always unites itself with the struggle of the nation, placing NU and all its citizens to be active in the nation-building division towards a just and prosperous society that is blessed by Allah SWT. In North Sumatra, NU is one of the largest and most influential organizations for Muslims. NU with its Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah understanding, which is known as moderate, stands at the forefront and becomes a bulwark for the integrity of the nation by developing the notion of moderation. However, the fact is that the application of religious moderation is still a discourse for Islamic organizational institutions, especially Islamic institutions in the city of Medan, because until now there has been no real evidence of Islamic institutions implementing religious moderation.</em></p><p><em>The questions in this research are; 1) What is the Existence of Nahdatul Ulama in Medan City?; 2) What is the potential of the Nahdlatul Ulama Institution in Strengthening the Values </em><em></em><em>of Religious Moderation in Medan City?.This research method is qualitative, which the author uses is a religious phenomenological approach while the theory approach is interaction.</em></p><em>The conclusion in this study is that the strengthening of religious moderation values of Nahdlatul Ulama in Medan City always displays two characters (wisdom and flexibility). For Medan City Nahdlatul Ulama, wisdom is an action that is conducive to obtaining benefits/avoiding harm, while flexibility is a compromising attitude and avoiding all forms of extremism. One of NU's national political ijtihad is the obligation to reduce or even avoid all forms of risk or bad consequences (fiqh rules: dar'ul mafasid muqaddamun ala jalbil mashalih). In addition, the potential of NU institutions in strengthening the values of religious moderation in Medan City which includes providing social assistance to all circles of society, helping each other among others is an activity in instilling the values of religious moderation. Implementation of the Values of Religious Moderation is recognizing the rights of others, respecting other people's beliefs, agreeing on differences, understanding each other.</em>

Thinglhang Lou: Linkages Between Swidden, Culture, and Ecology in Manipur, Northeast India

Emerging human ecological discussions bring forth literature and studies from marginalised groups and indigenous communities whose knowledge about nature and subsistence livelihood practices have long been seen as ‘non-scientific’ and, therefore, unworthy of serious research. As a result, perceptions of swidden cultivation as ‘destructive’ to ecosystems are changing, and studies now focus on the interlinkages of swidden farmers with land, animals, identity, and livelihoods. In this paper, we argue that swidden should be considered as a farming practice that goes beyond subsistence and overlaps with people's belief systems and social and eco-cultural lifeways. Using the notion of thinglhang lou, the swidden practice of Manipur's Kuki, we show the interlinkages between land, humans, and spirits and the important role they play in their socio-cultural worlds. Through ethnographic exploration involving participant observation, interviews, and focus group discussions among the Kuki, this study shows how and in what ways swidden farming helps in understanding cultural linkages with ecological sustainability. With modern developments radically altering the habitat and eroding cultural heritage, we argue that Kuki's notion of thinglhang lou can be a powerful contribution to our understanding of the environment and knowledge systems.

THE STUDENT-AGE POPULATION IMAGE OF DOMESTIC ABUSE

The problem of domestic violence does not lose its relevance: in a changing society, the institution of the family is also undergoing constant changes, contacts within the family are being transformed, and there is an escalation of negative trends in interpersonal communication. The consequences of domestic violence have the broadest profile of action: at the physiological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, and global levels. Domestic violence, being inherently an unlawful phenomenon that infringes on personal integrity and dignity, is still perceived in society as an ordinary phenomenon. However, one can confidently assert its unambiguously negative impact on both the social structure and the mental organization of the individual. This work aims to explore the student-age youth’s ideas about domestic violence, since it is young people who are both a reflection of modern society and a flagship of change within it. Identification of students' views on domestic violence was carried out through an appeal to the psychodiagnostic apparatus. The study revealed the dominant level of trust in the myths about domestic violence among students, revealed the absence of significant differences in the answers of boys and girls. This indicates a fairly deep spread of false ideas related to domestic violence, the eradication of which seems to be a difficult, but quite feasible process, which should originate not so much within an individual, but in a system of social relationships. We also assume the existence of a general trend towards the unification of standards of education for both sexes. In addition, in the context of the spread of humanistic values, it is quite natural to adopt a critical view of the problem of domestic violence. Finally, respondents who are inclined to minimize the damage of domestic violence are more likely to justify the abuser. This can be explained by the young people's belief that violence must be earned and that its actor has good reason to ‘punish’ his partner in this way.

The Religious Value of Kuda Kepang Dance at The Centre of Wiasa Budaya Dance Rehearsal in Talang Benih Village

This article aims to reveal the Religious Values of the Kuda Kepang Dance at the Center for Wiasa Budaya Dance (PGTWB) in the Talang Benih sub-district, Kab. Lebong Rejang. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. This research was conducted at the Center for Wiasa Budaya Dance Center in the Talang Benih Village. The main instrument in this study was the researchers themselves who were assisted with stationery, gadgets, cameras. Data collection was carried out through literature, observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative techniques. The steps include: Data description, data reduction, and conclusion drawing. The results of the research show that the Kuda Kepang dance at the Wiasa Budaya Dance Center contains religious values. The religious value in the Kuda Kepang Center for Cultural Wiasa Dance can be seen in its origin, presentation and supporting elements. Such as dancers, costumes, musical accompaniment, props and venues. In this art, religious values that support people's beliefs can be seen when dancers experience trance and perform attractions beyond human capabilities, such as eating glass, eating roses, and eating living blood. It can be concluded that the Kuda Kepang dance at the Center for Wiasa Budaya Dance contains a very high religious value.

Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats.

Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus-bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoir and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus-host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus versus Orthomarburgvirus as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human-bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.

Applying Learning Principles Within Parent Education: Exploring Nurses' Practice and Parents' Experiences.

In parent-education practice nurses use Learning Principles (LPs) when helping parents to develop the knowledge and skills required to care for their children. LPs are basic precepts of learning, comprising people's beliefs, behaviors and reasoning processes. LPs underpin parents' active engagement, confidence building and decision-making, as information provided becomes usable knowledge. However, the ways nurses apply LPs in parent-education practice are poorly explained in healthcare. Likewise, descriptions of parents' learning experiences, associated with the use of LPs in nurse/parent-education interactions, are lacking. This study aimed to explore and describe nurses' perceptions and use of LPs, and parents' learning experiences in one healthcare organization. Using an action research design, 25 nurses and 18 parent participants were purposively recruited across metropolitan Adelaide, Australia. Data were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews and thematically analyzed simultaneously June-December 2017. The LPs nurses used, and those important to parents' learning experiences created three overarching themes: 1) collaborative relationships, 2) deepening learning insights, 3) the learning environment. Despite their apparent use, nurses struggled to explicitly describe how they perceived LPs, believing their knowledge and use was sub-conscious - tacit. However, tacit knowledge hinders communication and explanation of LPs used within parent-education to other nurses. The member-checking of interview data helped to stimulate the nurses' metacognition (thinking about their thinking), unlocking their LPs awareness. Nurses used LPs in practice but their knowledge was tacit. Through metacognition, nurses started to recognize the ways LPs influenced their practice and parents' learning capabilities. Increasing healthcare constraints, including time allowed for parent-education, require nurses to optimize their use of LPs. Future research should identify ways nurses can communicate their use of LPs, potentially enhancing parents' active learning experiences and concordance with health recommendations.

Challenges of COVID‐19 vaccination program in rural areas of Eastern Indonesia: A qualitative study from a multistakeholder perspective

AbstractThis research aimed to explore the challenges of the COVID‐19 vaccination program from the perspective of multiple stakeholders in rural areas of eastern Indonesia. This qualitative participatory action research involved 115 participants selected from various groups in 20 subdistricts across five provinces, including Health Service workers, police staff monitoring the vaccination program, religious figures, and adult and youth community leaders. Furthermore, focus group discussion was conducted using semi‐structured interview guidelines based on the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) for vaccine and immunization model. The manifest content approach was employed to analyze the visible contents within the text. Implementation of the vaccination program was complicated by contextual, individual, and group factors, as well as vaccine and vaccination‐specific factors. The contextual factors were socioeconomic, religious, and cultural conditions, changes in government policies, and geographical and climatic obstacles. Meanwhile, examples of group and individual factors were people's beliefs of COVID‐19 being harmless and their invulnerability to the disease, along with misinformation and disinformation about vaccination, and fatalistic attitudes. Factors related to the vaccine and vaccination process include limited vaccine supplies, inadequate supporting facilities, and insufficient administration of vaccines. Multiple and complex challenges of COVID‐19 vaccination in the rural areas of eastern Indonesia need attention from the local and national government, as well as other parties including the private sector, socio‐religious figures and organizations, and the media.

Upaya Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dalam Menanamkan Nilai Menghormati Keyakinan Orang Lain di SMP N 2 Ampek Nagari

Seeing that in this school students have different beliefs, it is very important for teachers to instill the value of tolerance, one of which is respecting other people's beliefs because there are many phenomena that occur related to relations between religious communities which cause divisions. This research aims to see the efforts of Islamic Religious Education teachers in instilling the value of respecting other people's beliefs at SMP N 2 Ampek Nagari, Agam Regency. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Sources were taken from school principals, PAI teachers, and students both Muslim and non-Muslim. To obtain data, researchers used observation guidelines and interview guidelines as well as documentation as research instruments. The analysis technique used is the Milles and Huberman analysis technique using data analysis, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of the research show that there are several efforts made by PAI teachers to instill the value of respecting other people's beliefs at SMP N 2 Ampek Nagari, Agam Regency, in the form of providing routine advice before PAI lessons, giving punishment and sanctions to students who commit deviant acts that are not in accordance with the rules. there are mainly related to beliefs such as excommunicating, denouncing other people's religions and other acts of violence, making a PAI study contract which contains several rules that must be fulfilled by students while studying PAI, and getting used to not disturbing each other's beliefs when praying.

Prevalence of Smoking Habit and Its Associated Factors Among the Students of Public Sector Universities in Karachi

Smoking, which accounts for a large portion of preventable deaths worldwide, has a huge negative impact on public health expenditures, reduces lifespans, and reduces daily productivity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among students enrolled in public sector universities in Karachi in order to address this urgent issue. Data were gathered using questionnaires that students completed, and they were then rigorously statistically analyzed using the chi-square method and IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The results of this study provide insight into important factors affecting students' smoking habits. Notably, gender was crucial, with significant differences between male and female pupils. Another important component that emerged was age, with smoking prevalence rising sharply as people aged. The survey also found that there were significant correlations between students' smoking habits and those of their siblings and close friends. Additionally, it was discovered that people's religious beliefs have a big impact on their smoking habits. These findings highlight the critical importance of including these aspects in the creation of successful anti-smoking initiatives geared toward college students. The prevalence of smoking among this group can be lowered by using personalized treatments that consider factors including gender, age, peer pressure, and religious attitudes. This will ultimately enhance public health and lower healthcare costs.

Managerial mindset effects on international marketing strategy adaptation decisions

This research investigates how managerial implicit theories—people's implicit beliefs about the malleability of human characteristics—affect international marketing strategy adaptation decisions among B2B exporting managers. Building on mindset theory and the international marketing literature, we hypothesize that managers with a growth mindset will opt for higher levels of marketing strategy adaptation while fixed-mindset managers, who believe in the immutability of human traits, will likely standardize across markets. Across two experimental studies that manipulate mindset, we test these hypotheses and their underlying mechanism and boundary conditions. The results of Study 1 show that mindset affects lifestyle adaptation intentions for individuals in general, thus establishing the baseline relationship. Study 2 finds that business-to-business international marketing managers exposed to a growth (fixed) mindset are indeed more likely to adapt (standardize) their international marketing strategy toward foreign markets. We further show that mindset affects ambiguity tolerance, which in turn affects adaptation decisions, and that the effect of mindset is dampened (strengthened) under low (high) psychic distance conditions. This research enriches the international marketing literature by showing a managerially relevant antecedent of international marketing strategy adaptation decisions and extends implicit theory by showing a behavioral outcome of mindset.

Yemek Programlarının Kültürel İçeriği: Ulusal ve Uluslararası Farsça Televizyon Programlarının Karşılaştırmalı Bir İncelemesi

The media exposure has permeated all cultural features of societies; and since communication is in a close relation with cultural customs, it has a deep effect on people's beliefs, attitudes and knowledge. Television plays a significant part in creating and introducing culture and lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the cultural values reflection on the national and international Persian TV cooking programs. The research method of this study was based on cross-cultural qualitative content analysis approach. In this research, data were analysed based on the method of Mayring (1983). To collect data, TV cooking programs from local and international Persian networks were selected as samples, which are explained in the research methodology section. The results showed that the main contents of national TV cooking programs along with the presentation of food offered the culture of patriotism, the importance of religion, consumerism, and collectivism. The emphasized cultural contents of the national TV cooking programs were about globalism, religion reluctance, individualism, and activism.