People Ought Research Articles

Oil Exploitation, Neglect of Coal and the Ngwo Society, 1909 - 1987

Coal was one of the catalysts of the Industrial Revolution which started in England and spread to other parts of Europe. It provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation. The spread of coal mining to Africa was as a result of European conquest and subsequent colonization. The conquest of Ngwo in 1908 led to the discovery and eventual mining of coal in Enugu-Ngwo from 1915. In the period exploitation lasted, coal from the town furnished the energy needed for transportation, industrialization and urban development in Nigeria. It also provided direct and indirect employment to people across Europe and Africa and as well facilitated international trade between Nigeria and her partners across the world. Since petroleum was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 and as was found a better alternative to coal in terms of energy and wealth generation, the coal industry suffered neglect and gradually collapsed. How the collapse of the coal industry as a result of the rise of petroleum affected Ngwo people is the central theme of this paper. It contends that, though petroleum is regarded as a source of wealth to Nigeria, it is, nonetheless a source of poverty to Ngwo people. The British colonialists dispossessed them of massive farmlands upon which they operated their local economy to set up the colliery and other facilities. Also, more than 8,000 of the people who contributed their youthful years mostly as miners lost their jobs without compensation. The development prospects especially under corporate–social responsibilities and employment generation which the people ought to benefit from with the continued existence of the coal exploitation were lost with the demise of the industry. Primary sources constitute greater percentage of the sources deployed for this historical reconstruction. They include oral tradition granted by reliable informants and source materials acquired from the National Archives Enugu. They are be augmented by secondary sources which include books, journal articles and other un-published materials. Available facts will be analyzed using qualitative research methodology.

The Idea of Justice in Innovation: Applying Non-Ideal Political Theory to Address Questions of Sustainable Public Policy in Emerging Technologies

Justice as such is not a new idea. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, justice has been conceived as a moral and political standard of how people ought to conduct themselves and relate to one another in a fair society and institutions. However, even though principles of justice and related theories have been used to provide guidance to social and political actions, technological innovation remains an area of policy and practice in which justice cannot be easily applied. This is not only due to the complex process of generating new technologies and their unpredictable impact on social relations and institutions but also to perceptions of value neutrality in the innovation process. Such perceptions make public policy difficult to sustain. Nevertheless, innovation is a human action that is guided by both ethical norms and interests and is significant for justice. Emerging technologies create opportunities for promoting justice, but at the same time, they also pose risks to injustice. This paper is of theoretical nature and aims to explain why justice needs to provide the normative direction of innovation systems and related public policy in the 21st century. Through a critical review of the literature, the paper argues that justice as such is a non-ideal standard which is significant for the legitimacy of emerging technologies and related developmental change. The normative direction of innovation systems in the 21st century depends on non-ideal principles of equity, participation, and recognition. These principles embody sustainable public-policy solutions to problems of unequal generation and diffusion of emerging technologies.

COVID-19 Lockdown: A Fertile Ground for Gender-Based Violence in South Africa

Gender-based violence (GBV) has always been an issue of concern in South Africa and Globally. This problem of gender-based violence is currently exacerbated due to the lockdown restrictions. Women and children are targets for Covid-19 related frustrations as gender-based violence reports increase during the lockdown period. Across the country, civil society groups, gender-based violence advocacy organisations, religious groups, and other social justice groups have reported an increase in incidences related to violence against women and children and heightened demand for emergency shelters. Moreover, at the beginning of June 2020, Nehawu mentioned that reports suggested that the number of gender-based violence cases had risen by 500 per cent since the start of the Covid-19 lockdown. Employing the literature review, the paper elaborates on the nature of gender-based violence reported in South Africa and further highlights how gender-based violence has increased during the lockdown period. In this paper, I use the social dominance theory to understand the escalation of gender-based violence when people ought to be focusing on curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Observing COVID-19 protocols and encouraging one another to adhere to protocols in the endeavour to reduce the spread of the pandemic ought to be the focus of everyone irrespective of their gender. The suggestions on how to eliminate the scourge of gender-based violence with the advent of the COVID-19 are herein presented.

Social Norms in Organizations: An Expansive View of Conformity and Deviance in the Workplace

Norms are ubiquitous in organizations (Dannals & Miller, 2017a). Injunctive norms (how people ought to behave) and descriptive norms (how most people actually behave) are powerful influences on employee decision making, perceptions, and behavior (Cialdini, Reno & Kallgren, 1990). Research on social norms has burgeoned in the past decade, illuminating myriad organizationally-relevant findings. This symposium aims to deepen scholarship on the myriad ways in which norms influence employee perceptions and behavior in the workplace. Employing a combination of methods, the papers in this symposium examine a host of salient questions surrounding social norms and norms violations at work, with specific attention to normative influences on honesty, trustworthiness, moral behavior, rule-breaking, and leadership perception.

75 Years of Drift: The Changing Meaning of Phasor [History

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the word phasor was deliberately introduced to engineering to replace the word vector, so that vector could be retained for applications in electromagnetic fields. (Bear in mind that dictionaries do not prescribe what words people ought to use; they describe what words people are using.) One of the added pleasures of using the OED is that it also gives quotations of the early uses of words.

Immaculate

Immaculate Oda Sakunosuke (bio) Translated by Marissa Skeels (bio) Everyone was making fun of me for how my brow was beaded with sweat and how I was gulping my breaths and flitting about like a baby bird, saying I must have been over the moon to be going to a marriage matchmaking meet, but that wasn't the case. I was nothing of the sort. I mean, I accept that women of a certain age do tend to go over the top, and say, No, no, I don't want to!—those words are false. I hate to admit it, but having reached the age I was without having ever been in marriage talks for whatever reason, while I was nowhere near as worked up as a 20-year-old would get, as a normal 24-year-old I did feel a spark of hope. But I was never over the moon. I have to wonder why people said such a thing. I'd never voiced aloud that I didn't want to get married, but nor had I ever imagined being swept off my feet into some glorious coupling. Even stories about some young hero or knight fill me with unease. But I too was an ordinary girl, and though I used to deride the act of wishing for something to happen and letting anticipation prey on one's mind, I had expectations of my own. That's why, when I was shown a tasteless photo out of the blue and told I'd be going to matchmaking without being given a chance to say either yes or no, I didn't exactly need my arm twisted to go along. But calling me over the moon went too far. There are in fact no words used by those of my gender which might adequately describe my feelings upon seeing how conspicuously he lacked refinement in that photo. People ought to have called me put out, instead. If they'd [End Page 412] been aware of how I truly felt, then they'd have soon cut short their gossip about how I was sweating. The man in the photo wore glasses. Saying only that isn't a readily comprehensible description, I know, but to me, he was wearing glasses. All right, no, that's a somewhat nasty way of putting it. What I mean is, why on earth was a 29-year-old wearing glasses the way he wore them? It isn't proper to cover the fine crow's-feet of a young man with thick plastic frames, and look for all the world like a fashion-conscious elderly gent. My first thought, and what I wanted to think, was that he must have worn them in an attempt to ruin his photo. They looked like they were about to slip down at any second. I could picture him removing their thin arms, which looped around his delicate ears and dripped with a watery cord to keep them from falling, in order to cry, and smudging their lenses with short fat thumbs, making them cloudy while his puffy eyelids twitched. That's how I imagined him acting. If I had to sum up my impression of him in a single word, it would have been doddering—no, that's not strong enough a term. A person can look bad in all sorts of ways, but it's rare to find someone who looks bad all over. That much was obvious to anyone who saw that photo, let alone me with my hopes—no, I'll stop. I'm not the slightest bit pretty. Maybe if I had my teeth straightened, I might be more attractive—no, it wouldn't make a difference. I'm ugly. Homely. It's likely that even he was disappointed when he saw my photo. All I could really say was that we were evenly matched. When I thought of it that way, the situation was amusing. So amusing that tears escaped me. My emotions regarding finally entering into matchmaking came flooding out. Serves you right. The low class of the words that sprang to my mind made me sad. I was in no way...

Nonideal Ethics and Arguments against Eating Animals

Arguments for veganism don't make many vegans, or even many who think they ought to be vegans, at least when they are written by philosophers. Those written by others – such as Jonathan Safran Foer – seem to do a bit better. Why? To answer this question, I sketch a theory of ordinary moral argumentation that highlights the importance of meaning-based considerations when arguing that people ought to act in ways that deviate from normal expectations for behaviour. In particular, I outline an eclectic theory, where we draw on a variety of moral frameworks and don't assume that morality is generally overriding. I suggest that meaning-based considerations help us sort through the array of reasons available to us, as well as explain why, in a particular case, what we ought to do morally is what we ought to do all things considered.

Access to Modern Energy Initiatives by Rural Household in Homa Bay County, Kenya

The failure to provide energy access continues in many parts of the world today. It is estimated that three million people in the world lack access to energy infrastructure and use biomass solid fuels such as charcoal firewood, dung or crop residue for cooking. Apart from being highly inefficient, these traditional, open fire cookstoves produce toxic particulates that cause indoor air pollution and contribute to around four million premature deaths per year especially among women and children. The paper based on a study undertaken in Homa Bay is focused on identifying the energy initiatives in Homa Bay County, and how consumers perceive ICS with respect to traditional stoves. The study used Ex post facto research design using mixed method to collect data which was obtained using data collection instruments such as questionnaires, FGD, Key informant interview schedules and researcher’s observation.  The study used systematic and cluster sampling to get a representative data. The study was based on the capability approach theory that people ought to be made equal in their capabilities or at least in their basic capabilities. The study found that household cooking technologies came from two main source namely three stone fire and Kenya ceramic jiko. The main sources of household cooking fuel were biomass, kerosene and LPG. Use of open fire and overdependence on solid biomass resulted in respiratory illness and eye discomfort caused by IAP and black carbon. Low adoption of solar and electricity resulted in high use of kerosene tin lamp as source of light. The study concludes that there is a need to strengthen efforts to promote use of ICS, which use biomass in a more efficient way. The promotion and distribution of ICS should be linked with funding for climate-related projects, with the aim of reducing the cost of the stoves and creating added economic incentives to replace old, inefficient cookstove models.

A moral panic over cats.

Some conservationists believe that free‐ranging cats pose an enormous risk to biodiversity and public health and therefore should be eliminated from the landscape by any means necessary. They further claim that those who question the science or ethics behind their arguments are science deniers (merchants of doubt) seeking to mislead the public. As much as we share a commitment to conservation of biodiversity and wild nature, we believe these ideas are wrong and fuel an unwarranted moral panic over cats. Those who question the ecological or epidemiological status of cats are not science deniers, and it is a false analogy to compare them with corporate and right‐wing special interests that perpetrate disinformation campaigns over issues, such as smoking and climate change. There are good conservation and public‐health reasons and evidence to be skeptical that free‐ranging cats constitute a disaster for biodiversity and human health in all circumstances. Further, there are significant and largely unaddressed ethical and policy issues (e.g., the ethics and efficacy of lethal management) relative to how people ought to value and coexist with cats and native wildlife. Society is better served by a collaborative approach to produce better scientific and ethical knowledge about free‐ranging cats.

Gorboduc Now! The First English Tragedy in Modern Print and Performance

Abstract This article surveys the modern reception of the first English tragedy Gorboduc, first reviewing references to Gorboduc in popular print and literature and then in performance. For a long time in the popular press, the play formed part of a framework of cultural knowledge that educated people were assumed to have or desire. Productions of Gorboduc grew out of that context. Implicitly hearkening back to the Renaissance ethos of ‘teach and delight’, they offered audiences an appealing way to reinforce their awareness of English drama. Beyond this dominant trend in the play’s reception, Gorboduc has circulated in another way – as a work that not only represents the past but which also speaks to contemporary times. While the play once represented general information that educated people ought to know, clearly this is no longer the case. Considering this fact, this article suggests that it is possible to rehabilitate the play by building on presentist understandings of the play already present in its modern reception in popular print and performance – that is, to emphasise why Gorboduc continues to be relevant by more explicitly framing it and other Tudor plays in relation to topics that dominate the sixteenth century and matter now, such as tyranny, counsel, and territorial disunion.

Understanding Dynamic Engagement of Community in Local Governance, Enhancing Grassroots Development in South Africa

The discourse on "Community engagement and commitment” is a critical subject that requires the interest of individuals within communities to fully participate in activities that address community needs. A meaningful citizen engagement reaches out beyond physical inclusion to incorporate the generation of thoughts and deliberations. In addition, it includes the commitments to leadership process in decision-making and the involvement of community members in the administrative responsibility. Among the elements that propel individuals to take an interest to participate in local governance need to assume a functioning role in bettering their very own lives, satisfying social or religious commitments feeling a need for a sense of community, and other quantifiable benefits. This study conceptualizes what community engagement, models, and frameworks is about and that can be used as a guide, to inspire communities in meeting various challenges relating to their interest in participation and cooperation. The study does not claim to cover all the accessible and significant human sociology on public cooperation literature. Qualitatively, the study gave an outline of the basic ideas that shed light on community participation, cooperation and commitment to duty and responsibility. As the study adopted a qualitative approach, mostly secondary source was consulted to address the research question. The findings show that the instrumental way to deal with citizens’ concerns, with attention to results and adequacy is considerably more far-reaching than the more transformative method. Furthermore, people ought to review challenges related with gathering politicization of improvement and participatory structures, the absence of responsibility towards organizing community interest, the absence of limit capacity among partners, poor access to data or information, and inability to perceive and work intimately with community-based associations. It was then recommended that the community and different partners take part in the discussions that prompted the last record, as this is required by the South African Municipal Structures Act.

The Form of the Times: Garibaldi and the Poetics of History

The Form of the Times:Garibaldi and the Poetics of History Lindsey N. Chappell An event is a deceptively complicated object—both to define and to delineate, especially when it is still being lived. Yet, we crave defined edges. Beginnings and endings. Narrative certitude. And when the borders of space and of history prove both flexible and contested, we encounter problems of categorization. As one Times leader put it in 1860, "It is an old observation, that people ought not to be surprised that Roman and other history is debatable ground, when they know so little accurately of what is passing under their own eyes."1 This newspaper author bridges the problem of knowing the present with the problem of knowing the past so that, while historical debate might seem to arise from a unique lack of accessible information, the present proves equally plagued with uncertainty. We might assume that temporally nearer affairs should be more accurately representable than "history," but the lack of retrospective guidance leaves readers likewise unable to conceptualize the contemporary event as a cohesive whole. This problem of complete knowing does not arise simply from a failure to observe; rather, it reveals the limits of observation and representation as methods of knowing. A contemporary world event combines a lack of temporal distance with an abundance of spatial distance, declaring diachronic meaning amid synchronic chaos. Constructing and narrating an event, then, requires writers to emphasize the singularity and cohesion of a particular moment, to sever it from countless simultaneous incidents—in short, to craft it as a definitive synecdoche that represents a totalizing history. When the Times leader decries people who cannot understand "accurately" the news—the narrative of what is passing—it is, therefore, also indicating that current affairs can be, from the moment of their narration as events, history, even while they are still passing, still present. For newspapers, the need to produce events—those touchstones of historical plots—from an array of global incidents and even rumors yoked a problem of quantity to the equally mystifying problems of spatial distance and temporal nearness. The challenge for newspaper editors, then, was how to select significant components of foreign affairs [End Page 1027] for readers and then to narrate them through an encompassing global historical perspective. The very "timing" of newspapers, as Mary A. Favret explains, acts as "a powerfully consolidating force," even when reporting ongoing war, which "without knowledge of its outcome, cannot know its own borders."2 By the mid-nineteenth century, advances in print communications meant a deluge of potentially significant information from across the globe flooded newspapers and their readers quickly, creating a crisis of meaning that required new narrative solutions. This article analyzes how one such solution—the Times's two-pronged formal strategy, which combined a network of foreign correspondents with a London-centric editorial perspective—distilled excessive data not only into news but also into history, with a historiographical form that proved portable beyond periodical media.3 Excess, however, is not just a newspaper concern. By looking at how news journalism selects, conceptualizes, and condenses masses of information, I argue, we can see how both the political present and history come into being as interlacing narratives available for transmission and even translation across media.4 As a case study, I will focus here on Giuseppe Garibaldi's famed Expedition of the Thousand, or Spedizione dei Mille, in 1860 across two densely temporal media: the Times's daily news coverage and Mary Elizabeth Braddon's year-end poem Garibaldi, published in February 1861. Considering how Garibaldi's Sicilian Expedition appeared across media reveals the forms through which we organize time and lived experience into community-shaping narratives. By reading the poem and its periodical archive together, we can see how the event—a temporal form whose function is coherence—can operate powerfully even when its source material is inadequate, outdated, contradictory, and potentially infinite. The event—and history—can emerge in medias res and operate instantly. In this sense, the event works to fulfill the "desire," in Favret's terms, "to put period to and step outside of the time of war, to contain and manage it, to behold it...

Decision-Making of Middle School Students during an Earthquake

The foreknowledge of peoples' decision-making process during an earthquake may give important clues as to whether or not their decisions will yield secure results. In the context of earthquake education, drawing upon these clues can potentially minimize the loss of life during earthquakes to a certain extent. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine decision-making process of students during an earthquake. The research was carried out in Giresun, Turkey. One hundred twenty-two (122) eighth grade students from three middle schools were included the study as a sample base. Three decision trees were developed in order to understand students' decision process (es). Students gave their answers on the three decision trees, whereupon their answers were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that some students during an earthquake chose secure options, whilst others preferred options that can lead to negative results. Students’ desire to escape from their locations during an earthquake was found to be the most common, but also the most unsafe decision. A number of other students, however, had opted to take a dangerous protection position during an earthquake. It was concluded that excessive fear of earthquakes and the negative influence of the media both have an effect on making unsafe decisions. The study suggested that people ought to be assured that there is a low possibility of buildings completely collapsing during an earthquake. It also recommended that people should take non-structural rather than structural risks into consideration during an earthquake, and that they ought to base their make decisions according to these risks.

Introduction: Democracy for or against?

The question of democracy—for or against? Is less a dichotomous choice than a matter of sliding scales. All agree that the people ought to have some involvement and virtually nobody believes that all must govern all the time. This Introduction presents a tour d’horizon of the historical debate and presents a brief summary of the different arguments in this Symposium.

Human dignity – an autonomous or a heteronomous feature

The subject of the work is an attempt to analyse the notion of dignity in legal sciences, especially in legal theory and philosophy of law. The author distinguishes autonomous and heteronomous version of the notion in question. The first way of conceiving human dignity, assumes that dignity, i.e. the worth of human life, is fully independent of social conditions in which people live their lives. This way of conceiving dignity epitomises Kant’s philosophy of moral autonomy as immanent trait of every human being. The second way of conceiving human dignity assumes that the worth of human life is fully dependent of social conditions in which people live their lives. Consequently, it is taken for granted that there are social conditions in which people can lose dignity as contingent trait of human being. In this case, in order to get back lost dignity, people ought to change social conditions by way of social revolution. This way of conceiving dignity epitomises Marxist philosophy of alienation. The author tends to point out, that a different way of conceiving dignity is followed by serious legal consequences.

Edna, Epicurus, and Education

Although she seemed to have everything, Edna's great dissatisfaction in Chopin's novel, The Awakening (1 899/198 1). Led to suicide. Epicurus might have been able to help her. Epicurus believed that people are motivated by pleasure, but distinguished between lasting and fleeting pleasures; people ought to prefer the lasting pleasures. Epicureans ought tranquility through detachment from the things Edna's society valued. Understanding atomic physics would provide the knowledge needed to obtain both freedom from mental disturbances and freedom from bodily pain. Epicurus· advice - to live simply in accordance with nature - s till h olds. Why not be eclectic in philosophy of education? Although he does not have all the answers. Epicurus has some ideas useful for educators.

The Visual Art of Käthe Kollwitz as Practical Theodicy and Its Relevance to Hope in Theoretical Theodicy

Some theorists have characterized art that actively engages people in meaningfully religious ways as a form of “practical theology.” This paper analyzes how the visual art of German artist Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) functions as practical theology—with special attention to theodicy—that is, its role as religious response to the realities of suffering and evil. There is a call among some scholars and theologians to abandon all attempts to defend God's love and goodness in the face of destructive evil and suffering (theoretical theodicy), and rather to focus solely on how people ought to respond practically to such realities (practical theodicy). The paper illustrates Kollwitz's work as a powerful and pioneering form of practical theodicy, one that sensitively integrates ethical-feminist and socio-political concerns in stimulating compassion and consolation, supporting positive social change, and invoking theological hope. In proposing the creative integration of practical and theoretical theodicy, it also shows how such practical theodicy depends upon the hope in certain themes of theoretical theodicy.

Why Buddhist Economics Is Needed: Overcoming Large Scale Biophysical and Socio-Economic Dysfunctions

Buddhist economics embodies a world view that is very different from the world views of Western economies. The world views of the latter are largely based on the tenets of mainstream economics. The world view of every society reflects its citizens’ values, especially their values concerning how their economies should function. The functioning of all economies needs to be built on an explicit set of values related to the society’s economic goals. The world views associated with Western or modern capitalist economies are typically narrowly oriented and emphasize growth of output. The world view of Buddhist economics, on the other hand, emphasizes a very broad view of what contributes to well-being. The latter world view emphasizes the ideal relationships that humans can develop with each other and with nature. This paper analyzes and outlines why a society adopting Buddhist economics can be expected to experience much less socio-economic and biophysical dysfunction than can be expected for conventionally oriented capitalist societies. Human activities are increasingly having massive negative consequences for both the biosphere and socio-economic relationships. Climate change is a prominent example of biophysical dysfunction, and obesity is an important example of socio-economic dysfunction. The world view and orientation of mainstream economics does little to help us understand the causes of these large dysfunctions, nor to understand what is necessary to resolve them. Mainstream economics does not provide the key insights into the socio-economic causes of the market failures involved. For example, it provides little appreciation of the tendency of businesses to be excessively self-interested, opportunistic, and exploitive in its relationships with consumers and others. The idea that businesses might embrace social responsibility and attempt to serve people’s true preferences rather their actual preferences is foreign to mainstream economics. Mainstream economics also does not help us understand the excessive growth of the Earth’s economic activity and the excessive use of fossil fuel energy. Further, it does not help us understand that consumers’ ignorance and inability to find satisfaction with their consumption are principal factors in contemporary biophysical dysfunction. Because important, large scale dysfunctions such as climate change and obesity have been largely outside the scope of mainstream economics, the types of analysis most suitable for understanding them have not been developed. It follows that mainstream economists are unlikely to propose viable solutions for these dysfunctions. Interestingly, it turns out that many of the answers can be found by turning to the wisdom embodied in Buddhism. As Thich Nhat Hanh has stated, what is needed is a collective enlightenment. We need to draw on Buddhist teachings such as the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. These teachings can help us understand why dishonest businesses that are not concerned with the true well-being of their customers are part of the problem. It will also help us understand that ignorant, compulsive consumer behavior is an integral part of the dysfunctions. Ideally, people ought to consume mindfully and moderately, using intelligent reflection on their choices in order for their consumption to contribute to their true well-being. If a society were to adopt Buddhist economics, and if people and businesses were to behave in accord with the ideals articulated in Buddhist teachings, there is good reason to believe that the result would be sustainable use of the Earth’s resources and that both biophysical and socio-economic dysfunctions would be avoided or resolved. Clearly, we need Buddhist economics.

Ethics and Integrity in the Procurement of Goods and Services for the Military

Public service ethics and integrity strengthen public trust and good governance, underpinning public servants’ responsibility to exercise stewardship, and to use and develop all resources in the most economical, efficient, and effective way. Pure military procurement requires a sensitive procurement approach, subject to a regulatory system that acknowledges military confidentiality, striking a balance between openness and transparency in the military procurement process and protection of core security concerns of the procuring state. Ethics refers to established standards of right and wrong that prescribe what people ought to do, in relation to duties, principles, specific virtues, or benefits to society. For military staff as public administrators, ethics begins with and is grounded in duty. From an ethical perspective, there is a need for an overarching framework of moral values and ethical principles, which should have a significant and sustainable impact on the creation of public value as an outcome of military procurement processes. In the military procurement process, networks of deliberation and delivery in pursuit of public value require thoughtful and open-minded relationships with a commitment to a strong public service ethos. A sound ethical framework enables a public sector environment that encourages high standards of professional ethics and integrity in military procurement.

Two Questions about Ethics

The application of Ethics is something human beings do every day. If you simply look at the philosophical practice of ethics, you see the Meta-Ethics where great minds continue to clash over the meaning of ethical statements or language, Normative Ethics where intellectual war rages over what is right and wrong and Applied Ethics where all the strands of theory and belief are drawn together to reach conclusions about specific ethical questions. However this is only a small part of the picture, every day people are consciously making decisions about right or wrong. Virtually every question of what people ought or ought not do has some ethical component lurking in the background whether it concerns the treatment of family, behaviour on the road or whether you ought or ought not obey a particular law (whether to the letter or in spirit). This paper proposes we cognise the inevitability of ethical debate and structure within a discipline of ethical analysis.