Young People Ages Research Articles

Innovate to Mitigate: Science Learning in an Open-Innovation Challenge for High School Students

<em>In this exploratory study, we report results from hosting two rounds of an open innovation competition challenging young people age 13-18 to develop a method for carbon mitigation. In both challenges, teams worked within the classroom and extensively on their own time out-of-school. The challenges were structured to engage participants to work collaboratively and independently in an open-ended, goal-oriented way, yet constrained their work by the parameters of the challenge, and supported it by a suite of tools, and resources. Evidence of learning science concepts and practices, student persistence, and the enthusiasm of participants, teachers and coaches, convince us that the Challenge structure and format is highly worthy of further development and investigation. Our findings indicate that Challenges such as this have the potential to enlarge the “ecosystem” of learning environments in the formal education system.</em>

Booster influenza vaccination confers additional immune responses in an elderly, rural community-dwelling population

This study aimed to examine the effects of a booster vaccination in elderly people using 2 doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine during the 2012-2013 influenza epidemic. Seroprotection rates against the A(H1N1)pdm09 strain in younger elderly people (aged 61-75 years) and the A(H3N2) and B strains in both younger elderly people (aged 61-75 years) as well as very elderly people (aged 76-102 years) did not decrease at 22 weeks after vaccination. This approach confers long-lasting antibody responses and may be useful in clinical practice.

How Young/Old Does One Look? Sales Personnel’s and Laypersons’ Estimation of Young People’s Age

Several studies have found that the level of alcohol use among minors both in Europe generally and in Estonia is relatively high. However, we have less knowledge of issues related to age estimations in this field. Therefore, research was conducted to examine how accurate sales personnel in Estonia are in estimating the age of young people and, in addition, to compare salespersons and laypersons (i.e., persons not working in shops that sell food and alcohol) with regard to their ability to make accurate age estimations. For this purpose, 20 salespersons and 20 laypersons participated in an experiment in which they estimated the age of people whose faces were presented to them in images. Salespersons’ estimation of young persons’ age from the photos was more accurate than laypersons’ estimation. However, both groups tended to overestimate the age of the people shown, especially when the focus was on the difference between minors of age 17 and young adults of age 18 or 19. It can be concluded that accurately discriminating between minors’ and adults’ faces by using only facial cues is difficult. One solution for addressing this issue in practice would be to raise the age threshold for asking for ID. While many shops already pursue this approach, it is on a voluntary basis; in Estonia, there is no legal requirement to do so.

Measuring changes in functional ability in older children and young people with acquired brain injury using the UK FIM + FAM

Introduction There is a need for validated and responsive measurement tools to demonstrate changes in functional ability. Existing outcome measurement tools have significant limitations for children and young people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Aim This study examines the potential of the UK Functional Independence Measure + Functional Assessment Measure (UK FIM + FAM) to detect clinical change in older children and young people with ABI. Method This is a secondary retrospective pretest–post test analysis of 72 children and young people age 8–17 years. Internal responsiveness was examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and effect sizes indices; external responsiveness was examined in relation to the Neurological Impairment Scale (NIS) using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results Highly significant changes were detected from admission to discharge on motor, cognitive and total UK FIM + FAM scores ( p < 0.001). Medium to large effect sizes were found on the total scale indicating good internal responsiveness. There was a significant, negative correlation between UK FIM + FAM change scores and NIS change scores ( p < 0.01) indicating good external responsiveness. Conclusion The UK FIM + FAM was able to detect clinically meaningful change in functional ability in children and young people with ABI over 8 years. Further validity and reliability must be established before recommending its use in this client group.

Adolescents’ experiences of therapeutic relationships at high and low levels of risk and resilience

Engaging adolescents in treatment requires professionals to negotiate relationship boundaries in ways that young people experience as therapeutic. For this study, we used qualitative data from a mixed methods investigation of 85 young people ages 12-19 who were either clients of two or more human services (n=61) or selected from a convenience sample of young people attending school in the same communities as the service users (n=24). By sorting participants into four groups based on their risk and resilience scores calculated during the quantitative phase of the research, patterns emerged in the quality of the relationships young people reported as the most therapeutic. Findings show that youth at higher levels of risk exposure preferred looser professional boundaries (a real relationship) in their interactions with their workers while those with higher resilience scores described positive relationships with professionals that included more structure, greater expectations and firmer boundaries. Findings suggest that the quality of adolescent client-professional relationships should vary depending on the risk and resilience profiles of the youth.

Relationships between sleep duration, physical activity and body mass index in young New Zealanders: An isotemporal substitution analysis.

BackgroundThe evidence regarding the unique effect of sedentary behaviour on obesity among children is unclear. Moreover, the effect of substituting sedentary behaviour with physical activity of different intensities on the body composition of children has received limited empirical study.ObjectiveTo examine the mathematical effects on Body Mass Index (BMI) of substituting sedentary behaviours with physical activities of different intensities on children and youth aged 5–14 years old in New Zealand.MethodsSecondary analysis of accelerometer data from the National Survey of Children and Young People’s Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviours in New Zealand (2008/09) was conducted. A total of 1812 children and youth aged 5–24 years provided accelerometer-derived data on daily sedentary time (SB), light intensity physical activity (LPA) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Sleep time was assessed with a validated computerised use-of-time tool. BMI was assessed using anthropometric measurements. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the independent associations of SB, Sleep time, LPA, and MVPA on BMI. The isotemporal substitution approach was used to ascertain the mathematical effect of substituting each of the other behaviours on BMI. Analyses were stratified by age groups.ResultsSB showed a unique (inverse) association with BMI across all age groups (p<0.05) but 20–24 years (p>0.05). Similarly, MVPA was positively associated (p<0.001) across all age groups. Among age groups 5–9 years, 10–14 years and 15–19 years, the estimated impact of replacing 60 min/day of SB with the same amount of MVPA time resulted in decreased BMI for all age groups (p<0.001), ranging from -1.26 (5–9 years) to -1.43 units (15–19 years). Similar results were achieved when SB was replaced with LPA or sleeping time for children (5–19 years). In young people (age group 20–24), the impact of replacing 30 min/day of SB with MVPA resulted in an estimated -1 BMI units decrease (p<0.001).ConclusionMVPA and SB have a unique effect on BMI. Further, substituting SB with LPA or MVPA was associated with a favourable effect on BMI across all age groups; with MVPA having the strongest association.

Health-related quality of life and emotional wellbeing improve in parents after their children have undergone epilepsy surgery — A prospective population-based study

The objective was to compare parental health-related quality of life (HRQoL), anxiety, and depression at baseline and 2years after epilepsy surgery in a population-based series of children and young people who underwent surgery between 1995 and 1999 and to compare with population norms. Fifty mothers and 44 fathers of 50 children and young people (age: 1–20years) completed the Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale at baseline and at follow-up. Changes in SF-36 and HAD scores between baseline and follow-up were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Scores on the SF-36 were compared with a reference sample from the Swedish population using the Mann Whitney U test. Factors associated with changes in SF-36 and HAD scores were analyzed using regression analysis. On the SF-36, the Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores were not significantly different between baseline and follow-up for mothers (p=0.177) or fathers (p=0.054). Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores improved significantly for mothers (p=0.008) and fathers (p<0.001). Mothers' baseline scores on seven of eight SF-36 domains were significantly lower than reference values. Scores at follow-up improved on these seven domains, but on three domains (primarily mental health domains), scores remained significantly lower than reference values. Fathers' baseline scores on four of eight SF-36 domains were significantly lower than reference values, and scores at follow-up remained significantly lower on the four primarily mental health domains. The proportions of mothers and fathers classified as HAD-A and HAD-D cases decreased at follow-up but did not reach statistical significance. Child epilepsy variables were in the main not associated with parental outcomes, but a greater reduction in AEDs was associated with a greater reduction in PCS scores. Parents of young people/children with seizure-free outcome were significantly more likely to have a reduction in depression scores than parents of young people/children with continued seizures. Many aspects of HRQoL and emotional wellbeing improved at 2-year follow-up for parents after epilepsy surgery on their children. There is a need to comprehensively identify factors associated with changes in parental HRQoL and emotional wellbeing to provide adequate support.

TiO2 particles in seafood and surimi products: Attention should be paid to their exposure and uptake through foods

The sustainable development of nanotechnology requires a thorough understanding of the life cycle of synthesized nanomaterials, including environmental release, deposition, exposure, and potential health risks. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) materials containing nanosized TiO2 (nTiO2) are commonly used as food additives. Thus, dietary intake through foods is the most important route for the exposure of TiO2 materials. Given the toxic effects of nTiO2 on the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues, it is imperative to investigate their sources and concentrations in popular foods. Therefore, we conducted a survey on TiO2 particles in white-colored seafood and surimi products in Beijing. Our data indicated that the total Ti levels reached 6–12 μg/g (dry weight) in some white-colored seafood products, such as squid and cuttlefish, whereas relatively low concentrations were observed in jellyfish at approximately 1–3 μg/g (dry weight). For the locally favorite surimi-based food products in the market, the Ti concentrations ranged from 2 to 81 μg/g (dry weight). The exposure assessment showed that the average daily intake of TiO2 particles through foods varied from 0.02 to 3.09 μg TiO2/kgbw/day, reflected by the Ti concentrations in this study, and that young people of age 20–30 showed the highest exposure level. Together, these results show relatively high concentrations of TiO2 particles in some seafood and surimi products available in the market, and our findings therefore call for attention on TiO2 particle exposure and uptake through daily foods.

12‐Step Facilitation reduces damage from substance use in youths

A pilot study helps to fill a gap in research on 12‐Step‐oriented approaches in treatment, finding that 12‐Step Facilitation (TSF) helped to reduce consequences related to substance use in young people ages 14 to 21. A significant aspect of the study, beyond being the first to test TSF in an adolescent population, is that the intervention overall compared favorably against a motivational enhancement therapy (MET)/cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach that researchers referred to in their paper as “gold‐standard” outpatient treatment for youths.

Impact of Early Work Experiences on Subsequent Paid Employment for Young Adults With Disabilities

To better understand how early work experience shapes subsequent employment outcomes for young people (ages 18 to 20) with disabilities, we analyzed longitudinal data from the Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) evaluation to test whether the employment experiences of 1,053 youth during the initial year after entry affected their employment during the third year after entry. To derive causal estimates, we used a dynamic-panel estimation model to account for time-invariant unobserved individual characteristics that may be correlated with youth’s self-selection into both early and later employment. We also controlled for other socioeconomic and health factors that may affect later employment. We found that early work experience increases the probability of being employed 2 years later by 17 percentage points. This estimate is an important advancement over the correlational approaches that characterize the current literature and provides stronger evidence that early work experience is a key determinant of subsequent labor market success.

Worship as a Practice of Care: Rural Mental Illness and Suicide

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the United States for young people ages 10–34, the fourth leading cause of death for those ages 35–54, and the tenth leading cause of death for all a...

Occupational status as a determinant of mental health inequities in French young people: is fairness needed? Results of a cross-sectional multicentre observational survey

BackgroundEmployment conditions are associated with health inequities. In 2013, French young people had the highest unemployment rate and among those who worked as salaried workers most of them had temporary job. The purpose of the study was to assess mental health state of French young people through the prism of their occupational status and to measure whether occupational status is a determinant of health inequities.MethodsA cross-sectional multicentre observational survey was performed in June and July 2010 in 115 French Local Social Centres and 74 Health Examination Centres, who were available to participate. The survey was based on an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire delivered by social workers or healthcare professionals to young people age from 16 to 25 years old. The questionnaire was composed of 54 items. Several health outcomes were measured: self-perceived health, mental health, addictions and to be victim of violence. The association of occupational status and mental health was assessed by adjusting results on age and gender and by introducing other explanatory variables such as social deprivation.ResultsA total of 4282 young people completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 83%, 1866 men and 2378 women, sex-ratio 0.79. French young people having a non-working occupational status or a non-permanent working status were more exposed to poor self-perceived health, poor mental health, addictions and violence. To be at school particularly secondary school was a protective factor for addiction.ConclusionsOccupational status of French young people was a determinant of mental health inequities. Young people not at work and not studying reported greater vulnerability and should be targeted therefore by appropriate and specific social and medical services.

The Management of Disclosure in Children\u2019s Accounts of Domestic Violence: Practices of Telling and Not Telling

Children and young people who experience domestic violence are often represented as passive witnesses, too vulnerable to tell the stories of their own lives. This article reports on findings from a 2 year European research project (Understanding Agency and Resistance Strategies, UNARS) with children and young people in Greece, Italy, Spain and the UK, who had experienced domestic violence. It explores children and young people’s understandings of their own capacity to reflect on and disclose their experiences Extracts from individual interviews with 107 children and young people (age 8–18) were analysed. Three themes are presented, that illustrate children and young people’s strategies for managing disclosure: (1) “Being silenced or choosing silence?”, explores children and young people’s practices of self-silencing; (2) “Managing disclosures: Finding ways to tell” outlines how children and young people value self-expression, and the strategies they use to disclose safely; and in (3) “Speaking with many voices” considers how children and young people’s accounts of their experiences are constituted relationally, and are often polyvocal. The article concludes that children and young people can be articulate, strategic and reflexive communicators, and that good support for families struggling with domestic violence must enable space for children and young people’s voice to be heard. This is possible only in an integrated framework able to encompass multiple layers and perspectives, rather than privileging the adult point of view. Practitioners who work with families affected by domestic violence need to recognize that children and young people are able to reflect on and speak about their experiences. This requires that attention is paid to the complexity of children and young people’s communication practices, and the relational context of those communications.

Obesidad en la tercera edad

Los adultos mayores (AM) no están exentos de padecer sobrepeso u obesidad, alcanzando en el Perú porcentajes de 21,4% y 11,9% respectivamente, menor que en gente de menor edad. El sobrepeso y la obesidad están peligrosamente asociadas a otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, por lo que el riesgo de morbimortalidad se incrementa. Si bien no existen datos confiables sobre el índice de masa corporal óptimo en el AM, la seguimos utilizando como guía tanto como la medición de la cintura abdominal. Se debería hacer todos los esfuerzos por prevenir este problema antes de que se llegue a la tercera edad. Su manejo debe ser lento y seguro, principalmente con intervenciones de tipo conductual (nutrición y actividad física adecuadas) y utilizando fármacos con mucho cuidado y solo si es indispensable.

Still “at risk”: An examination of how street-involved young people understand, experience, and engage with “harm reduction” in Vancouver’s inner city

BackgroundVancouver is an international leader in implementing interventions to reduce harms related to drug use. However, street-involved young people who use drugs continue to be vulnerable to overdose death, hepatitis C (HCV) infection, and high rates of syringe sharing. To better understand this in the context of the intensive public health response, we examined how young people, who are involved in the ‘street drug scene’, understood, experienced and engaged with harm reduction. MethodsTwelve semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2013 with 13 young people (ages 17–28) recruited from the At-Risk Youth Study, a prospective cohort of street-involved and drug-using young people. These interviews were embedded within a larger, eight-year program of ethnographic research and explored participants’ understandings of harm reduction, their use of specific services, and their ideas about improving their day-to-day lives. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and a thematic analysis was performed. ResultsYoung peoples’ ideas about harm reduction were diverse and expansive. They articulated the limitations of existing programs, indicating that while they are positioned to reduce the risk of HIV and HCV transmission, they offer little meaningful support to improve young peoples’ broader life chances. Young people described strategies to mitigate risk and harm in their own lives, including transitioning to drugs deemed less harmful and attempting to gain access to drug treatment. Finally, young people indicated that spatial considerations (e.g., distance from Vancouver's Downtown Eastside) strongly determined access to services. ConclusionsIn Vancouver, a large, well established harm reduction infrastructure seeks to reduce HIV and HCV transmission among street-involved young people. However, young peoples’ multiple understandings, experiences and engagements with harm reduction in this setting illustrate the limitations of the existing infrastructure in improving their broader life chances.

Young People's Experiences of Epilepsy: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Studies.

Research on childhood epilepsy has predominantly used quantitative methodologies to examine the impact of epilepsy on young people and their families. These studies generally give a negative picture of the condition, which is at odds with a strengths-based social work perspective, and provide little understanding of young people's experiences of living with epilepsy. A systematic review of qualitative studies that explored young people's perspectives was conducted. Inclusion criteria were as follows: young people ages 13 to 18 years diagnosed with epilepsy, qualitative data collection methods, studies published in English-language peer-reviewed journals, and gray literature. Of 501 abstracts identified, 52 full-length texts were reviewed, with 17 studies being included for final analysis. The emergent themes were seizures and medications; relationships; issues and concerns involving their families, peers, and schools; and young people's reactions to epilepsy. It is essential to understand issues presented by young people for improving practice and developing services, as these issues highlight areas for potential social work interventions. It is also essential to adopt a strengths perspective when considering these findings and implications for hospital social work, as young people's experiences were not always negative.

A pilot evaluation of the SPARX-R gaming intervention for preventing depression and improving wellbeing among adolescents in alternative education

AimThe use of computerized mental health programs with vulnerable youth, such as early school leavers, remains relatively unstudied. This pilot study examined the feasibility of delivering a computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) gaming intervention (SPARX-R) for young people (age 15–20years) who have left school early and are attending Youthreach, an alternative education (AE) program in Ireland. MethodStudents (n=146) from twenty-one Youthreach Centers were randomized to SPARX-R and no-intervention control. All students within the group were included in the study whether or not they were exhibiting heightened levels of depression. Program impact was examined on both negative and positive indicators of mental health, including depression (primary outcome), generalized anxiety, general mental wellbeing, coping and emotion regulation. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention (7weeks). Participants that provided data at post-assessment (n=66) were included in the analysis. ResultsThe participants completed on average 5.3 modules of SPARX-R with 30% (n=9) completing the entire program. A significant improvement in emotion regulation strategies was detected, with expressive suppression decreasing significantly in the SPARX-R group in comparison to the control (−2.97, 95% CI −5.48 to −0.46, p=0.03). ConclusionsFindings suggest that SPARX-R has a positive impact on emotion regulation. The lack of significant findings on other outcome measures may be attributed to inadequate sample size, and therefore, further research with larger samples are required to establish the effectiveness of the program in reducing depression and anxiety and improving psychological wellbeing among young people attending AE.

Relationships Between Element Contents in Polish Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Hair

Environment, sex, and age are the main factors which determine the elemental composition of hair. The objective of the study is to determine the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in girls’ and boys’ hair in five age groups (within 1–19-year range) corresponding to successive human ontogenesis phases as well as to evaluate the relationships between these elements. Quantitative analysis has been carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Experimental results were analyzed using classic and principal component (PCA) statistical analyses. In particular, differences between contents of particularly Ca, Mg, and Zn in girls’ and boys’ hair were found, and substantial differences between age groups were stated. In general, larger amounts of Ca, Mg, and Zn as compared to boys’ hair have been observed for girls’ hair and higher toxic element (Pb, Cd) contents for boys were measured in some age groups. An increasing trend was found for bioelements (Ca, Mg, Zn) both for girls and boys in all age groups, while for Cu and Fe content, changes are insignificant and even decreasing for teenagers. The most frequently correlating element pairs are Ca–Mg, Ca–Zn, Mg–Zn, and Pb–Cd. Classic and PCA statistics show, in general, a satisfactory consistence. The elemental composition of hair varies depending on the gender and age of children and young people.

Obesity and hypertension in Australian young people: results from the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012.

Few studies have focused on the prevalence of obesity and hypertension among young people (ages 15-24). To characterise the prevalence of obesity and systolic hypertension in young people aged 15-24 years across Australia. Using data from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey, a national cross-sectional population-based survey, we included 2163 young people aged 15-24 years. Risk factors were estimated using multinomial logistic regression. The prevalence of obesity increased from 8% to 15% through the ages of 15-24 among males, but the prevalence of overweight and obesity were both 14% for females across all age groups. Low levels of physical activity were a strong risk factor for obesity for both males (odds ratio (OR) 5.95, 95% confidence intervals (CI)1.83-19.36) and females (OR 3.20 95% CI 0.69-14.87). Low socioeconomic status was associated with obesity among females only (first quintile OR 4.65, 95% CI 1.97-10.99). Although the prevalence of hypertension was low (4% males, 3% females), the prevalence of high normal blood pressure was substantial, especially among males (28% males, 14% females). Overweight, obesity and high normal blood pressure were highly prevalent among Australian young people. Low levels of physical activity were identified as a risk factor for obesity for both male and females. Programmes targeting physical activity participation may need to be tailored differently for males and females, with a focus on females during early adolescence but early adult life for males.

Studentų mitybos įpročių analizė

Visuomenė vis labiau domisi mityba, jos poveikiu sveikatai. Sveika mityba padeda saugoti ir stiprinti sveikatą, išvengti daugelio ligų. Vien sveikas maistas negarantuoja, kad sveikata bus gera, tačiau suteikia galimybę ją saugoti ir stiprinti. Sveikata, darbingumas, grožis labai priklauso nuo paties žmogaus pastangų. O sveika, visavertė mityba daro teigiamą poveikį žmogaus fiziniam ir protiniam vystymuisi, darbingumui bei ilgaamžiškumui. Sveika mityba yra sveikatos pagrindas. Žmogus turi maitintis atsižvelgiant į maisto racioną. Maisto racionas - tai baltymų, riebalų, angliavandenių, vitaminų, mineralinių medžiagų bei vandens kiekis, kurį žmogus turi gauti per parą. Nuo pat kūdikystės žmogus yra susijęs su mityba ir tai yra viena svarbiausių aplinkos sąlygų, veikiančių organizmą. Sveikos mitybos įpročiai formuojasi ankstyvame amžiuje, todėl aktualu analizuoti tiek mokinių, tiek studentų mitybos ypatumus. Metodai. Tyrime dalyvavo 396 18-25metų jaunuoliai, iš kurių 168 (42,42 proc.) buvo vyrai ir 228 (57,58 proc.) moterys. 114 (28,8 proc.) visų apklaustųjų mokosi Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitete (LSMU), 70 (17,7 proc.) Kauno technologijų universitete (KTU), 76 (19,2 proc.) Kauno kolegijoje (KK), 86 (21,7 proc.) Lietuvos sporto universitete (LSU), o likę 50 (12,6 proc.) jaunuolių dirba ir šiuo metu niekur nesimoko. Didžioji dalis apklaustųjų merginų (33,3 proc.) mokosi LSMU, jos sudaro 19,2 proc. visų respondentų. Daugiausia apklaustų vaikinų studijuoja LSU (25,0 proc.), jie sudaro 10,6 proc. visų respondentų. Vaikinų ir merginų pasiskirstymas tarp universitetų yra statistiškai reikšmingas (p=0,005). Statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) programinį statistinės analizės paketą. Rezultatai. Respondentai suskaičiavo savo racioną pagal 24 valandų apklausos metodiką, naudojantis mitybos tyrimo atlasu, užrašant duomenis apie maisto produktus, suvartotus per praėjusią parą (baltymai, angliavandeniai, riebalai). Maisto racioną sudarė – baltymai - 14,22 proc., riebalai – 41,25 proc., angliavandeniai – 38,16 proc.; vaikinai vidutiniškai suvartojo 2914 kcal , merginos – 2100 kcal. Respondentų atsakymai rodo, kad dauguma merginų (56,2 proc.) daržoves valgo kiekvieną dieną, vaikinai pagal statistinį vidurkį mažiau - 43,38 proc. Kasdien saldumynus vartoja 75 proc. apklaustųjų, 2-3 kartus per savaitę – 17 proc. respondentų, išvis stengiasi nevartoti 8 proc. studentų. Energetinius gėrimus vartoja 62,37 proc. 18 – 25 metų jaunuolių, o 10,6 proc. juos vartoja reguliariai. Tai rodo didelį šių gėrimų populiarumą, kadangi daugiau kaip pusė jauno amžiaus žmonių yra išbandę šių gėrimų poveikį. Baltymų suvartojimas atitinka normą, riebalų sunaudojama per daug, angliavandenių suvartojama per mažai. Suvartojamų kilokalorijų kiekis atitinka norminius reikalavimus.