People Of Pakistan Research Articles

The Risk Factors Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: While non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a widespread illness that affects many people in Pakistan, little is known about its epidemiology. Although a large number of individuals have NAFLD risk factors, only a tiny proportion go on to develop serious liver conditions including cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Identification of people who are most likely to have these consequences is essential since it will allow medical personnel to spot and address risk factors early on and, eventually, stop the illness from progressing. Objective: The purpose of this research is to look at the risk factors for NAFLD at Mayo Hospital Lahore , Pakistan.We intend to learn more about the occurrence and NAFLD risk factors in this community by performing this research. Our ultimate objective is to enhance NAFLD prevention and treatment in Pakistan, which would enhance the health outcomes for those who are afflicted. Methods: From July 2022 to December 2022, a meticulous cross-sectional investigation was carried out at the esteemed Mayo Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, to scrutinize the risk factors responsible for the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The study cohort, comprising 35 participants, was selected with great care and prudence to ensure their suitability and relevance to the research question at hand. This study aimed to unravel the intricate web of risk factors associated with NAFLD, which has emerged as a global health concern. Results: The study conducted at Mayo Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan involved 35 participants who were selected for their relevance to the research question. The study participants had a mean age of 38.89±8.50 years, with the majority being females, accounting for 80% of the sample population. Moreover, a significant proportion of the participants were housewives, representing 68.6% of the sample. The majority of the participants belonged to the middle-class socioeconomic stratum (60%). The study revealed some intriguing findings, as almost half of the participants (48.6%) had diabetes mellitus (DM) and 42.9% were classified as obese. On average, the study participants had a body weight of 72.74±8.74 units and a body height of 61.37±2.67 units. These findings provide insightful information on the risk factors for NAFLD in the Pakistani community. Conclusions: Currently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Pakistan. This alarming trend shows how important it is for doctors and governments to give this increasing menace top priority. Controlling and reducing the harmful health effects of NAFLD in Pakistan requires the implementation of specific public health interventions and preventative initiatives. Keywords: liver, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The Role of Religious Political Parties in Democracy-Reasons for Their Influence on the People of Pakistan

In Pakistan's political system, religious political parties do play a significant role. These parties have generally fought for legislation that is in line with Islamic ideals and has the support of conservative, religiously motivated population segments. They have successfully influenced the nation's political discourse and energized citizens around religious themes. Their impact has also been a contentious issue. According to critics, religious political parties foster intolerance and extremism, which can harm societal cohesion and minority rights. This has given rise to challenges such as sectarian conflicts, the persecution of religious minorities, and the demise of some spiritual institutions, but it has also given rise to a framework for governance. National and local political parties must cooperate at the federal and provincial levels to combat Islamic extremism in Pakistan. In order to create policies that support tolerance, diversity, and respect for minority rights while respecting the Islamic principles that are essential to the nation's identity, collaboration is essential. This demands a holistic approach encompassing education, discourse, and efforts to alleviate socioeconomic factors that can contribute to extremism. Furthermore, promoting an atmosphere that supports moderate and forward-thinking readings of Islam and principles of peace, coexistence, and social harmony is critical. This can be done by encouraging a pluralistic understanding of Islam involving religious scholars, local leaders, and civil society organizations. Strengthening democratic institutions and fostering a climate of religious freedom and pluralism are essential for combating religious extremism. The rights of religious minorities must be protected, and their equal participation in political processes must be guaranteed. To maintain Pakistan's political environment as inclusive, tolerant, and respectful of the rights and aspirations of all its residents, it is important to balance Islamic principles and democratic norms.

UHPLC-MS and GC-MS phytochemical profiling, amelioration of pain and inflammation with chloroform extract of Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. via modulation of inflammatory biomarkers.

People of Pakistan have undisturbed customs for the employment of medicinal plants for healthcare requisites. Chloroform extract of F. hygrometrica (CE FH) was examined for its ability to reduce inflammation and to produce analgesia. Carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema model for inflammatory activity, hot-plate and tail-flick methods to assess analgesic activity were executed. Phytochemical analysis was done by UHPLC-MS and GC-mass spectrometer. The results demonstrated that in carrageenan-induced paw edema, maximum reduction in inflammation was observed at 5th hour at the dose 100mg/kg; while at doses 250 and 500mg/kg, maximum response was observed at 5th and 6th hours. Analgesic activity results indicated that maximum analgesia was observed up to 120min at 100mg/kg, while up to 90min in case of 250 and 500mg/kg doses. The formalin-induced rat paw edema showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity after 5days treatment. After, testing period of 10days, the biochemical parameters such as CBC, CRP, serum enzymes like CAT, SOD, GSH and inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 were estimated. The administration of formalin resulted in an increase in the level of leucocytes, total WBC, CRP, serum enzymes and in the diameters of paw thickness, while pre-treatment with CE FH at dose levels of 100, 250 and 500mg/kg exhibited a diminution in the levels of SOD, GSH, CAT, total RBC and HB. Acute inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL -6 and IL-4 were reduced, and IL-10 was upregulated in the treated group as compared to the control. Many phytoconstituents, i.e., chitobiose, chlorovulone III, γ-tocotrienol, emmotin, cassine, hexacosanedioic acid, neophytadiene, fumaric acid, neophytadiene, hexadecanoic acid, phytol and stigmasterol were detected during UHPLC-MS and GC-MS analysis seems to be responsible for the said activity in correlation with the already reported data about these compounds. The results concluded that CE FH possess noteworthy anti-inflammatory and central analgesic action at different doses (100, 250 and 500mg/kg).

What Lies Beneath Pakistan’s Disastrous Floods

The 2022 floods that affected 33 million people in Pakistan resulted from a confluence of factors. The nation is highly vulnerable to climate change, which requires international action. But internal governance reforms are needed to improve the state’s ability to help citizens recover from the floods and better prepare for future natural disasters. Pakistan has mismanaged its natural resources and is mired in economic and political crises. In rural areas, colonial-era patterns persist in unequal control over land and water. Though some lessons were learned from major 2010 floods, the latest disaster response revealed a need for improving coordination across different levels of government and engaging with civil society.

The Overview of the Projects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor in the Hazara Division

The research works on the Topic “The overview of the Projects of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Hazara Division.” shows that although China Pakistan Economic Corridor is an economical venture that comprises different developmental schemes. The qualitative research method is applied in this research. There are two research questions in this research study, such as what are the projects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor and their impacts on the economy of the Hazara division? To solve the puzzles, a deep study was carried out, and three qualitative questionnaires closed-ended were applied. The detailed study carried out on the topic shows that CPEC has different repercussions on the Hazara division. The economic implications, despite some reservations from the people of Pakistan and China, will definitely contribute to the economy of the Hazara division, but this contribution will add to economic growth to a certain level. In order to achieve more economic betterment, further economic projects of public interests in all the areas of Hazara are needed to establish

Building Bridges and Shaping Policies: A Comparative Study of Organizational Structures and Policy Implementation in the Pakistan People's Party and Liberal Party of Canada (1971-1978)

Building Bridges and Shaping Policies: A Comparative Study of Organizational Structures and Policy Implementation in the Pakistan People's Party and Liberal Party of Canada (1971-1978)

CJS: Pre-Conviction Detention and Question of Double Jeopardy. A Critical Study of the Legal Status of the Death Penalty in Pakistan

The individual right to personal security in any State should include those guarantees which enable a person to live his daily life and plan his future without the threat of arrest and imprisonment or the fear of severe and unjust punishment. Due to various reasons, the People of Pakistan do not trust the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan. In the criminal cases covering the death penalty accused persons are kept in prisons for years and on completion of trial they are convicted for capital punishment which is also executed. This article discusses whether the death punishment awarded and executed to a person after keeping him for many years in custody amounts to double jeopardy.

THE ALTERATION OF DYNAMICS SECURITY THREATS IN PAKISTAN: A SURVEY

Pakistan has also internal as well as external security threats. By means of internal threats are provincialism, sectarianism and etc. When Pakistan was created it was based on the two-nation theory but now there are more than two nations like Punjabis, Sindhi’s, Balochi and Pathans. Due to this reason, the people of Pakistan do not think as Pakistani but they divide them according to their provinces. And if the talk goes about sectarianism there are two groups of people who fight with each other on the name of their religion. Now the time goes about external security threats, there are many countries against Pakistan and trying their best to beat it down. For example, Pakistan has a main issue related to Kashmir. But it’s not only the direct relation with other country, it’s the threat to the security of neighbor country and its effect on the people like after 9/11 a war is start in Afghanistan and its hardly effect the Pakistani tribes and also the other country relation and their effect on Pakistan securityery main things are written here. All this need a network in which so many threats can cover-up regarding security.

An Analysis of Taliban Conflict in daily Dawn during Three Regimes in Pakistan

This study analyzes news reports on the Taliban conflict published in the daily Dawn newspaper to identify the factors responsible for shifts in press narratives in an environment of diverse and conflicting voices over the period 2001-2015. The study shows different reporting patterns during the governments of the Pakistan Muslim League Quaid-i-Azam, PML (Q) led by President Pervez Musharraf, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PML-N). Using quantitative content analysis and using the conceptual framework of political contest theory, this study examines how the competing positions of political actors were mediated by the journalistic agency. The results show that the selected newspaper treated the official and dissenting sources differently during different regimes, meaning that press support for official or dissenting sources constantly changed according to the changing political environment. In addition, the results related to the press's treatment of tones in headlines indicate that the positive, negative, and neutral trend toward government policies during the Taliban conflict in different regimes did not remain static and was constantly changing. Keywords: State-Press Relations, War, Taliban Conflict, Newspapers, Content Analysis, Political Contest Theory

TheRole of Religion and Spirituality to Cope with COVID-19 Infections Among People ofLower Socioeconomic Statusin Pakistan: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.

Religion and spirituality have been key coping mechanisms of Pakistani Muslims amidst natural calamities such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify and explore the role of religion and spirituality in the recovery of COVID-19 patients in lower socioeconomics. The data for this qualitative research study were collected from 13 people in Pakistan who survived COVID-19 infection during the wave of the Omicron variant. The participants of this study referenced four key themes about their story of getting infected by COVID-19 and recovering from it and referenced religion and spirituality as an overarching aspect of that story. The patients who recovered believed that COVID-19 was a punishment from God for sinful humanity, which was unavoidable. Amidst such a belief, the studied patients tried to avoid hospitalization but prayed to God for mercy, forgiveness, and help in their recovery. A few who took medical treatment also established and/or strengthened their spiritual connections seeking quick recovery from the infection. The participants of this study believed that their religion or spirituality played a medicinal role in their recovery from COVID-19 infection.

Analysis of the Impact Path of China-Pakistan Power Industry Cooperation on Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

Pakistan has been suffering from a power shortage, and the power supply is far from meeting the electricity demand of production and life in the country. The poverty of electric energy is both the cause and the result of Pakistan's poverty. So to make the people of Pakistan get rid of poverty as soon as possible, it is necessary to improve the electric power infrastructure. Since the construction of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the degree of China-Pakistan power cooperation has been deepened, and the development of Pakistan's power industry has ushered in a new period of opportunity. In this paper, we will analyze the basis of China-Pakistan power industry cooperation and study why cooperation between China and Pakistan can be realized. It also combines several cases to illustrate the positive impact of China-Pakistan power industry cooperation on poverty reduction in Pakistan. Of course, under domestic and international pressure, China-Pakistan power industry cooperation is facing many new difficulties and challenges. China and Pakistan must face these problems and strengthen dialogue and consultation to utilize better the role of power industry cooperation for Pakistan's economic development and social progress.

The Pakistan Flood of August 2022: Causes and Implications

AbstractThe risk of floods has increased in South Asia due to high vulnerability and exposure. The August 2022 Pakistan flood shows a glimpse of the enormity and devastation that can further rise under the warming climate. The deluge caused by the floods in 2022, which badly hit the country’s southern provinces, is incomparable to any recent events in terms of the vast spatial and temporal scale. The flood event is ranked second in human mortality, while this was the top event that displaced about 33 million people in Pakistan. Using observations and climate projections, we examine the causes and implications of the 2022 flood in Pakistan. Multiday (∼15 days) extreme precipitation on wet antecedent soil moisture conditions was the primary driver of the flood in August 2022. The extreme precipitation in August was caused by two atmospheric rivers that passed over southern Pakistan. Streamflow simulations from the multiple hydrological models show that multiday extreme precipitation was the primary driver of floods. Several flood‐affected stations experienced anomalously higher flow than the upstream stations. The 2022 Pakistan flood highlights the adaptation challenges South Asia is facing along with the substantial need for climate mitigation to reduce the risk of such events.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B&amp;C in Pregnant females &amp;Transmission through Sporadic Source and Dental Source among Pakistani Population: A Brief Review

Background: Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation because it can be cause by drugs,chemicals, heavy alcohol consumptionand due to some medical disorders. The hepatitis B (HBV) is a double stranded DNA virus having multiple serological indicators whereas hepatocellular carcinoma is assumed to be significantly influenced by hepatitis C viral infection. Aim: To evaluate the frequency of hepatitis B &amp; C in pregnant females as well as how many people were affected through dental clinics and sporadic sources in Pakistan. Methods:All the data for this review article was collected from different databases such as Google scholar, PubMed, Pak Medinet and Medline. Findings:In Pakistan, the occurrence of hepatitis B infection is alarmingly rising, ranging from 2 to 8% in various populations. 20.2% in urban, while 79.8% in rural regionwhereas HCV affects almost 8.74 million people in Pakistan. Practical Implication&amp; Conclusion: The foremost purpose of this systematic review was to assessment the frequencyof hepatitis B and C among Pakistani population from already reported data and concluded that the rate of spread of hepatitis B,C through sporadic sources and dental source is also a well-known factor in Pakistani population. So as this review would be helpful for those researchers who work on the hepatitis control program in the Pakistan. Keywords:Barber source,Dental source, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Prevelance, Transmission

The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Health Care

It's kind of mysterious how complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is being used more and more in developed, "established" Western countries. There hasn't been much study or good understanding about it. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines "complementary and alternative medicine" (CAM) as a collection of various medical and health systems, procedures, and objects that are not currently regarded as corresponding to traditional medicine. Over the past 15 years or so, CAM use has grown significantly, and it is without a dispute significant from a medical, economic, and sociological perspective. Even though there are literally hundreds of therapies that fall under the broad definition of CAM, only about 15-20 have definitive proof of their efficacy and safety to be taken seriously (Tiran, 2001). The NCCAM divides complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into five primary categories: whole medical systems, mind-body healthcare, physiologically based, manipulative and body-based therapies, and energy fields [1].&#x0D; CAM is frequently used to supplement conventional treatment. Back issues, melancholy, sleeplessness, intense headaches or migraines, stomach or intestinal diseases, and back problems were the most frequent symptoms linked with CAM, according to a review of the worldwide CAM literature by Frass et al. [2]. A few earlier studies looked into the use of CAM for particular diseases or health issues, like cancer and multiple sclerosis.&#x0D; &#x0D; According to Menniti-Ippolito et al., herbal medicine was more frequently used to enhance life expectancy while acupuncture and manipulative treatments were mainly used to treat pain in Italy. Homeopathy, in comparison, was not linked to any particular health issues [3]. Other common reasons people turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are dissatisfaction with biomedicine, frustration with the doctor-patient relationship, relaxation, enhancements in subjective wellbeing, preventative medicine, a preference for natural care over biomedical medicine, and an eagerness for more individualized and holistic care.&#x0D; People in Pakistan who believe in quacks, pastors, hakeems, homoeopaths, or other psychic healers have used alternative treatments. For issues like infertility, seizures, psychosomatic issues, melancholy, and many other illnesses, these are the first line of defense. The proximity, reasonable cost, accessibility, family obligation, and the positive perception of the community are the primary justifications for visiting a CAM healer. Pakistan has a long history of using medicinal herbs to cure a variety of illnesses. The people's health-seeking behavior, particularly in emerging nations, necessitates integrating all CAM healers into society by giving them access to appropriate training, tools, and referral support.

Geriatrics emergency medicine: The need of time.

Madam, Since the inception of Emergency Medicine (EM) in Pakistan, it has been an ever-growing field, and one such current need is the development of geriatric emergency care. Older patients have a longer Emergency department (ED) stays and more frequent admissions, with an increased risk of special care and intensive care admissions. These patients have unusual presentations and multiple comorbidities, are more prone to complications, are easily affected by their surroundings and require an understanding of their social needs and thorough counselling, complicating their care. The elderly population also termed the ‘silver tsunami’ shares a significant burden of the ED in Pakistan.1 According to the 2017 national census, nearly 13.7 million people in Pakistan, were over the age of 60, accounting for roughly 7% of the total population,2 which is anticipated to double in the coming years, increasing the burden of geriatric patients. This highlights the urgent need todevelop a specialised system for the elderly in acute care settings. Although several programmes in Pakistan focus on elderly care under Family Medicine, there remains a huge gap in emergency care, which is crucial in providing 24/7 healthcare service delivery. Geriatrics curriculum must be incorporated in emergency medicine residency programmes to facilitate patient outcomes, decrease mortality, and prevent functional decline in that age group. The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) certified hospitals as "Geriatric Emergency Departments" (GEDs) in 2018 based on GED guidelines established in 2014. The purpose was to assist in providing more effective care to the elderly population. 3 According to Kaeley et al., a considerably higher number of older people (2965, 54.9%) were hospitalised from the ED, with approximately 651, or 21.9 % admitted to the intensive care unit.4 Geriatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship training provides EDs with expertise to meet the need of a growing geriatric population. (Figure 1) These programmes can serve as a foundation for clinical innovation, research, and education focusing on the elderly population. Work on this is being done globally., Pakistan must play a role in this aspect of emergency medicine, owing to the rapidly increasing older population and advancement in GEM practice worldwide.3,5 A proper healthcare infrastructure at the government level will help geriatric patients cope with limited health resources, financial burdens, and palliative care. A better understanding of geriatric care will assist us in better allocating and utilising the limited resources we have available to alleviate the financial burden. ---Continue

An Epidemiological study of Acid Burn Incidents in Pakistan: Causes, Consequences and Prevention Strategies

According to Acid Survivors Foundation (ASF), there are about 200 acid attacks every year in Pakistan, and there have been more incidents reported this year than last (Ahmad, S. 2022). Murder is regarded better than throwing acid (Mihaela B. I. 2015). Unfortunately, Pakistan is becoming more and more popular for hurling acid. A woman in Lahore was recently beaten with acid after rejecting a marriage proposal (Ashraf, S. 2017). South Punjab, a region known for its agriculture and as the "cotton belt," is where more than half of all acid-related crimes occur. This region has historically been plagued by low socioeconomic indicators, and it is also where acid is easily accessible in local markets and frequently used to clean cotton. According to an unbiased study, 9,340 people in Pakistan were victims of acid attacks between 1994 and 2018 (Wong, Y. 2021). Unless the government takes strong action to put an end to the evildoer, such attacks will continue to occur in the nation. According to the Acid Survivors Trust International, 80% of acid attack victims are women, putting acid attacks in the category of gender-based violence (J. G. 2019). Although attackers also target men, the problem primarily impacts women and is more likely to happen in societies where there is a strong gender division (Duggan, M. 2020). This way of life supports gender inequality and highlights the vulnerable status of women in Pakistani society, who frequently face attacks not just from outsiders but even from their own spouses and relatives.

Interpretive Structural Modelling of Causes of Employee Turnover in Microfinance Industry

Microfinance is considered to be one of the best tools to deliver the financial services to the poor people in Pakistan to eradicate the poverty from the roots. This research is aimed to explore the factors that impact causes of employee turnover in microfinance industry in developing countries like Pakistan. Discourse of literature coupled with experts opinion is used for identification of factors. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) is used of structural mapping of factors interconnections. Cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC analysis) is used for classifying the factors on the basis of driving-dependence power. ISM and MICMAC methodologies are used in order to simplify the complex and conundrum phenomena by representing it into graphical form. These are qualitative methodologies of modelling and analysis for which primary data is collected through matrix type instrument of measurement coupled with semi-structured interview. Results of review of literature show that there are 18 factors causing employees turnover in microfinance industry. ISM results reveal that job insecurity, absence of complementary financial and non-financial services, unrealistic recovery targets and temptation for money laundering are the most critical factors. MICMAC shows that there is no autonomous factor, 4 are in independent, 4 are in dependent and remaining 10 are in linking. This is a valuable study having implications for microfinance investors to use their existing resources, policy makers to design their policies according to the designed framework to gain advantage and decision makers to use their existing resources &amp; means to manage these factors optimistically. The current study was conducted in a developed country such as Pakistan, but it can be effectively extended to neighbouring developing countries with minor changes to the hierarchy structural model.

Exercise's Impact on 25-Hydroxycholesterol Levels in Vitamin D Deficient Individuals

: Deficiency of calciferol (vitamin D) contributes to the development of a number of chronic disorders. A significant frequency of metabolic syndrome, vitamin D insufficiency, and insufficiency exists throughout Asia. People in Pakistan also suffer from a lack and inadequacy of vitamin D. More and more evidence suggested that exercise may have an impact on vitamin D levels. Different exercise intensities affect vitamin D levels in people.

Need of Vaccine development in Pakistan

In recent years, vaccines have played a critical role in protecting against a wide range of diseases, from influenza to polio. As the world continues to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for effective vaccines has never been greater. In Pakistan, the situation is no different. According to data from the World Health Organization, Pakistan has seen over 880,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and over 18,000 deaths as of January 2021 [1]. With numbers like these, it is clear that the development of vaccines is essential for bringing the pandemic under control and protecting the people of Pakistan.&#x0D; One of the primary reasons for the importance of vaccine development in Pakistan is the country's relatively limited resources. While many developed nations have the financial and technological resources to effectively manage the spread of COVID-19 through measures such as widespread testing and contact tracing, Pakistan has fewer resources at its disposal. In such a situation, vaccines provide an important tool for controlling the spread of the virus and protecting the population. Another reason for the need for vaccine development in Pakistan is the country's high population density. With over 220 million people living in a small area, Pakistan has one of the highest population densities in the world [2]. In such a densely populated country, it is especially important to have effective measures in place to prevent the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19. Vaccines can play a crucial role in this regard by providing immunity to large numbers of people, thereby reducing the overall transmission of the virus.&#x0D; There is also the issue of economic impact to consider. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating effect on economies around the world, and Pakistan has been no exception. According to the World Bank, the pandemic is expected to have a significant impact on Pakistan's economy, with GDP growth forecast to fall from 2.4% in 2020 to -0.5% in 2021 [2]. One way to mitigate the economic effects of the pandemic would be to bring it under control as quickly as possible, and vaccines are an essential tool for achieving this.&#x0D; In order to address these challenges and improve vaccination rates in Pakistan, it is essential that efforts be made to increase the availability and accessibility of vaccines. This could involve investing in infrastructure and training to ensure that vaccines are properly stored, handled, and administered, as well as implementing outreach programs to educate the public about the importance of vaccination. In addition to these efforts, there is also a need for ongoing vaccine research and development in Pakistan.&#x0D; In conclusion, the need for vaccine development in Pakistan is clear. With limited resources, a high population density, and a struggling economy, the country needs effective tools for controlling the spread of COVID-19 and protecting its citizens. Vaccines have the potential to play a crucial role in this regard, and it is important for Pakistan to prioritize their development and distribution. By prioritizing vaccine development and increasing access to vaccines, we can take an important step towards a healthier and more prosperous future for all.

Dialogic Interaction and Cyber Democracy: A Study of Twitter Accounts of Pakistani Politicians

Social media use equalizes the power among public and politicians, which promotes cyber democracy. This study explores dialogic interaction between Pakistani politicians and the public by examining Twitter accounts of politicians of major parties i.e., Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) PML (N), and Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) for the year of 2021. It was hypothesized that among dialogic interaction features, it is more likely that conversations of visitors, usefulness of information, and the style of dialogic interaction will be the dominant features as compared to dialogic loop in Twitter accounts of Pakistani politicians. Content analysis was conducted on twitter accounts of Pakistani politicians (two politicians from each party). Total number of tweets during the selected time was 5421 from which 989 tweets were selected for analysis. The result showed that politicians are using usefulness of information followed by a style of dialogic interaction, dialogic loop and conversation of visitors. The results do not support hypothesis as dialogic loop is not least used feature in tweets of Pakistani politicians.