Central Asians Research Articles

TURKIY XALQLARNING TABIAT KULTLARIGA MUNOSABATI

In this article, along with the cults and prayers that have long existed among the peoples of Central Asia, connecting man with nature, the customs and rituals associated with the inhabitants of the Surkhan oasis are examined.

The problem of the attribution of burials of medieval nomads on the territory of the ukrainian steppe on the example of three burials from the Novosilsky kurgan complex

The article is devoted to the problem of attributing monuments of medieval nomads from the Ukrainian steppe in the period of X-XIV centuries on the example of three burials from the Novosilsky Kurgan group located in the North-Western Black Sea coast. The attribution of such burials is problematic for the archaeology of Ukraine. The number of modern studies on this topic is rather small, which is determined by the somewhat biased attitude of scientists towards the monuments of medieval nomads of the 10th-14th centuries as those left by a certain homogeneous community, as evidenced by the still used term "late nomads". However, such a strong generalization does not reflect reality. During the Middle Ages, the steppe of Ukraine was replaced one after another by waves of multi-ethnic nomads who migrated here from Central Asia. The ethnic diversity of the Pechenegs, Torks, Cumans, and the Central Asian peoples who came with the Mongols, but also their similarities, including the significant similarity of funeral rites, made it difficult to attribute and identify features for certain ethnocultural groups and chronological periods. The purpose of this paper is to trace possible solutions to this problem. Modern technologies can also help with this - namely, 3-D modelling of artefacts from burials, which allows us to learn the detailed parameters of each object and visualize it in high resolution. For this work, three 3-D models were created - one object from each burial site, which will be characterized in the paper. The models also perform an important task of preserving cultural heritage, because unfortunately, since 2014, because of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, nomadic monuments from the medieval steppe of Ukraine have been destroyed.

Central Asia in Russian descriptions of the 18<sup>th</sup> century: On an anonymous note from the non-church calendar of the Enlightenment Era

There is a lot of interest in travelogue in the research environment today. Russian oriental travelogues, associated with the Central Asian region, have not been studied sufficiently before, besides a certain number of substantive works primarily of a historiographical nature. A special body of problems here is related to the origins of the Russian Central Asian travelogue formation as a genre structure. One of the texts, related to the “origins of the genre” and taken for consideration in this article, is a note by an anonymous author-compiler entitled “News of Bukharia”, published in the “Monthly Historical and Geographical Dictionary for 1779” (St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences). The article is a kind of commentary on this note. We characterize the journal in which it was presented – the printed secular calendar of the 18th century, it differs from the religious ones. The article determines historical, cultural, landscape and geographical realities, reflected in it, and identifies the ideological position of the compiler in the context of the eastern imperial policy of those years. We cautiously assume that when writing the text, the author could use materials on Central Asia from Western sources. There is no literary element as such in the described note. This is not a travelogue in the exact meaning of the term, but a concise informative essay on a regional topic, in which, however, there is no strategy for an objective scientific narrative (“pure curiosity”). We can clearly see the journalistic (state) ideologems of its era, combining the economic aspirations of Russia and its geopolitical attitudes (it is significant that in the note the reader he does not even find any ethnographic images of Central Asian people, their portraits, morals and everyday habits). At the same time, the text of the “News of Bukharia” includes separate general literary components– strict composition, laconism of speech style and logical sequence. The text is important as an early stage in the formation of a scientific and artistic Central Asia modus, as a phenomenon of “documentary literature”, not “fictional literature”.

MORAL NORMS OF THE ARISTOCRATIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE BABUR ERA

The main purpose of the article is to identify the moral features of the religious environment of Babur’s era and its influence on the formation and further development of the spiritual world of the young people. Studying a rich national culture as well as deeply study of the history of the spiritual life of the Uzbek and the Central Asian people as a whole which will allow us to use that valuable and the best expertise which has been accumulated in the culture of the past.

Post-Soviet Civilizational Transit in Central Asia

The relationship between politics and history is becoming complex and tense in the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. The history of the countries and peoples of the region becomes the subject of an intense ideological struggle, during which Soviet historiography is partially, and sometimes completely, rejected, and new ideological myths are created that have no real historical basis. Not only historiography is being rethought, but also its context – historical memory, the historical culture of the new states of Central Asia. On the one hand, the ruling elites seek to place the historical memory of the Central Asian peoples under strict state control, affirming the ideology of state nationalism and referring to it not only political doctrines, but also traditions, religion, philosophy, social and human sciences. The rejection of society from cultural memory is typical for Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. On the other hand, historical memory becomes an ideological tool of intra-elite political struggle and society (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan). This is the essence of the post-Soviet civilizational transit in Central Asia.

A Sociological study of the religious identity of young people in Central Asia and Europe (following the example of Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Poland)

The purpose of the article is to determine the situation in the field of religious preferences of young people in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Poland by studying the specific features and dynamics of the development of traditional beliefs in the Central Asian and European regions. The main methods used in the preparation of the work were the system-analytical method and the statistical method. The characteristic features of different areas of religion in Asia, as well as the origins and root causes of the formation and development of religious trends in Kyrgyzstan, are studied. The key moments in the history of the transformation of the Kyrgyz society in the XVIII-XXI centuries are outlined in the context of the influence of this process on the emergence of specific signs of local religious trends. Different approaches and concepts to the study of the young generation of the Central Asian Republic and Poland are evaluated by considering the qualitative and quantitative results of a number of sociological surveys. The results and conclusions of this work can be used as a basis for the development and implementation of a number of political and social reforms with an emphasis on raising awareness of the issue among the younger generation of Kyrgyzstan.

Population genomics of Central Asian peoples unveil ancient Trans-Eurasian genetic admixture and cultural exchanges

Central Asia, a crucible of prehistoric and historical Trans-Eurasian interactions, has been pivotal in shaping cultural exchanges, population dynamics, and genetic admixture. Recent insights from ancient DNA studies have shed light on the extensive population turnover within this region, encompassing a spectrum of groups from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to Holocene herders and the nomadic pastoralist empires of historical times. The genomic analysis of ancient pathogens across the Eurasian steppe has further deepened our understanding of pathogen origins, clonal expansions, and the intricate processes of host-pathogen coevolution in relation to varying pathogen exposures and their spread. We consolidate the latest findings pertaining to the ancient human and pathogen genomes of Central Asia, elucidating their profound influence on the genomic tapestry of contemporary Central Asians. A notable gap in the current genomic databases for Central Asia is underscored, particularly within the scope of genomics-driven precision medicine. We stress the urgent need for the development of extensive, region-specific genomic resources that hold promise for revealing the genetic blueprints underlying human traits and diseases, refining polygenic scoring models for predictive medicine, and bolstering genomic research endeavors across Central Asia.

The Narrative of Parthenius (Ageev) on the Accession of the Kyrgyz Steppe to Russia: from the History of Christianization of Central Asian Peoples

In the context of studying the history of the Orthodox presence of Russia in Central Asia and Western China, we have analyzed the well-known narrative source – the note of schema-abbot Parthenius (Aggeyev 1806–1878) “First news of the Russians in Ghulja” from the point of view of its objectivity and correspondence to the historical events of the 3rd quarter of the XIXth century, associated with the annexation of Central Asian territories to the Russian Empire, such as the establishment of Russian consulates in Kuldzha and Chuguchak (1851), the fate of Russian trading posts during the Dungan uprising (1850s – 1860s), the Kuldzha campaign of General G. A. Kolpakovsky and the annexation of the Kuldzha region to the Turkestan General Government (1871), the first stages of negotiations on its return to China (1870s). We pay particular attention to the main plot of Parthenius’s narrative – the Orthodox Christianization of the Central Asian peoples who accepted Russian citizenship. The methodological basis was the methods of historical science (chronological, comparative, content analysis, etc.) with the involvement of the results of research by authoritative historians and archival documents from Russian archives that were not introduced into scientific circulation in order to comply with the principles of historicism and objectivity. In the process of research based on linking plots from the text of schema-abbot Parthenius (Ageev) to specific events from the history of the acquisition of Central Asian possessions by the Russian Empire, it was possible to reconstruct the picture described by Parthenius and correct the shortcomings made by the author. As the results of the analysis have shown, the picture presented by Parthenius, despite the deviations from the chronological and geographical framework, corresponds in the main to the real events and can serve as evidence of the voluntary acculturation of the population of the accession territories. In this respect, the Fr. Parthenius’ narrative is a valuable historical source that should be taken into account when reconstructing the processes of migration, assimilation and Christianization of the peoples of the Kyrgyz steppe and Western China.

V.V. Bartold’s Research Visit to Turkey in 1926 on the Pages of His Constantinople Diary

Based on new archival materials, the paper briefly highlights the history of V.V. Bartold’s research visit to Turkey in 1926, particularly, its preparation, reasons, and goals. It is shown that the invitation was made by the Turkish government and supported by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and by the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. Bartold mostly spent his time in Turkey preparing a series of lectures on the history of Central Asian peoples at the request of the Turkish side, and studying Oriental manuscripts in Istanbul libraries. Besides, he was busy carrying out the mission entrusted to him by the Academy of Sciences, to establish academic contacts with Turkish researchers. The period of Bartold’s stay in Constantinople (Istanbul) from January 2 to February 17, was reflected in his small diary. In daily entries, the Academician thoroughly recorded events, meetings with Turkish and European researchers, made brief notes about manuscripts and libraries. He also noted his impressions of scientific institutions and changes in the cultural space of the former Ottoman capital. The research visit of the renowned orientalist Academician V.V. Bartold to Turkey was an important contribution to strengthening scholarly contacts between Russian and Turkish researchers. The part of the diary from January 2 to January 14, 1926, in which Bartold describes the first two weeks of his stay in Constantinople, is published as an appendix.

О некоторых особенностях конструкции и покроя хулагуидских, чагатайских и тимуридских пластинчато-нашивных и пластинчато-клепанных доспехов XIV–XV вв.

Introduction. The paper considers body armor patterns with hidden plates worn by warriors of Hulaguid Iran, Chagatai Ulus, and the Timurid Empire. In contemporary weapon studies, such armor is known as ‘kuyak’ or ‘brigandine’. Goals. The study aims at identifying features of design and cut inherent to some types of Hulaguid, Chagatai and Timurid ‘kuyaks’ from the fourteenth–fifteenth centuries. Results. Comparative insights into archaeological and graphic materials yield a hypothesis there may have existed a special variety of combined ‘kuyaks’ with some plates riveted and some sewn to an organic backing on the inside. Such armor garments could have been used by warriors of Hulaguid Iran in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth centuries. From a historical perspective, such armors could be a variation between thirteenth-century armor garments with sewn-in plates and — ‘brigandines’ with riveted-in plates of the subsequent era. Our comprehensive analysis of written and graphic data also concludes that the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Transoxiana, Khorasan and adjacent territories were characterized by a widespread occurrence of special plated-and-riveted armors combining an armored torso part and a long unarmored skirt. The unusual design resulted from the appearance and spread of a new mail-and-plate hip defense element referred to as ‘dyzlyq-butluq’, which made the heavy armored Central Asian skirts not that relevant. In view of the armors’ distribution area, they can be labeled as ‘Timurid-type kuyaks’. Conclusions. The replacement of ‘Timurid-type’ armors (with riveted-in plates) from combat practices of Central Asian peoples was caused by a change in the local military-cultural tradition in the aftermath of collapses of the Timurid states throughout the early sixteenth century.

ETHNOSTATISTICAL STUDIES OF MULTINATIONAL RUSSIA IN THE WORKS OF VIKTOR IVANOVICH KOZLOV (on the 100th Anniversary of the Scientist’s Birth)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the ethnographic monographs of Viktor Ivanovich Kozlov, one of the famous and outstanding researchers of multinational Russia. In 1975, V.I. Kozlov’s book “Nationalities of the USSR (Ethno-demographic review)” was published, the uniqueness of which is explained by the fact that it was the first empirical experience of ethnostatistical studying the country’s population. Later, in 1982, V.I. Kozlov’s book “Nationalities of the USSR: an Ethnogeographic Review” was published, which presents scientific material on the Mordvins in the context of the Volga region peoples. V.I. Kozlov analyzed and illustrated the main patterns of demographic development and the reasons for the change in the quantitative indicator of population. In the ethnogeographic review, Viktor Ivanovich singled out a semi-ethnic, semi-estates group of “Teptyars”, representing immigrants from the Volga region, formed from a mixture of mainly the Tatars and the Mordvins. He explained the introduction of the term “Mordovian dialect” in the 1897 census, which took into account the ethno-lingual and religious composition of the population. Viktor Ivanovich is also known for his contribution to the development of Russian cartography and preservation of ethnographic maps when developing the scientific research topic dedicated to the settlement of the Mordovian people. The settlement of the Erzya and the Moksha in the Volga region in 1926 is shown on an ethnographic map, which reflects the results of migrations of the Mordvins over the entire previous period. Materials and methods. With the help of the historical and ethnographic method, a comprehensive analysis of demographic processes, the history of forming the national composition of the population, the geography of settlement of various nationalities across the country, and the features of demographic development was carried out. Study results. The published works of V.I. Kozlov’s works reflect the history of forming the ethnic composition of the population, the geography of settlement of various nationalities on the territory of Russia, and the peculiarities of demographic development. In migration of the peoples of Russia, it is necessary to focus also on multinationality formation in the Republic of Mordovia, as one of the regions of the Volga Region in the Russian Federation. In the Republic of Mordovia, scientists are studying the migration processes of the Eastern Slavs, the peoples of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, ethnographic expeditions have been conducted, but in general this aspect has not been fully understood. Conclusions. Small-numbered peoples live in Mordovia, which have been studied in fragments and require additional research, including according to the All-Russian Census of 2020. Methodology of V.I. Kozlov provided significant assistance in collecting, analyzing and typologizing the formation of multinationality, including foreign population in the Republic of Mordovia.

몽골제국 倉庫制와 대칸의 재정 지리

This study explores when and how the warehousing system 倉庫制 in the Mongol Empire (1206~1370) had been established, developed, and administered. The warehouse, as an administrative service to accumulate and redistribute treasures, shows the relationship between the procurement of imperial materials and the circulation of commodities as well as the great Qan’s financial geography. The study examines the way in which the Mongol Emperor of Qa’an procured and controlled materials and treasures, and therefore to characterize the Mongol’s development of its own, especially in the fiscal finance.
 The first Mongol warehouses, balaqat in Mongol, were set up by Ögödei Qa’an in Mongolia in 1229. They consist of grain-houses (倉 cang in Chinese, anbār in Persian) and treasuries (庫 ku in Chinese, khazāna in Persian). Since Qubilai Qa’an sat on the throne in 1260, warehouses were increasingly built up. The number of grain-houses increased with the consolidation of the Southern Song in 1279. While land taxes 稅糧 traveled from Jiangnan provinces on the sea route to a capital city of Dadu 大都, the main base of grain supply was moved from Qiansicang 千斯倉 in the northeast to Wansinancang 萬斯南倉 in the south. Four Imperial Treasuries of Trillion 萬億四庫 beside Jishuitan 積水潭 storing valuables such as paper money, jade wares and others, served as the leading treasuries of the Empire.
 The warehouses were located along the middle and lower part of the Yellow River, the streams in Jianghui 江淮, as well as next to the canal in Huabei 華北 area. Geopolitically speaking, they mostly belonged to the central domain of Fuli 腹裏 (qol-un ulus in Mongol), supervised by the Central Secretariat 中書省. The fact that Large grain-houses and state treasuries were intensively stationed in the capital cities of Qara Qorum 和林, Dadu and Shangdu 上都, and their vicinities demonstrates their relevance to the Qa’an’s seasonal journey sites. The Qa’an stood in the center of collection, control, and consumption of imperial materials and treasures.
 In staffing, warehouse officials 倉庫官 (khazāna-chī in Persian) were originated from balaqači 八剌哈赤 and sangči 倉赤 in Mongol respectively. They came from keshig 怯薛, the Mongol imperial guards. Balaqači was appointed as a treasury official 庫官 or a gatekeeper general 封門官員, and sangči as an official of treasuries or grain-houses by the Qa’an in person to the warehouses in Dadu and nearby. This is called belge selection 別里哥選, or imperial appointment 宣授.
 The expansion of warehouses caused shortage of staffing in the Mongols. Considering staff’s personality and richness, the Yüan Dynasty appointed officials such as directors of collection 監納 or commissioners 大使 among Central Asians 色目人 and Chinese 漢人 through the selection process of the Secretarial or Presidential Councils 尙書省, called general selection 常選, or imperial decree appointment 勅授. And Bureau clerks 司吏 with richness, working career, governmental salaries, and mature age could be advanced to lower staffs in charge, or deputies 副使 in district warehouses 各路倉庫.
 Warehouse officials from the Mongols, Central Asians and Chinese show a ratio of 1 to 3 to 6. While more Mongols and Central Asians worked in Qara Qorum, the Chinese staffing grew larger particularly in grain-houses as time went by to the late period of the Empire.

Kinetic and artificial neural network modeling of dried black beauty eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) slices during rehydration

AbstractThis paper targeted to investigate rehydration characteristics of dehydrated black beauty eggplant (which was dried under sun, by hot air, microwave, and infrared) at 25, 50, and 75°C, and to analyze rehydration ratio (RR) by artificial neural network (ANN) approach. RRs of both microwave‐processed specimens (between 5.66 and 7.91) and sun‐dried ones (between 5.38 and 6.37) were always greater than the others, at all rehydration temperatures. Rehydration temperature had an enhancing effect on RRs, and the image that closely resembled the fresh sample was captured in the microwave‐dried rehydrated samples. Nearly 180–240 min was adequate for rehydration of all slices. Zeroth‐ and first‐order kinetic models, Peleg, Peppas, and two‐term exponential decay models, as well as a new rational model were tested to describe rehydration kinetics. Two‐term equation was almost superior with high R2 (between 0.9734 and 0.9994) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and χ2. Novel recommended mathematical expression was also successful (R2: 0.9679–0.9989, χ2: 0.0051–0.0975, RMSE: 0.0191–0.0866). Regarding relationship between actual and predicted RRs and performance indices of ANN equation, overall R and R2 were recorded as follows: 0.9975–0.9950 (sun‐dried) > 0.99642–0.9929 (hot air‐dried) > 0.9955–0.9911 (infrared‐dried) > 0.9907–0.9815 (microwave‐dried), respectively. The proposed ANN model and novel mathematical formula not only offer a considerable potential in predicting rehydration patterns and developing rehydration protocols in food production sector, but also contribute to save energy by completely understanding the process and optimizing conditions.Practical applicationsThe eggplant is a cherished vegetable often dried, providing a velvety texture and rich taste in Anatolian recipes. In Anatolia, colorful vegetables are strung together on strings, adorning traditional houses, and serving as a testament to the region's deep‐rooted cultural heritage. The Turkic people in Central Asia demonstrated remarkable skill in preserving plants by carefully drying leaves, stems, or roots. The process of rehydration entails the addition of water to dehydrated eggplant slices in order to restore their initial dimensions and attributes for being consumed. This investigation integrates the utilization of ANNs to simulate the rehydration procedures of eggplant. This simulation can be employed for the purpose of quality control and standardization within the food sector. Hence, food manufacturers can anticipate the rehydration characteristics of their products across various production batches and conditions, thereby guaranteeing adherence to quality benchmarks.

Farmers on the front line: Perceptions, practices and discrepancies from the Aral Sea's Karakalpakstan and Khorezm regions

AbstractUndesirable changes in surface water and groundwater resources and land quality for biophysical and institutional reasons will further endanger the livelihoods of people in Central Asia. The farmers' understanding of these problems and the adaptation and solution strategies they opt for are the critical variables in devising relevant policies. Our findings captured significant disparities between farmer‐perceived water shortages and officially documented water availability, as well as soil salinity discrepancies. Farmers' coping strategies, including crop alterations and water‐saving measures, often lead to trade‐offs, such as reduced crop yields. The study highlights the need to consider farmer perceptions and practices along with official data when designing policies. Effective policymaking must consider this dynamic interplay and the multifaceted challenges faced by farmers in these vulnerable Aral Sea regions.

Reconstructing complex admixture history using a hierarchical model.

Various methods have been proposed to reconstruct admixture histories by analyzing the length of ancestral chromosomal tracts, such as estimating the admixture time and number of admixture events. However, available methods do not explicitly consider the complex admixture structure, which characterizes the joining and mixing patterns of different ancestral populations during the admixture process, and instead assume a simplified one-by-one sequential admixture model. In this study, we proposed a novel approach that considers the non-sequential admixture structure to reconstruct admixture histories. Specifically, we introduced a hierarchical admixture model that incorporated four ancestral populations and developed a new method, called HierarchyMix, which uses the length of ancestral tracts and the number of ancestry switches along genomes to reconstruct the four-way admixture history. By automatically selecting the optimal admixture model using the Bayesian information criterion principles, HierarchyMix effectively estimates the corresponding admixture parameters. Simulation studies confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of HierarchyMix. We also applied HierarchyMix to Uyghurs and Kazakhs, enabling us to reconstruct the admixture histories of Central Asians. Our results highlight the importance of considering complex admixture structures and demonstrate that HierarchyMix is a useful tool for analyzing complex admixture events.

Issues Of National Identity in The People of Central Asia

Objectives: This section outlines the primary goals and aims of the article, which revolve around exploring and understanding the complexities of national identity in the peoples of Central Asia. The objectives include a comprehensive examination of historical context, multiculturalism, language diversity, religious influences, and post-Soviet challenges to shed light on the intricate issues surrounding national identity in the region.
 
 Methods: Here, the article describes the research methods employed to achieve the stated objectives. It may include a detailed analysis of historical documents, interviews, surveys, or a review of scholarly literature. The section explains how the study was conducted to gather information on the various factors influencing national identity in Central Asia.
 
 Results: In this part, the article presents the findings derived from the research methods employed. The results encapsulate the insights gained from the examination of historical context, multiculturalism, language diversity, religious influences, and post-Soviet challenges. This section provides a detailed account of the key discoveries and observations related to national identity issues in Central Asia.
 
 Conclusion: The conclusion synthesizes the information presented in the results section and draws overarching insights. It summarizes the implications of the findings for the peoples of Central Asia and their quest for a cohesive national identity. Additionally, the conclusion may highlight the significance of understanding these issues in promoting stability, harmony, and cultural preservation in the region.

CHILDREN’S NAMES FOUNDED WITH THE WORDS «SON» AND «DAUGHTER» IN CENTRAL ASIAN TURKISH PEOPLE

The study deals with children’s names created by using the words son and daughter in the names given to children in the Turkish people of Central Asia.In the society we live in, one of the most important goals of parents in the family is to have a child. One of the most important duties of parents who have children towards a child is to give their child a beautiful name.Throughout the historical process experienced by the Turkish nation, various name-giving traditions have emerged due to different reasons experienced by parents. The names given according to these tra-ditions reflect the history, geography, beliefs, social structure, and cultural characteristics of the society.According to the findings we made in field researches, the conditions in families in Central Asian Turkish communities before the birth of the child, the unexpected developments that occur during the birth of the child and the events that occur after birth play a great role in naming the child.The names formed with the words «son» and «daughter,» which are frequently found in the names given to children in Central Asian Turks, are often seen to be directly related to the desire to have a boy. Today, especially in Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, the third of three daughters born in the family in succession is usually given names formed with the word «ul/son.» For example, names such as «Ulbolsun», «Ulbolgan», «Uljalgas», «Ulergen» directly reveal the desire for a boy, while names such as «Kıztumas», «Kızdıkoy» express more harshly and clearly that the girls of the family have enough and now want boys.In the study, the reasons for the words son and daughter in the names given to children, especially in Central Asian Turkish people, are emphasized and the subject is examined thoroughly.

Morals and Historical Considerations of Ethics

Objectives: The primary aim of this article is to examine the history of cultural heritage and philosophical thought in Central Asia, utilizing a scientific-theoretical perspective. The focus is on providing a comprehensive understanding of the historical stages of moral development among Central Asian thinkers, emphasizing the significance of these stages based on the principles of historicism.
 
 Methods: The research methodology involves a thorough investigation of the moral heritage of Central Asian people. The study pays special attention to the unique features of moral views held by medieval Central Asian thinkers, highlighting their relevance to independence. The paper explores diverse aspects of socio-philosophical and moral thoughts in Central Asia, emphasizing their pivotal role in shaping and enriching the region's moral heritage.
 
 Results: The findings reveal that the issue of moral heritage extends beyond a global perspective, manifesting distinct characteristics in Central Asia. The article delves into the creative enrichment of views expressed by thinkers and mystics throughout the historical development of moral ideas, incorporating influences from folk art, "Avesta," and Islamic values, including verses from the Qur'an and hadiths. The results affirm that this rich tapestry of moral heritage serves as a solid foundation for the spiritual identity of the region.
 
 Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the exploration of Central Asian moral heritage underscores the scientific basis of the tradition of succession in glorifying morality within the human values system. The article contends that the issue of morality, central to philosophy and mysticism, remains pertinent in the education of the contemporary young generation. The advanced traditions embedded in the moral heritage, as influenced by the holy book of Islam "Qur'an Karim," "Hadith Sharif," and Sufism teachings, have become a program guiding behavior, education, and personal perfection in the region.

Animal Style in Petroglyphs of the Upper Indus Valley (Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan)

The purpose of the article is to conduct a historiographical analysis of the main approaches to the problem of distribution of petroglyphs made in the animal style on the territory of the Upper Indus valley, as well as their cultural and chronological attribution. For the Early Iron Age of the Upper Indus valley, rock carvings are the main archaeological source, since there are very few studied archaeological sites belonging to this period; mostly stray finds are known. It is the animal-style petroglyphs that are an effective tool for detecting migrations. However, the issues related to the establishment of the cultural identity of the images, their dating and the ways of penetration of Central Asian peoples into the Upper Indus Valley are still unresolved. The main conceptual propositions put forward by K. Jettmar, H. Hauptman, A.-P. Frankfort, as well as their followers – L. Bruno, M. Vernier, J. V. Belezza are considered. On the basis of the published materials, sites are distinguished, on which there are images made in the animal style, their geographical location and the main motives of rock carvings are indicated. The result of the study was the assumption that the appearance of animal-style art in the Upper Indus valley is associated with a series of migration waves, both from the west and northeast (Iran, Pamir, Xinjiang) and from the east (Northern China). In the process of the penetration of a new style of rock art, local peculiarities were manifested in each area.

The Formation of National Pride in The People of Central Asia: An Academic Perspective

Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to comprehensively explore the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The focus is on academic investigation, aiming to uncover the historical, cultural, and socio-political contexts that have played pivotal roles in shaping the development of national identity and pride within this region. The article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing Central Asians' sense of pride.
 
 Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the study employs a methodological approach that involves delving into various dimensions of Central Asian history and culture. Methodologies include examining language dynamics, religious influences, the impact of colonial legacies, the significance of cultural heritage, and the role of political movements. By employing a multidimensional analysis, the article aims to capture the complex interplay of factors contributing to the formation of national pride.
 
 Results: The results of this study present a nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the characteristics that have contributed to the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The examination of historical, cultural, and socio-political factors provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics shaping the region's sense of identity. The results highlight the multifaceted nature of Central Asian national pride, acknowledging the diverse influences that have played roles in its development.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the article synthesizes the findings by underlining the significance of understanding the complexities surrounding the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The multifaceted factors explored, including language, religion, colonial legacy, cultural heritage, and political movements, collectively contribute to the intricate tapestry of Central Asian identity. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a holistic and context-aware perspective when analyzing national pride, recognizing its dynamic nature and the interplay of diverse influences within Central Asia. Overall, the article contributes to the academic discourse on identity formation and national pride in the region.