People-based Approach Research Articles

Urban poverty beyond ‘slums’: mapping its multidimensionality

ABSTRACT Indian urban poverty research identifies slums as pockets of poverty, but official sources in developing countries typically underestimate poverty in and overlook poverty outside slum areas. In this research, deprived areas of Bengaluru outside of officially recognised slums are identified. An Index of Multiple Deprivation (in human, financial and physical capital) is estimated and mapped at the ward level. The research finds that deprivations are mainly concentrated in the city’s periphery and that human capital deprivation is a more serious driver of poverty than financial crunch. While the spatial mapping exercise in the paper has been adapted to Bengaluru, the theoretical contribution to urban and regional studies we make is the promotion of ‘people-based policies’. We argue that, irrespective of where the poor live, assistance should be provided based on measures of capital deprivations. Such analysis will help people-based approaches to eradicate poverty.

Protocol: Reducing community violence: A systematic meta-review of what works.

This is the protocol for a Campbell Collaboration systematic review. Our objective is to synthesize what is known about the effectiveness of strategies for reducing community violence, focusing on those strategies that have been subjected to a systematic review. We aim to answer the following questions in this review: what strategies to reduce community violence have been rigorously evaluated through systematic reviews;which have sufficient evidence of effectiveness, which seem promising, and which appear ineffective; and what implications for practice and policy can be drawn from this large body of research?We anticipate categorizing the results of our review similarly to the original review by Abt and Winship (2016).That is, categorizing reviews by people-based approaches, place-based approaches, and behavior-based approaches. However, given that this is an updated review and we will be incorporating additional studies, we may find that an alternative or additional categorization is warranted and update our categorization accordingly. Implications for policy and practice as they relate to these categories will be discussed.

Post-displacement placemaking to reconnect social capital after the 3.11 earthquake and tsunami in Arahama, Japan

The growing number of natural hazards cause an increase in displacement and disconnections of affected population from their pre-disaster environments. People affected by the March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (3.11) faced similar issues. By efforts of Japanese national and local governments, community organizations and individuals, land use restrictions were implemented, and houses and communities were rebuilt. Consequently, original affected lands were emptied, and former residents’ social capital became more disconnected. In response, placemakers took diverse initiatives to recover hazardous areas, reconnect displaced communities, and promote community resilience. This study examined post-3.11 placemaking efforts from the Arahama area of Sendai City in Miyagi Prefecture through different perspectives of land-use transformation, placelessness, place attachment, and reconnecting social capital. Our findings show that post-disaster long-term placemaking projects that have people-based approaches successfully created “third places” with a strong sense of attachment. In these cases, placemakers collectively preserved valuable pre-disaster meanings of places while creating new meaning of places for users and themselves, actively enhanced dimensions of social capital, and reconnected displaced social capital. This research also found that placemaking processes offered dynamic functions, activities, and interventions, resulting in enhanced sense of place.

Micro urban spaces and mental well-being: Measuring the exposure to urban landscapes along daily mobility paths and their effects on momentary depressive symptomatology among older population

The urban environment plays an important role for the mental health of residents. Researchers mainly focus on residential neighbourhoods as exposure context, leaving aside the effects of non-residential environments. In order to consider the daily experience of urban spaces, a people-based approach focused on mobility paths is needed. Applying this approach, (1) this study investigated whether individuals’ momentary mental well-being is related to the exposure to micro-urban spaces along the daily mobility paths within the two previous hours; (2) it explored whether these associations differ when environmental exposures are defined considering all location points or only outdoor location points; and (3) it examined the associations between the types of activity and mobility and momentary depressive symptomatology. Using a geographically-explicit ecological momentary assessment approach (GEMA), momentary depressive symptomatology of 216 older adults living in the Ile-de-France region was assessed using smartphone surveys, while participants were tracked with a GPS receiver and an accelerometer for seven days. Exposure to multiple elements of the streetscape was computed within a street network buffer of 25 m of each GPS point over the two hours prior to the questionnaire. Mobility and activity type were documented from a GPS-based mobility survey. We estimated Bayesian generalized mixed effect models with random effects at the individual and day levels and took into account time autocorrelation. We also estimated fixed effects. A better momentary mental wellbeing was observed when residents performed leisure activities or were involved in active mobility and when they were exposed to walkable areas (pedestrian dedicated paths, open spaces, parks and green areas), water elements, and commerce, leisure and cultural attractors over the previous two hours. These relationships were stronger when exposures were defined based only on outdoor location points rather than all location points, and when we considered within-individual differences compared to between-individual differences.

An examination of the spatial coverage and temporal variability of Google Street View (GSV) images in small- and medium-sized cities: A people-based approach

We conduct a methodological investigation of the spatial coverage and temporal variability of Google Street View (GSV) images adopting a people-based approach. Specifically, we focus on walk commute trajectories (i.e., home-to-work trips) of 97,505 people from 45 small- and medium-sized cities in the U.S., which have been rarely discussed in previous studies. Our results reveal that 44% of commute routes do not have adequate GSV image spatial coverage. Results also demonstrate the substantial variability in their temporal ranges. We reveal that the average monthly variation in timestamps of GSV images on commute trajectories is approximately seven years, and only about 10% of samples contain GSV images taken within one year. Lastly, we illustrate regional differences in the spatial coverage scores and temporal variability levels of the 45 cities. As our results demonstrate that GSV images are imperfect in their spatial coverage and temporal variability, we recommend researchers be aware of these methodological limitations and potential negative impacts on their conclusions.

Approaches to Enhance Integration and Monitoring for Social-Ecological Systems

Integration and monitoring are pressing conceptual and methodological challenges in social-ecological systems (SES) research. This paper follows a social learning process, called participatory self-observation, piloted by a group of action-researchers to improve SES integration and monitoring, using the Tsitsa River Catchment in South Africa as a case study. The participatory self-observation process reflected on lessons to enhance integration and integrated monitoring of biophysical, social, and social-ecological data in SES projects; for adaptive planning and management. Three focal points emerged for improving the challenges of SES integration: the need for participatory people-based processes, the importance of applied praxis tasks to catalyze meaningful integration, and the need for transdisciplinary teams to value non-biophysical research. Five focal areas emerged as major challenges for SES monitoring: the integration of qualitative and quantitative data, data overload, the scale of SES monitoring, the need to center SES monitoring around learning, and good working relationships to enable data flow. Recommendations to further develop integrated monitoring and management of SESs include (i) using people-based approaches that focus on applied work which includes rigorous collection of quantitative, biophysical data, (ii) identifying essential data needs through an essential variable approach, and (iii) combining quantitative monitoring with participatory people-based processes.

Forms of government collaboration at the local level in handling the COVID-19 disaster

The current COVID-19 disaster requires serious handling, with the involvement of various parties. A different approach is shown by Nagari Pasie Laweh which is one of the in West Sumatra, namely by using a people-based approach which means that the low-level government Nagari collaborates with non-government local actors to handle and prevent COVID-19 with a different approach. clans (people united by tribes). The purpose of this research is to see how the efforts or forms of collaboration made by the Nagari Government with local actors deal with the COVID-19 disaster. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach and data collection techniques using literature studies from various articles/journals and related sources that help answer research questions. The results of this study show that the collaboration carried out by the Nagari government has made the handling of the COVID-19 disaster more optimal. Disaster management using a people-based method involves local non-governmental actors called the tigo tungku sajarangan (ninik mamak, alim ulama, cadiak pandai). The involvement of these actors helps the handling of men j a near to people's needs, this effort also facilitates communication between the government Nagari with society, so that collaboration raises public confidence towards the policy applied in Nagari.

A Critical Review of Lion Research in South Africa: The Impact of Researcher Perspective, Research Mode, and Power Structures on Outcome Bias and Implementation Gaps

Understanding the state of research, and its effectiveness, in a predominantly Life Sciences sphere requires an assessment of knowledge growth dynamics, and the associated scientific and bibliometric impacts. We aim to create and evaluate, in a systematic review process, a macro-structure of the science generated in lion research in South Africa (SA) from 1990 to 2018. First, we classified the evidence architecture of lion research data extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. Then, we identified prominent features that the datasets reveal in terms of authorship and ownership, as defined by first author affiliation, geographical location. Fifteen sub-disciplines were identified to characterize the topics. From 2000 onwards, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary contributions started to emerge, catering for research problems defined at the interface of the academic-practitioner domains. These included social and economics components, and were aligned with conservation framings that seek to evaluate conservation within market-based versus people-based approaches. Study areas were concentrated within SA (61.8%) and the remainder was either conducted in the rest of Africa (22.9%), or in various combinations of geographical focus. Author affiliation indicated that 63.1 % of first authors had a South African affiliation. The rest of Africa was poorly represented at 2.4%. The majority (57.1%) of the first authors was male, but from 2014 to 2018, female researchers outnumbered males; however, male first authors continued to be cited more frequently. Furthermore, we provide a systemic analysis of the way in which research contributes to lion conservation. Overall, three voices dominate this area. Firstly, Mode 1 research has been driving research output in a ‘vicious circle’, motivated by researchers’ quest for accumulating academic rewards. Secondly, the citation impact shows a gender disparity against the recognition of female researchers. Lastly, a power imbalance against authors from the rest of Africa became apparent, whereby their role is mainly shaped towards being team contributors. This research shows that effective conservation requires appropriate knowledge to be generated, and this to be effectively translated into practical applications, with all perspectives providing the opportunity for balanced contribution and influence. Imbalances such as revealed are here likely to prevail more broadly.

Identifying opportunity places for urban regeneration through LBSNs

The use of location based social networks—LBSNs—for diagnosing phenomena in contemporary cities is evolving at a fast pace. However, methodological frameworks for informing urban regeneration at a fine-grain neighborhood scale through LBSNs is still by and large an unchartered territory, which this research seeks to address. This research bridges the knowledge gap by proposing a method to identify urban opportunity spaces for urban regeneration that involves pre-processing, analyzing and interpreting single and overlapped LBSN data. A two-fold perspective—people-based and place-based—is adopted. Data from four LBSNs—Foursquare, Twitter, Google Places and Airbnb—represent the people-based approach as it offers an insight into individual preferences, use and activities. The place-based approach is provided by an illustrative case study. Local unexpected nuances were gathered by the interlinking of data from different LBSNs, and opportunity places for urban regeneration have been recognized, as well as potential itineraries to boost urban liveliness and connectivity at both intra and inter- neighborhood scales. Findings show that overlapping data from various LBSNs enriches the analysis that would previously have relied on a single source.

¿Apoyo a lugares o apoyo a personas? Dos proyectos chilenos de vivienda socialmente integrada

Non-segregated social housing, or socially integrated housing, is a contemporary public policy challenge, known internationally as “inclusionary housing”. In this paper we discuss its progress and weakness in Chile, the only Latin American country that has developed a national policy for socially integrated housing. We will critically analyze two experiences developed in the country based on two internationally disputed policy approaches: Ribera Norte in Concepcion, a place-based approach; and San Alberto de Casas Viejas in Santiago, a people-based approach. Strictly speaking both experiences mix these two types of support, but in different ways. Based on a comparative analysis of its achievements and limitations, we argue for the need to redesign the current social integration housing policy, in order to improve its capacity to confront processes of socio-spatial segregation, specifically the ghettoization of social housing and the expulsion of the new social housing outside cities.

Citizens of Delhi lead resilience action

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate practical approaches to addressing issues of risk reduction and disaster prevention in urban areas. In addition to exposure to natural hazards, urban areas represent complex risks and vulnerabilities together with complicated governance structures. Design/methodology/approach To address the challenge, SEEDS mobilised a “Disaster Watch Forum” – a citizens’ platform that brought citizens together to proactively engage with the local government. With hand-holding support from SEEDS, training by domain experts, internal team building and the forum has become a credible people-based institution addressing issues of risk reduction and prevention. Findings Urban risk reduction has remained a challenging issue with solutions often sought in high investment structural interventions. These have limited impact on the urban poor living in informal areas. This paper reveals “bottom-up” people-based approach that is able to engage with the “system” from “outside”. It reveals how people relate to day-to-day risks that affect their lives, making it the stepping stone to address higher order societal risks. Finally, the immense power and energy of youth and children work as local “agents of change”. Overall, the work aligns with priorities of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Research limitations/implications There are three principal implications for further research: with half the world now urbanized, urgent solutions are needed for improving disaster risk governance in cities; taking a “whole of society” approach in addressing a wider canvas of risks; and redirecting investments in urban areas towards managing risks, rather than managing disasters. Practical implications The model illustrated is replicable in urban areas facing risk. It worked well in a population catchment of 50,000 residents; to achieve scale would require enabling a federated structure of several localised forums. Originality/value The paper presents a hands-on experience in building an alternative approach to urban risk reduction. It has required authors to move from “government to governance” model making citizens active stakeholders in proactively addressing their own underlying vulnerabilities that lead to creation of and exacerbation of risks.

Testing the Approaches of Regional Development in Small Municipalities

Aims of regional development in terms of the new paradigm related to creativity and sustainability and possibilities of small municipalities (with decreasing population) to reach and to evaluate development accordingly to the new paradigm have stimulated authors’ interest to test regional development in small municipalities. Additionally, high and low level of development in terms of small municipalities often finds roots in similar dominating stimuli. The paper focuses on the analysis that covers testing of two main approaches of regional development – placeand people-based – using the case study of 19 municipalities in the region with the continuously relatively low level of regional development (Latgale region at the Southeast of Latvia). Testing of a number of variables related to financial support and education (people-based approach) and to infrastructure and expenses linked with territory as well as natural resources (place-based approach) for municipalities divided accordingly to process (development rates) and result (development level) provides understanding of the contribution of each approach to the development of municipalities that are at different stages of regional development. Additionally, the paper offers variables that can be used for further monitoring of development in small municipalities in terms of the different development approaches. The results come from application of regression analysis and particularly from a number of log-log models. Authors have found dependence on the same short-term stimuli related to placebased approach in all municipalities’ groups at all stages of development. Realization of development strategies can improve the situation, because municipalities’ activities have provided effect accordingly to the data analysed, and this is a positive tendency.

Research and Innovation Transfer in the Field of PPP Applied to Urban Regeneration Actions and Policies

The European Union has recognized the centrality of community in economic development processes by stressing the role of the cities in delivering smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The European Commission has recently published a study on how cities use ERDF to make their cities a better place to live and work [. One of the most engaging results of the study is the variable geometry of strategies in place to achieve urban and territorial cohesion through the implementation of integrated approaches. The area-based type of intervention dominates many of the practices, especially those in deprived areas, because of social, economic and environmental factors. Physical regeneration is still a major driver in creating multi-stakeholder cooperation in the integration of policies. There are relatively few cases in which the place-based approach was combined with a people-based approach and even fewer where ERDF and European Social Fund (ESF) cross-funding was developed [2]. Even the urban dimension in the EU cohesion policy is not a new issue, the way in which the Europe 2020 intends to ensure integrated approach in the sustainable urban development is quite new because it entails both thematic concentration and involvement of the community. According to the Commissions proposals, there are several ways to support sustainable urban development with the Structural Funds: Operational programmes, Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI), Community-Led Local Development, financial instruments (like Jessica and Jeremie) by enhancing new forms of Public Private Partnership. The paper reports some interesting findings of the CLUDs project with respect the role of no-profit organization in different forms of Public Private Partnerships used to regenerate urban districts in the Metropolitan Area of Boston. The research funded by IRSES Marie Curie Actions has created an international network of 4 EU universities (Reggio Calabria, Rome, Salford and Helsinki) and 2 US universities (Northeastern University of Boston and San Diego State University) in research and innovation transfer in the field of PPP applied to urban regeneration actions and policies.

Plans versus people: Comparing knowledge management approaches in IT-enabled business projects

This paper evaluates the impact of two approaches to knowledge management in projects — one focused on aligning project documents (“the Plan-based approach”) and another focused on developing shared understanding between different teams within a project (“the People-based approach”). A theoretical model and hypotheses are proposed and explored using data from a survey of 212 IT-enabled business projects. Results indicate that the people-based approach is more strongly influential on a project's success in securing business benefits. Although the plan-based approach is less influential, it does positively influence business benefit attainment and also supports the people-based approach. Thus, attaining shared understanding within the project team and aligning key documents are both important goals for a project's knowledge management strategy.

Extension and knowledge transfer: adaptive management approaches for timely impact

SUMMARYIn recent years, the term ‘adaptive management’ has become integrated in government agriculture and conservation programmes in the United States. Adaptive management is described as ‘a process of developing improved management practices for efficient production and resource conservation by use of participatory learning through continuous systematic assessment’, by the NEERA1002 Coordinating Committee on Adaptive Nutrient Management. Such developments reflect recognition by government agencies of (1) the need for continuous improvement in managing agricultural systems to enhance productivity and environmental protection at farm, state, watershed and federal levels, and (2) the effectiveness of continuous systematic assessment and an outcome-based evaluation in achieving and documenting such progress. Various methods have existed for knowledge development and transfer in the past, some effective, others less successful. The present paper presents and discusses lessons learned from three different adaptive management approaches, implemented at field, whole farm and regional/state levels, which contributed to improvements in field, farm and regional/state balances for nitrogen and phosphorus in New York. These examples show that a combination of governmental regulations and an innovative, outcome-focused adaptive management approach that includes research, extension, and a focus on human dimensions (a people-based approach) will be most effective in obtaining greater sustainability of agriculture in future years.

Multidisciplinary efforts toward sustained road safety benefits: Integrating place-based and people-based safety analyses

Relevant local injury epidemiologyIn Hong Kong, there were, on average, about 19 596 traffic crashes involving 157 deaths and 21 106 injured persons each year between 2006 and 2011. Scientific...

Strategies towards innovative services: findings from the German service landscape

The specifics of services seem to prohibit a simple transfer of innovation strategies from the manufacturing to the service sector. To better understand what works, successful strategic service innovators and their strategic approaches have been the focus of this study. To do so, 80 service innovators in Germany have been monitored over a period of one year. By analyzing them, according to the basic strategies they follow (low cost, differentiation or mixed emphasis) and the dominant design of their service delivery system (information technology-based, people-based or mixed approach), this paper provides an understanding of the strategic approaches followed by successful service innovators. Our findings propose that there is a fit between the complexity of service offerings and variety of the interaction approaches by successful service innovators. In sum, we argue that for an appropriate design of service innovation strategy both managers and researchers need to go beyond the traditional distinction of low cost and differentiation strategy.

Same bed, but different dreams? Comparing retired and incumbent police officers’ perceptions of lost knowledge and transfer mechanisms

Police forces are undoubtedly knowledge workers in the public sector. However, policing knowledge is getting lost as the baby-boom generation is approaching retirement age and officers failed to capture and retain the retirees’ knowledge before they leave. Given the lack of empirical studies which examine the knowledge transfer between different generations of police officers, this study attempts to contribute a holistic perspective which involves both the retiree (the knowledge transferor) and the incumbent (the transferee) in a knowledge transfer. Through four rounds of Delphi survey, this study found that both groups recognized that knowledge is being lost as the retiree leaves. Yet, the panels demonstrated divergent perceptions about what kind of knowledge is being lost. The difference between the panels’ perceptions was significantly increased regarding the extent to which the knowledge is being lost. This study also found that people-based approaches were commonly preferred by both panels as the best methods. However, the difference between the groups occurred as the incumbent expressed a higher willingness to use IT-based approaches than did the retiree.

An assessment of ordinary landscapes by an expert and by its residents: Landscape values in areas of intensive agricultural use

The expert-based approach to landscape assessment developed in North America during the 1970s is still largely used in planning. It has proved its usefulness for the protection and the management of landscapes with remarkable visual attributes. However, facing growing social demands for the quality of surroundings, ordinary landscapes also raise great challenges for planning. But, to what extent is the expert-based approach to landscape assessment able to capture the value of these ordinary landscapes? What might be the more appropriate method for this purpose? This paper addresses these questions through an empirical research project in areas of intensive agricultural use in Quebec (Canada). The aim of this research was to measure and compare the ability of an expert-based approach and of a lay people-based approach, also named experiential approach, to capture the most valued components of ordinary landscapes. These methods were applied to two study areas. The first one has no recognised landscapes in any planning document while the second one has recognised landscapes for regional tourism. Forty-six inhabitants and an expert were invited to evaluate the landscapes of the study areas. The results have allowed comparison of the components valued by the expert and by the inhabitants as well as the criteria used in the assessment. They revealed differences between the expert and the lay people assessment. For inhabitants, the value of ordinary landscapes is based on a set of criteria related to emotion, to everyday experience and to their intimate knowledge of places. Thus, the formal visual criteria used by the expert appear to be clearly less important in the evaluation by lay people. As the expert perspective in landscape assessment is more closely associated to the experience of an individual which cross the territory (ex.: tourist), this paper concludes that to capture the value of ordinary landscapes in a planning perspective, a combination of approaches is necessary.

On the role of consulting in fisheries development

Fisheries development programmes should explicitly build capacity of local and regional consultants. These consultants should be integral components of strategies to make efficient use of expertise. Their importance as a source of expertise will increase as small fisheries departments reorient towards people-based approaches to management. They are presently undervalued and underdeveloped for several reasons, such as donor country preferences for using their own nationals and lack of support within their own countries and regions, often due to misconceptions regarding what is involved in being a self-employed consultant.