Penrose Inequality Research Articles

Sobolev stability of the Positive Mass Theorem and Riemannian Penrose Inequality using inverse mean curvature flow

We study the Sobolev stability of the Positive Mass Theorem (PMT) and the Riemannian Penrose Inequality (RPI) in the case where a region of a sequence of manifolds $M^3_i$ can be foliated by a smooth solution of Inverse Mean Curvature Flow (IMCF) which is uniformly controlled for time $t \in [0,T]$. In particular, we consider a sequence of regions of manifolds $U_T^i\subset M_i^3$, foliated by a IMCF, $\Sigma_t$, such that if $\partial U_T^i = \Sigma_0^i \cup \Sigma_T^i$ and $m_H(\Sigma_T^i) \rightarrow 0$ then $U_T^i$ converges in $W^{1,2}$ to a flat annulus or in the hyperbolic setting it converges to a annulus portion of hyperbolic space. If instead $m_H(\Sigma_T^i)-m_H(\Sigma_0^i) \rightarrow 0$ and $m_H(\Sigma_T^i) \rightarrow m >0$ then we show that $U_T^i$ converges in $W^{1,2}$ to a topological annulus portion of the Schwarzschild metric or in the Hyperbolic case to a topological annulus portion of the Anti-de~Sitter Schwarzschild metric.

The Gauss–Bonnet–Chern mass of higher-codimension graphs

We give an explicit formula for the Gauss-Bonnet-Chern mass of an asymptotically flat graphical manifold of arbitrary codimension and use it to prove the positive mass theorem and the Penrose inequality for graphs with flat normal bundle.

Variation and rigidity of quasi-local mass

Inspired by the work of Chen-Zhang \cite{Chen-Zhang}, we derive an evolution formula for the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy in reference to a static space, introduced by Chen-Wang-Wang-Yau \cite{CWWY}. If the reference static space represents a mass minimizing, static extension of the initial surface $\Sigma$, we observe that the derivative of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy is equal to the derivative of the Bartnik quasi-local mass at $\Sigma$. Combining the evolution formula for the quasi-local energy with a localized Penrose inequality proved in \cite{Lu-Miao}, we prove a rigidity theorem for compact $3$-manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature, with boundary. This rigidity theorem in turn gives a characterization of the equality case of the localized Penrose inequality in $3$-dimension.

Gravitational effects in g -factor measurements and high-precision spectroscopy: Limits of Einstein's equivalence principle

We study the interplay of general relativity, the equivalence principle, and high-precision experiments involving atomic transitions and $g$-factor measurements. In particular, we derive a generalized Dirac Hamiltonian, which describes both the gravitational coupling for weak fields and the electromagnetic coupling, e.g., to a central Coulomb field. An approximate form of this Hamiltonian is used to derive the leading gravitational corrections to transition frequencies and $g$ factors. The position dependence of atomic transitions is shown to be compatible with the equivalence principle, up to a very good approximation. The compatibility of $g$-factor measurements requires a deeper subtle analysis in order to eventually restore the compliance of $g$-factor measurements with the equivalence principle. Finally, we analyze small but important limitations of Einstein's equivalence principle due to quantum effects, within high-precision experiments. We also study the relation of these effects to a conceivable gravitationally induced collapse of a quantum-mechanical wave function (the Penrose conjecture), and space-time noncommutativity, and find that the competing effects should not preclude the measurability of the higher-order gravitational corrections. In the course of the discussion, a renormalized form of the Penrose conjecture is proposed and confronted with experiment. Surprisingly large higher-order gravitational effects are obtained for transitions in diatomic molecules.

Stability of the PMT and RPI for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds foliated by IMCF

We study the stability of the positive mass theorem and the Riemannian Penrose inequality in the case where a region of an asymptotically hyperbolic manifold M3 can be foliated by a smooth solution of Inverse Mean Curvature Flow (IMCF) which is uniformly controlled. We consider a sequence of regions of asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds UTi⊂Mi3, foliated by a smooth solution to IMCF which is uniformly controlled, and if ∂UTi=Σ0i∪ΣTi and mH(ΣTi)→0, then UTi converges to a topological annulus portion of the hyperbolic space with respect to L2 metric convergence. If instead mH(ΣTi)−mH(Σ0i)→0 and mH(ΣTi)→m>0, then we show that UTi converges to a topological annulus portion of the anti-de Sitter Schwarzschild metric with respect to L2 metric convergence.

Asymptotically hyperbolic extensions and an analogue of the Bartnik mass

The Bartnik mass is a quasi-local mass tailored to asymptotically flat Riemannian manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature. From the perspective of general relativity, these model time-symmetric domains obeying the dominant energy condition without a cosmological constant. There is a natural analogue of the Bartnik mass for asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian manifolds with a negative lower bound on scalar curvature which model time-symmetric domains obeying the dominant energy condition in the presence of a negative cosmological constant. Following the ideas of Mantoulidis and Schoen (2016), of Miao and Xie (2018), and of joint work of Miao and the authors (Cabrera Pacheco et al., 2017), we construct asymptotically hyperbolic extensions of minimal and constant mean curvature (CMC) Bartnik data while controlling the total mass of the extensions. We establish that for minimal surfaces satisfying a stability condition, the Bartnik mass is bounded above by the conjectured lower bound coming from the asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian Penrose inequality. We also obtain estimates for such a hyperbolic Bartnik mass of CMC surfaces with positive Gaussian curvature.

Bekenstein bounds, Penrose inequalities, and black hole formation

A universal geometric inequality for bodies relating energy, size, angular momentum, and charge is naturally implied by Bekenstein's entropy bounds. We establish versions of this inequality for axisymmetric bodies satisfying appropriate energy conditions, thus lending credence to the most general form of Bekenstein's bound. Similar techniques are then used to prove a Penrose-like inequality in which the ADM energy is bounded from below in terms of horizon area, angular momentum, and charge. Lastly, new criteria for the formation of black holes is presented involving concentration of angular momentum, charge, and nonelectromagnetic matter energy.

The Conformal Flow of Metrics and the General Penrose Inequality

The conformal flow of metrics has been used to successfully establish a special case of the Penrose inequality, which yields a lower bound for the total mass of a spacetime in terms of horizon area. Here we show how to adapt the conformal flow of metrics, so that it may be applied to the Penrose inequality for general initial data sets of the Einstein equations. The Penrose conjecture without the assumption of time symmetry is then reduced to solving a system of PDE with desirable properties.

On the rigidity of Riemannian–Penrose inequality for asymptotically flat 3-manifolds with corners

In this paper we prove a rigidity result for the equality case of the Penrose inequality on 3-dimensional asymptotically flat manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature and corners. Our result also has deep connections with the equality cases of Theorem 1 in Miao (Commun Math Phys 292(1):271–284, 2009) and Theorem 1.1 in Lu and Miao (Minimal hypersurfaces and boundary behavior of compact manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature, arXiv:1703.08164v2 , 2017).

Penrose-type inequalities with a Euclidean background

The Riemannian Penrose inequality (RPI) bounds from below the ADM mass of asymptotically flat manifolds of nonnegative scalar curvature in terms of the total area of all outermost compact minimal surfaces. The general form of the RPI is currently known for manifolds of dimension up to seven. In the present work, we prove a Penrose-like inequality that is valid in all dimensions, for conformally flat manifolds. Our inequality treats the area contributions of the minimal surfaces in a more favorable way than the RPI, at the expense of using the smaller Euclidean area (rather than the intrinsic area). We give an example in which our estimate is sharper than the RPI when many minimal surfaces are present. We do not require the minimal surfaces to be outermost. We also generalize the technique to allow for metrics conformal to a scalar-flat (not necessarily Euclidean) background and prove a Penrose-type inequality without an assumption on the sign of scalar curvature. Finally, we derive a new lower bound for the ADM mass of a conformally flat, asymptotically flat manifold containing any number of zero area singularities.

On compact 3-manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature with a CMC boundary component

We apply the Riemannian Penrose inequality and the Riemannian positive mass theorem to derive inequalities on the boundary of a class of compact Riemannian 3 3 -manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature. The boundary of such a manifold has a CMC component, i.e., a 2 2 -sphere with positive constant mean curvature; and the rest of the boundary, if nonempty, consists of closed minimal surfaces. A key step in our proof is the construction of a collar extension that is inspired by the method of Mantoulidis-Schoen.

A positive mass theorem and Penrose inequality for graphs with noncompact boundary

A positive mass theorem and Penrose inequality for graphs with noncompact boundary

Proof of a Null Geometry Penrose Conjecture

Proof of a Null Geometry Penrose Conjecture

Penrose-like inequality with angular momentum for minimal surfaces

In axially symmetric spacetimes the Penrose inequality can be strengthened to include angular momentum. We prove a version of this inequality for minimal surfaces, more precisely, a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of the area of a minimal surface, the angular momentum and a particular measure of the surface size. We consider axially symmetric and asymptotically flat initial data, and use the monotonicity of the Geroch quasi-local energy on 2-surfaces along the inverse mean curvature flow.

How to Determine Initial Starting Time Step with an Initial Hubble Parameter H = 0 after Formation of Causal Structure Leading to Investigation of the Penrose Weyl Tensor Conjecture

We start where we use an inflaton value due to use of a scale factor . Also we use as the variation of the time component of the metric tensor in Pre-Planckian Space-time. In doing so, what we lead up to using the Huang Superfluid universe model, which is by the modified superfluid cosmology model leading to examining within the Pre Planckian regime, Curvature, small but non zero, and energy density . The Potential energy is given by what it would be if leading to a relationship of , where we will isolate conditions for the initial time and compare them against a root finder procedure given in another paper written by the author. Then, afterwards, assuming a modified Hubble parameter, with an initial Hubble parameter after the Causal surface with, right after a quantum bounce, determined by , is then . And is an initial degree of freedom value of about 110. Then, the graviton production rate is a function of time leading to a temperature T dependence, with M here is a chosen Mass scale, M of about 30 TeV, with d greater than or equal to zero, representing the Kaluza Klein dimensions assumed with the number of gravitons produced after the onset of Causal structure given by . This by Infinite quantum statistics is proportional to entropy. We close with a caveat as far as the implications of all this to the Penrose Conjecture about the vanishing of the Weyl tensor, in the neighborhood of a cosmological initial singularity. And what we think should be put in place instead of the Penrose Weyl tensor hypothesis near a “cosmological” singularity. And we close with a comment about the Weyl curvature tensor, in Pre Planckian to Planckian physics, and also a final appendix on the Mach’s principle as written by Sciama, in defining the initial space-time non-singular “bubble”.

IMCF and the Stability of the PMT and RPI Under $$L^2$$ L 2 Convergence

We study the stability of the Positive Mass Theorem (PMT) and the Riemannian Penrose Inequality (RPI) in the case where a region of an asymptotically flat manifold $M^3$ can be foliated by a smooth solution of Inverse Mean Curvature Flow (IMCF) which is uniformly controlled. We consider a sequence of regions of asymptotically flat manifolds $U_T^i\subset M_i^3$, foliated by a smooth solution to IMCF which is uniformly controlled, and if $\partial U_T^i = \Sigma_0^i \cup \Sigma_T^i$ and $m_H(\Sigma_T^i) \rightarrow 0$ then $U_T^i$ converges to a flat annulus with respect to $L^2$ metric convergence. If instead $m_H(\Sigma_T^i)-m_H(\Sigma_0^i) \rightarrow 0$ and $m_H(\Sigma_T^i) \rightarrow m >0$ then we show that $U_T^i$ converges to a topological annulus portion of the Schwarzschild metric with respect to $L^2$ metric convergence.

Penrose inequality in anti–de Sitter space

For asymptotically flat spacetimes the Penrose inequality gives an initial data test for the weak cosmic censorship hypothesis. We give a formulation of this inequality for asymptotically anti--de Sitter (AAdS) spacetimes, and show that the inequality holds for time asymmetric data in spherical symmetry. Our analysis is motivated by the constant-negative-spatial-curvature form of the AdS black hole metric.

On the Geometry of the Level Sets of Bounded Static Potentials

In this paper we present a new approach to the study of asymptotically flat static metrics arising in general relativity. In the case where the static potential is bounded, we introduce new quantities which are proven to be monotone along the level set flow of the potential function. We then show how to use these properties to detect the rotational symmetry of the static solutions, deriving a number of sharp inequalities. Among these, we prove the validity—without any dimensional restriction—of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, as well as of a reversed version of it, in the class of asymptotically flat static metrics with connected horizon. As a consequence of our analysis, a simple proof of the classical 3-dimensional Black Hole Uniqueness Theorem is recovered and some geometric conditions are discussed under which the same statement holds in higher dimensions.

A bound on holographic entanglement entropy from inverse mean curvature flow

Entanglement entropies are notoriously difficult to compute. Large-N strongly-coupled holographic CFTs are an important exception, where the AdS/CFT dictionary gives the entanglement entropy of a CFT region in terms of the area of an extremal bulk surface anchored to the AdS boundary. Using this prescription, we show—for quite general states of (2 + 1)-dimensional such CFTs—that the renormalized entanglement entropy of any region of the CFT is bounded from above by a weighted local energy density. The key ingredient in this construction is the inverse mean curvature (IMC) flow, which we suitably generalize to flows of surfaces anchored to the AdS boundary. Our bound can then be thought of as a ‘subregion’ Penrose inequality in asymptotically locally AdS spacetimes, similar to the Penrose inequalities obtained from IMC flows in asymptotically flat spacetimes. Combining the result with positivity of relative entropy, we argue that our bound is valid perturbatively in 1/N, and conjecture that a restricted version of it holds in any CFT.

Deforming the Scalar Curvature of the De Sitter–Schwarzschild Space

Building upon the work of Brendle, Marques, and Neves on the construction of counterexamples to Min-Oo’s conjecture, we exhibit deformations of the de Sitter–Schwarzschild space of dimension $$n\ge 3$$ satisfying the dominant energy condition and agreeing with the standard metric along the event and cosmological horizons, which remain totally geodesic. Our results hold for generalized Kottler–de Sitter–Schwarzschild spaces whose cross-sections are compact rank one symmetric spaces and indicate that there exists no analogue of the rigidity statement of the Penrose inequality in the case of positive cosmological constant. As an application, we construct solutions of Einstein field equations satisfying the dominant energy condition and being asymptotic to (or agreeing with) the de Sitter–Schwarzschild space–time both at the event horizon and at spatial infinity.