Pennsylvania State Research Articles

Correlation between Heat Flux over the Indian Ocean and Rainfalls in Coastal Thailand by Using the MM5 Numerical Model

Correlation between heat flux over the Indian Ocean and rainfalls in coastal Thailand by using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model: MM5 is the method to study monsoon onset in Thailand. The study areas are over the Indian Ocean from Latitude 30°S to 30°N and Longitude 40°E to 120°E. The used data were during May to October since the years 1996 to 2000, and also covered the years where El Niño and La Niña were present. When the heat flux over the Southeast Indian Ocean was increased about100 w/m2, this persisted for approximately five consecutive days before the average onset date of the 15th May in Thailand. Once the recorded increase in heat flux of five days had passed, it was then observed that after a period of eleven days this caused the onset of rainfalls at nine Thai meteorological stations. From the observations recorded the results showed a correlation between the development of heat flux and rainfalls. During the normal years (1996, 1999 and 2000) the correlation of the heat flux with the rainfalls data at the twelve primary meteorological stations in Thailand were computed by linear regression analysis and the best of these resulted in coefficient of determination(R2)= 0.782. The results (correlation between heat flux which obtained from MM5 model and amounts of rainfalls from weather observation stations) of this study is possible to be utilize by the Thai Meteorological Department to predict the onset day of southwest monsoon rainfall, mainly for agricultural activities more accurately procedure.

Influence of Asian continental outflow on the regional background ozone level in northern South China Sea

Asian continental outflow is known to have very pronounced seasonality, which in turn can alter the trace gas contents of the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, field measurements were conducted during the spring of 2010, Dongsha, a small island situated between Taiwan and the Philippines, served as a remote site for monitoring surface ozone. Ozone was used as an effective indicator to distinguish between continental and marine air masses. Our measurements suggested that strong northeasterly winds arising from the winter Asian monsoon may have transported polluted air masses from the northern continent to locations as far south as Dongsha (latitude 20.70°N), as indicated by elevated ozone levels of approximately 60 ppbv. In contrast, during periodic calm periods when the monsoon subsided low ozone levels of about 30 ppb were detected, which is typical for marine air masses. This outflow of polluted air masses from the Asian continent and Taiwan facilitated by the winter monsoon was also successfully simulated using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, version 5 (PSU/NCAR MM5) and the Taiwan Air Quality Model (TAQM).

The Manifestations of Social Class in Organizations

This symposium examines individuals’ social class as a possibly critical, yet largely ignored, construct in management research. Although an individual’s social class has been found to be a theoretically meaningful and useful explanatory variable in several disciplines including psychology, sociology, and epidemiology, little theory and research has examined the consequences of organizational members’ social class. Five presentations with different disciplinary bases (psychology, sociology) and methodologies (field studies, laboratory experiments, theory building) herein describe some of the myriad ways in which social class may be manifest in organizational settings. The presentations will also describe the benefits of investigating the social class of organization members, and the potential costs for organizations and researchers who ignore social class. Art Brief, an expert in ethical decision-making who has published studies on the effects of economic dependency on work, will be the discussant.On Wealth and Wrongdoing: How Social Class Influences Unethical BehaviorPresenter: Paul K. Piff; U. of California, BerkeleyThe Anger of Occupy Wall StreetPresenter: Katy DeCelles; U. of TorontoPresenter: Scott Sonenshein; Rice U.Signs of Social ClassPresenter: Michael W. Kraus; U. of IllinoisPresenter: Wendy Berry Mendes; U. of California, San FranciscoThe Stigma of Dirty Work in Dyadic InteractionsPresenter: Sven Mikolon; Ruhr-U. BochumPresenter: Jan Wieseke; Ruhr-U. BochumPresenter: Glen E. Kreiner; Pennsylvania State U.'Class Work': Unpacking the Forms of Institutional Work that Reinforce Inequality in OrganizationsPresenter: Barbara Gray; Pennsylvania State U.Presenter: Jennifer J. Kish-Gephart; U. of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Assessing spatial variability in soil characteristics with geographically weighted principal components analysis

Dimensionality reduction methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) provide a means of identifying trends in soil characteristics which may be represented by a wide range of variables. However, these characteristics may be highly spatially variable and so the results from PCA represent, in some sense, an “average” of locally distinct characteristics. One approach to account for these local differences is to introduce a geographical weighting scheme into the PCA process. In this paper, such an approach is assessed in the exploration of soil characteristics in the state of Pennsylvania, USA. Data from 878 georeferenced soil profiles which include different soil parameters (n = 12) were extracted from the National Soil Survey Center database. Where data are parts of compositions (e.g., percentages of sand, silt, and clay), analysis using raw data is not appropriate and such data were transformed using log ratios (specifically, balances). Single variables (i.e., those which are not parts of compositions) were logged. The first two principal components explain over 50% of the variance. The mapped values suggest marked spatial variation in soil characteristics, but it is not possible to assess which of these variables explain most variation in particular regions from the simple maps of raw variables. Geographically weighted PCA (GWPCA) provides additional information which is obscured by PCA, and it also provides a set of component scores and loadings at all data locations. The soil variable with the largest loading at most locations of Pennsylvania is the logged base saturation (BSln), and this supports the findings of the conventional PCA analysis. While BSln loads most highly in most of the eastern third, the middle and the south west of the state, the northwest is less spatially consistent in terms of the variables which explain most variation. For GWPC 1, the variable with the second largest loading at most locations (i.e., primarily the south and west) is CEC.B1 (the log ratio of Ca, Mg, and Na to K and EXACID), while CEC.B2 (the log ratio of Ca and Mg to Na), pHln (logged pH) and BSln dominate in other areas. The GWPCA results suggest that there is marked spatial variation in multivariate soil characteristics across Pennsylvania state and that results from standard PCA obscure this considerable variation.

Architectural Engineering and Design Management: Sustainability Themed Issue

This sustainability themed issue includes a selection of articles from the 6th International Conference on Innovation in Architecture, Engineering and Construction held at the Pennsylvania State Un...

Development of Tasks and Evaluation of a Prototype Forceps for NOTES

Few standardized testing procedures exist for instruments intended for Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery. These testing procedures are critical for evaluating surgical skills and surgical instruments to ensure sufficient quality. This need is widely recognized by endoscopic surgeons as a major hurdle for the advancement of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery. Beginning with tasks currently used to evaluate laparoscopic surgeons and instruments, new tasks were designed to evaluate endoscopic surgical forceps instruments. Six tasks have been developed from existing tasks, adapted and modified for use with endoscopic instruments, or newly designed to test additional features of endoscopic forceps. The new tasks include the Fuzzy Ball Task, Cup Drop Task, Ring Around Task, Material Pull Task, Simulated Biopsy Task, and the Force Gauge Task. These tasks were then used to evaluate the performance of a new forceps instrument designed at Pennsylvania State University. The need for testing procedures for the advancement of Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery has been addressed in this work. The developed tasks form a basis for not only testing new forceps instruments, but also for evaluating individual performance of surgical candidates with endoscopic forceps instruments.

Lessons from America: Liberal French Nobles in Exile, 1793–1798 by Doina Pasca Harsanyi

HARSANYI, DOINA PASCA. Lessons from America: Liberal French Nobles in Exile, 1793– 1798. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2010. ISBN 978-0-271-03637-3. Pp. xi + 204. $80. Meticulously documented and persuasively argued, this book tells the story of a group of French liberal aristocrats (Talleyrand, Liancourt, Noailles, and six less familiar figures) who, during the Reign of Terror, chose emigration to America over almost certain execution for alleged antirevolutionary activities. The first three chapters are devoted to setting the stage for the émigrés’ exile, describing in detail the situation in France on the eve and in the aftermath of the Revolution. The period between 1789 and 1792 saw their identity regress “from liberal nobles to just ‘aristocrats,’ and from enlightened leaders [...] to enemies of the people and agents of despotism” (20). These ex-members of the National Constituent Assembly, all firm believers in Enlightenment values, congregated in Philadelphia at the bookshop of one of their own, Moreau de Saint-Méry. Harsanyi discusses depictions of America already in circulation, such as that of Cornelius de Pauw, who considered living in the state of nature “the result of innate stupidity mistakenly interpreted as simplicity by European observers” (41) and that of Démeunier, an émigré himself, who believed that America represented France’s future. The heart of the study is the chapter on the émigrés’ American experience as recorded in memoirs, diaries, travel notes, and letters. The mix of “begrudging respect” for American institutions of government and “a sort of Schadenfreude” regarding sociocultural standards resulted in new stereotypes that replaced “the lofty prerevolutionary image of America” (57). Among the grievances: America’s lack of enlightened leadership (“the rich had no manners, no taste, and no class” [67]) and its obsession with making money (Liancourt claimed that “getting rich quickly was the only true ideal of all Americans” [61]). Not surprisingly, these “accidental tourists” (115) had no interest in assimilating into American culture (Liancourt, for one, proclaimed “I would perish if I had to stay here” [118]); rather, they wished to preserve the integrity of the values and principles under siege at home in the hope of restoring them once the political climate changed. In the penultimate chapter Harsanyi discusses the émigrés’ reactions to politics in America and their forays into business (particularly land development), destined to fail because of their aversion to money-making and their reluctance— as short-timers—to make long-term investments. By 1798 all but two of the members of Moreau’s coterie were back in France, some blessed with bright futures (Talleyrand embarked upon an impressive diplomatic career, for example), others not (the marquis de Blacons gambled away the money he had made in America and killed himself). The final chapter proper looks at how the lessons learned in America, where stability and social peace reigned (“uncouth and ignorant American elites” [77] notwithstanding), might be applied to the France to which the émigrés would return. Harsanyi’s talents for synthesis and interpretation truly shine in her conclusion, where she analyzes the extent to which the émigrés’ observations anticipated those of Tocqueville: she states unequivocally, for instance, that the émigrés were wrong about so many things American “because they so intensely needed to be right about France” (140), and that although Talleyrand and Liancourt did not have a direct influence on Tocqueville’s thinking , they and their cohorts “helped create the paradigm of intense scrutiny of America qua analytical tool, a precedent that Tocqueville was able to build on” (142). Though aimed primarily at historians, Lessons from America will appeal to Reviews 773 anyone keen on discovering the roots of the cultural misunderstandings that continue to influence Franco-American relations today. It is sobering indeed to learn that over two hundred years ago, Americans were already being taken to task for not devoting enough time to leisure... University of Arkansas Hope Christiansen READER, KEITH. The Place de la Bastille: The Story of a Quartier. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84631-665-4. Pp. viii + 184. £25. Even though the Bastille prison was demolished shortly after 14 July 1789, countless visitors seek out its location for its role...

A neural network approach for approximate force response analyses of a bridge population

In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to develop an efficient method for rapid and approximate force response analyses of a bridge population. The single-span reinforced concrete T-beam bridge population in Pennsylvania State is taken as a particular case study. First, a statistical analysis is conducted to examine implicit and explicit dependencies between various geometrical and structural parameters of the bridges, and the governing bridge parameters are identified along with their ranges of variation within the population. Then, a set of sample bridges are randomly generated using different combinations of the governing parameters within their predefined ranges of variation. An exact finite element analysis is implemented for each sample bridge, and the maximum moment and shear responses in beams are obtained at critical locations under various combinations of standard truck loads. An ANN is implemented to learn the relationship between the bridge parameters (inputs) and responses (outputs) based on the sample set and to make predictions for other bridges that are not present in the set. The performances of a variety of different ANN architectures are tested, and their prediction capabilities are measured and compared.

"Keeping It Real": Representations of Postnatal Bodies and Opportunities for Resistance and Transformation

Contrary to popular understandings of academia, the work of academics is intrinsically community driven, because scholarly inquiry is invariably about social life. Therefore, what occupies academic scholarship is in the interest of the broader populace, and we rely on the public to inform our work. The findings of academic work are simultaneously a reflection of the researcher, and the public. The research interests of contemporary cultural and social researchers inevitably, and often necessarily, reflect issues and activities that they encounter in their everyday lives...

Responding to the Call to Curate: Digital Curation in Practice at Penn State University Libraries

This paper describes how the Pennsylvania State (Penn State) University Libraries and the university’s central information technology organization, Information Technology Services, are putting into practice key tenets of digital curation through the newly established Content Stewardship program, a joint strategic initiative to implement stewardship services for the university. First, we provide an account of the planning, preparation, and prototyping that informed the initial year of the program. Second, we report on the hiring of a Digital Collections Curator and a Digital Library Architect and how they are advancing the program by putting digital curation into practice, which includes the work of community building. Finally, we address the organizational context of curation in practice, in particular with respect to the challenges of starting and sustaining a stewardship services program for all of Penn State.

Imperial Lyric: New Poetry and New Subjects in Early Modern Spain (review)

Reviewed by: Imperial Lyric: New Poetry and New Subjects in Early Modern Spain Maria Cristina Quintero Middlebrook, Leah. Imperial Lyric: New Poetry and New Subjects in Early Modern Spain. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009. 197 pp. In the introduction to this intelligent and elegantly written book, Leah Middlebrook tells us that "the scholarly conversation about early European and global modernity has yet to fully 'place' the significance of Spain and Spanish cultural production" (1). Indeed. The continued exclusion of Spanish literature from major studies that purport to deal with the "European" Renaissance is a source of frustration to Hispanists and bespeaks an almost willful ignorance, if not intellectual laziness, on the part of many scholars. One can only hope that Middlebrook's book will be read and reviewed outside the sphere of Hispanism, as it contributes significantly to an understanding of the richness and excellence of poetic production during the 1500s in Spain. Middlebrook engages only briefly with the most celebrated sixteenth-century Spanish poet, Garcilaso de la Vega, but she does bring to the fore less-studied but important figures such as Francisco de Aldana, Hernando de Acuña, Gutierre de Cetina, and Cristóbal de Castillejo, in addition to the better known Juan Boscán and Fernando de Herrera. These were all able practitioners of the new short lyric, adapted from Italian sources, that flourished in Renaissance Spain. Middlebrook is a perceptive reader of poetry, but what is most original in her book is that the consideration of the work by these poets becomes also a study of politics, identity, subjectivity, and notions of masculinity in Spain. The book consists of four chapters, each divided into brief sections, and a coda. Throughout, in lucid and detailed close readings, the author pays close attention to form—the structure of the sonnet, tropes, rhyme patterns, elisions, etc.—while at the same time commenting on the politics of form. She is singularly adept at demonstrating how the practice and legitimation of the short lyric, especially the [End Page 508] sonnet, took place in tandem with the symbolic and actual transformation (and ultimate diminution) of the modern courtier's access to power and agency. We encounter in this poetry "the deliberate conflation of notions regarding kinds of poetry and kinds of men" (59). The new lyric, therefore, became a virtual emblem of state and imperial power; and this book traces how two generations of poets confronted the pressures and challenges presented by the consolidation of Habsburg absolutism. Middlebrook displays her talent for original readings early on in the introduction where the reader is treated to a dazzling analysis of Francisco de Aldana's Sonnet 45 ("Otro aquí no se ve que, frente a frente"). The poem portrays the aftermath of a brutal battle, and the mangled bodies of soldiers represent for Middlebrook a "reversal of Petrarchan expression … an anti-blazon" (9). In the first chapter, "Sonnetization: Acuña, Boscán, Castillejo, and the Politics of Form," the author demonstrates how the lyric rose in prestige within the context of a transformation of ideas about masculinity. Basing herself on the work of Norbert Elias, among others, Middlebrook examines two sonnets by Acuña that illustrate the change from an idealized notion of the noble warrior into a tamed courtier. These intensely self-reflective poems about the modern subject's dependency on discourse mirror the poet's submission to linguistic as well as political authority. In this chapter, the author also provides a new look at the importance of Boscán's famous 1526 letter to the Duchess of Soma, where the poet situates the era of the Reconquest firmly in the past and replaces old-style militaristic values with new codes of self-restraint and rational self-subjection. As a companion piece, Middlebrook studies Castillejo's "Reprensión contra los poetas que escriben en metro italiano," a humorous invective against writers who had abandoned the traditional Castilian forms. In Chapter Two, "Otro tiempo lloré y ahora canto: Juan Boscán Courtierizes Song," Middlebrook turns to the peculiar set of cultural and subjective meanings implied by Boscán's use of "song." She tells us that the Obras de Juan Boscán y...

RECENT DECISIONS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARCELLUS SHALE IN PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania has a long history of natural gas exploration and development beginning in the 1800's. Despite having some of the country's oldest jurisprudence dealing with oil and gas disputes, Pennsylvania case law regarding oil and gas operations is relatively undeveloped in comparison to states like Texas and Oklahoma. With the boom in leasing and developing in the region in the last few years, there has also been an increase in oil and gas litigation in Pennsylvania state and federal courts. This paper will discuss the recent decisions that have impacted the development of Marcellus law in Pennsylvania, as well as identify some of the significant pending issues that are worth watching.

Influence of Sea-Land Breezes on the Tempospatial Distribution of Atmospheric Aerosols over Coastal Region

ABSTRACT The influence of sea-land breezes (SLBs) on the spatial distribution and temporal variation of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere was investigated over coastal Taiwan. PM was simultaneously sampled at inland and offshore locations during three intensive sampling periods. The intensive PM sampling protocol was continuously conducted over a 48-hr period. During this time, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 (PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm and between 2.5 and 10 μm, respectively) were simultaneously measured with dichotomous samplers at four sites (two inland and two offshore sites) and PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameters ≤10 μm) was measured with β-ray monitors at these same 4 sites and at 10 sites of the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network. PM sampling on a mobile air quality monitoring boat was further conducted along the coastline to collect offshore PM using a β-ray monitor and a dichotomous sampler. Data obtained from the inland sites (n = 12) and offshore sites (n = 2) were applied to plot the PM10 concentration contour using Surfer software. This study also used a three-dimensional meteorological model (Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Meteorological Model 5) and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions to simulate surface wind fields and spatial distribution of PM10 over the coastal region during the intensive sampling periods. Spatial distribution of PM10 concentration was further used in investigating the influence of SLBs on the transport of PM10 over the coastal region. Field measurement and model simulation results showed that PM10 was trans ported back and forth across the coastline. In particular, a high PM10 concentration was observed at the inland sites during the day because of sea breezes, whereas a high PM10 concentration was detected offshore at night because of land breezes. This study revealed that the accumulation of PM in the near-ocean region because of SLBs influenced the tempospatial distribution of PM10 over the coastal region. IMPLICATIONS Model simulation and field measurements show that PM was transported back and forth across the coastline because of SLBs and that this regularly influenced the tempospatial distribution of PM10 over the coastal region. A high PM10 concentration was observed at the inland sites because of daytime onshore breezes, whereas a high PM10concentration was detected over the ocean because of nighttime offshore breezes. The implications of these results suggest that relevant authorities should work to prevent pollution episodes by reducing regional PM emissions that lead to stagnant or recirculating air under specific weather conditions.

Pennsylvania's state campuses face 50% cut in state support

Pennsylvania's state campuses face 50% cut in state support

Improvement of snowpack simulations in a regional climate model

Improvement of snowpack simulations in a regional climate model Jiming Jin 1 and Norman L. Miller 2 * Departments of Watershed Sciences and Plants, Soils, and Climate and Utah Climate Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. *Miller’s work is partially supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and LBNL under Contract No. DE- AC02-05CH11231. Abstract: To improve simulations of regional-scale snow processes and related cold-season hydroclimate, the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3), developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), was coupled with the Pennsylvania State University/NCAR fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). CLM3 physically describes the mass and heat transfer within the snowpack using five snow layers that include liquid water and solid ice. The coupled MM5–CLM3 model performance was evaluated for the snowmelt season in the Columbia River Basin in the Pacific Northwestern United States using gridded temperature and precipitation observations, along with station observations. The results from MM5–CLM3 show a significant improvement in the SWE simulation, which has been underestimated in the original version of MM5 coupled with the Noah land-surface model. One important cause for the underestimated SWE in Noah is its unrealistic land-surface structure configuration where vegetation, snow and the topsoil layer are blended when snow is present. This study demonstrates the importance of the sheltering effects of the forest canopy on snow surface energy budgets, which is included in CLM3. Such effects are further seen in the simulations of surface air temperature and precipitation in regional weather and climate models such as MM5. In addition, the snow-season surface albedo overestimated by MM5–Noah is now more accurately predicted by MM5–CLM3 using a more realistic albedo algorithm that intensifies the solar radiation absorption on the land surface, reducing the strong near-surface cold bias in MM5–Noah. The cold bias is further alleviated due to a slower snowmelt rate in MM5–CLM3 during the early snowmelt stage, which is closer to observations than the comparable components of MM5–Noah. In addition, the over-predicted precipitation in the Pacific Northwest as shown in MM5–Noah is significantly decreased in MM5 CLM3 due to the lower evaporation resulting from the longer snow duration. KEY WORDS: land-surface model; regional climate model; snow; vegetation INTRODUCTION In the western United States (WUS), seasonally accumulated snow mass has become increasingly important to water resources, because of the rapidly increasing demand for water to supply the expanding economy and population. Over the last decade, scientists have made a significant effort to understand and forecast snowmass variability in the WUS (Miller et al., 1999; Serreze et al., 1999; Knowles and Cayan, 2002; Jin and Miller, 2007). Observational studies have found a downward trend in snowpack over the last five decades, which is consistent with the smaller ratio of snowfall to rainfall and earlier snowmelt in the WUS, a finding consistent with global warming observations (Mote, 2003; Stewart et al., 2004). Snowmelt timing is also related to winter and spring temperature variability (Dettinger and Cayan, 1995; Cayan et al., 2001). McCabe and Clark (2005) examined eighty-four rivers in the WUS to better understand snowmelt runoff variability and associated climate processes. They found that earlier snowmelt has a high correlation with increased spring and early summer atmospheric pressure and temperature over the WUS, indicating that snowmelt trend and variability is tightly linked to atmospheric forcings. On the other hand, snow mass in the WUS also affects atmospheric processes. Lo and Clark (2002) found that an inverse correlation exists between winter snow cover and subsequent summer monsoon rainfall in the WUS; a similar relationship was previously found in Eurasia by Bamzai and Shukla (1999). This correlation indicates that the land surface often warms up more quickly with a lower snow depth and smaller snow cover area (or conversely, it warms up more slowly with a higher snow depth and larger snow cover area) when compared with normal conditions, suggesting that anomalous snow depth and cover can significantly affect atmospheric circulation patterns. Thus, accurate forecasting of accumulated snow mass and snowmelt timing is essential to both understanding climate variability and managing water resources in the WUS. However, it is very difficult to obtain the detailed observations throughout the WUS, which would allow a full understanding of snow mass and cover variations, as well as related processes. Numerical models are important tools for investigating and quantifying interactions between snow and climate, as well as for the advance of

Traumatic Politics: The Deputies and the King in the Early French Revolution by Barry M. Shapiro

plus intéressants), ce travail académique met le lecteur ordinaire à l’épreuve. Les effets cumulatifs et les répétitions par esprit d’exactitude donnent, d’un chapitre à l’autre, des impressions de “déjà lu”. Là est d’ailleurs la seule critique que l’on pourrait formuler au sujet du livre: nous aurions souhaité que la ligne directrice du projet apparaisse de façon moins stricte et plus argumentée. Cet aspect ne remet nullement en cause la qualité du travail de Shusterman dont le mérite est d’avoir fait un travail systématique, minutieux et exemplaire. West Chester University (PA) Michel Sage SHAPIRO, BARRY M. Traumatic Politics: The Deputies and the King in the Early French Revolution. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009. ISBN 978-0-271-03542-0. Pp. 204. $65.00. Joining other notable critics who have revisited the French Revolution within the past thirty years, Shapiro sheds new light on the opening days of this momentous event. Relying on modern psychological research, he explores the effects of traumatic stress on the delegates to the Estates-General, later the National Assembly, and the Constituent Assembly. While he admits the challenge in evaluating people from over two hundred years ago, one can project their response. Thus, he studies in detail the causes and effects of trauma. Shapiro maintains that the arrival of troops on 20 June 1789 at the meeting room of the Third Estate deputies, created an unduly stressful situation. Almost none of these men, with the notable exception of Mirabeau, had ever been involved in a brush with the law. Therefore, it was normal that they expected possible arrest and even execution. As the number of troops increased, the deputies’ fears intensified . Letters to friends and family written during this time attest to the mental anguish of several members. However, patriotism and honor prompted them to accept the risks involved in their mandate. Shapiro also notes the oscillation of emotions, typical of trauma. While the deputies distrusted the King at first, after his visits to the Assembly they proclaimed their loyalty to him, more as a father rather than a ruler. In fact, Shapiro maintains, the incipient desacralization of the monarchy was yielding to a paternalistic outlook. In June 1789, the possibility of accommodation with the monarchy still remained a viable option. Thus, the early trauma faded into oblivion, or subconscious suppression, only to reappear later. A second traumatic experience occurred during the July 12–14 riots. The number of troops increased, once again threatening the deputies. Shapiro uses numerous eye-witness accounts, including the hour-by-hour chronicle of Félix Faulcon, a Poitiers magistrate who notes the hazardous circumstances, yet maintains that the members continued their work. The situation was exacerbated by the dismissal of Necker, whom the deputies considered as an ally. His provisional reappointment, along with the dismissal of the troops, may have eased their mounting fears. Yet it was impossible to erase the traumatic ordeal they had experienced . When the King visited the Assembly on July 15, the deputies initially reacted with a favorable emotional outburst. If anyone was to blame, it was the “evil advisors,” not Louis himself. Yet the gulf was widening between king and subjects. When the King swore allegiance to the new Constitution on September 14, the delegates did not rise. Shapiro notes other incidents resulting from the initial trauma, especially the suspensive veto and the exclusion of deputies from 836 FRENCH REVIEW 84.4 the ministries. The veto proposal had produced extensive debate, with the more radical members opposing any veto by the King. Rather than interpreting the result as a compromise, Shapiro sees it as a further step of alienation between the Assembly and the monarch. The exclusion of the deputies from the ministries drastically reduced communication between the legislative and executive powers. Shapiro concludes that these and other enactments were heavily influenced by the deputies’ growing mistrust of the King resulting from the trauma they had experienced. Unaware that the balance of power had shifted in their favor, they could no longer reach any accommodation with the Crown. Shapiro’s interdisciplinary analysis opens new perspectives. He notes that the same momentum...

Convective Parameterization in a Model for the Prediction of Heavy Rain in Southern Thailand

Numerical weather predictions of three heavy rainfall events in the northeast monsoon causing floods and damage in southern Thailand are reported in this paper. The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model (MM5) was used with the Betts-Miller (BM), Grell (GR), and new Kain-Fritsch (KF2) convective parameterization (CP) schemes at 5 km resolution, and also with an unparameterized or explicit (EX) scheme, to look for a promising method for precipitation forecasting. The accumulated precipitation amounts predicted by the model were evaluated qualitatively by comparison with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) maps, and quantitatively by calculating statistical score indices for different rainfall thresholds. The simulations were evaluated by comparing the synoptic near surface fields with the NCEP FNL objective analysis fields and also with the vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature and mixing ratio at Songkhla station.The simulations gave generally satisfactory predictions of the synoptic fields, except for an overprediction of the relative humidity. The heavy rainfall was associated in each case with a small vortex where the northeasterly wind interacted with a warm humid southerly wind. The model underestimated the heavy rainfall amounts, and widely different rainfall patterns were produced by the different schemes used. The KF2 and EX schemes generally gave better results than the BM and GR schemes.

Multilingualism and Mother Tongue in Medieval French, Occitan, and Catalan Narratives

Catherine E. Leglu. Multilingualism and Mother Tongue in Medieval French, Occitan, and Catalan Narratives. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 2010. Pp. 216. Moving easily among different languages and genres, Prof. C. Leglu, leading representative of medieval French and Occitan studies in United Kingdom, examines literary use of competing Romance vernaculars that took place between twelfth and fifteenth centuries, in porous borderland between French, Occitan, and Catalan (13). The book is structured in three parts, each with three chapters. Nineteen texts of Occitan, Catalan, and French traditions are examined closely and extensively, one or more in each chapter. As acknowledged by author, chapter 1 and parts of chapters 3 and 5 have already been published. However, they are here integrated into single and thus more cogent book. The wide range of works (originally written in no less than five different languages) has led author to supply reader with useful synopses and English translations. Most importantly, Leglu proposes new interpretation of notions of multilingualism and mother tongue in light of an engaging interpretation of three linguistic myths: Tower of Babel, evangelical Pentecost, and story of Soloi. The introduction opens with commentary on manuscript of Peyre de Paternas's Libre de sufficientia et necessitat (Paris, BNF, fr. 3313A). Copied by Breton scribe, this treatise (c. 1350) stands as clear example of multilingual communication only possible in papal court in Avignon (1309-1376). Within Libre, Latin text alternates with translation en nostra linga maternal (in our mother tongue), i.e., Occitan language that Peyre de Paternas and his noble Limousin dedicatee, Delphine de Belfort, shared. In Part I, The Myths of Multilingualism, four Occitan texts are studied. First, focus is on peculiar twelfth-century epic, Girart de Roussillon. This text has been passed down in different versions, each showing specific linguistic variety. In this framework, Leglu focuses on political and sacred values of languages, examining their roles in pursuit of conflict or promulgation of peace. Girart is read in light of inherent conflict between post-Babelian confusion of languages and reconciling message of Pentecost (26). In Arnaut Vidal's Guilhem de la Barra (chapter 2), an Occitan roman written in 1318, tongues of fire of Pentecost play an ambivalent role. On one hand, they are imbued with power of overriding post-Babelian linguistic confusion, but on other, they are associated with terrible form of torture that, over course of fourteenth century, Toulouse inquisition inflicted upon those found guilty of false accusation. In third chapter, Leglu discusses two Occitan fourteenth-century texts. First, translation of Paolino Veneto's Compendium or Chronica magna, a universal history constructed on visual model as an illustrated series of tabulated genealogies and lines of succession (56), written within the multilingual and highly hierarchized papal court of Avignon. Secondly, Leys d'Amor, major grammatical and rhetorical treatise, prose version of which survives in two drafts attributed to Guilhem Molinier. Moreover, verse redaction of Leys, Flors del Gay Saber, is preserved in Catalan manuscript. In context in which Occitan was losing its prestige, milieux in Avignon and Toulouse responded with two separate strategies: first, in Avignon, by stressing language acquisition as way of freeing people from endogamous tyranny of (m)other tongue, and, secondly, in Toulouse, by conceiving difficult, morally dubious but conciliatory view of language multiplicity. Examples of Translation scandals are considered in chapter 4, first of Part II, Language Politics. …

Love Cures: Healing and Love Magic in Old French Romance by Laine E. Doggett

Serge Charchoune, Michel Matveev, Elsa Triolet, Joseph Kessel, Arthur Adamov, Romain Gary, Alain Bosquet, Piotr Rawicz, Luba Jurgenson, and Iegor Gran. Naming plays a significant role in the works of these writers who struggle to establish émigré identity. Some assume pseudonyms and heteronyms, such as Vladimir Nabokov who first wrote under the name of Sirine, or Michel Matveev and Romain Gary who employed heteronyms. Still others changed their names in an attempt to assimilate within the French social order, such as Henri Troyat (Lev Tarassoff) and Romain Gary (Roman Kacew). The instability of naming as a means by which to indicate identity is reflective of these authors’ own deracination , as Rafaelle Zanotti suggests in her insightful discussion on naming and émigr é identity in relation to the author of Les traqués, Michel Matveev. Écrivains franco-russes invites the reader to draw comparisons between writers who emigrated from Russia to France and adopted French as their literary language for multiple reasons. Much critical work could be achieved by comparing common themes between these authors, although this volume does not take a comparative approach. Rather, each essay presents a biographical section followed by an analysis of a single author’s oeuvre. The biographical element helps the reader to contextualize the ramifications of emigration and the hardships that led these authors to embrace French as their literary patrimony. Many of these authors are polyglots who transcend linguistic boundaries and offer a cosmopolitan perspective through literature. Some authors such as Alain Bosquet view French literature as both a homeland and an alternative to the Soviet regime. These essays focus particularly on language, investigating why writers would choose to write in French and how they capitalize on their plurilingualism. Sarah Page draws attention to the painful linguistic transfer these writers often experienced in her engaging essay on Elsa Triolet, who endured a challenging ten-year transition from Russian to French, evidenced by the Cyrillic annotations throughout her writing notebooks. Nabokov described his own transition to writing in multiple languages as a “verbal transmigration” (89). Agnès Edel-Roy aptly argues that Nabokov’s linguistic transmigrations enabled him to belong to Russian, American, and French literary orders. Nabokov and Sarraute are described as juxtaposing the unknown with the known by including two or more languages within literary texts. Sarah Anthony’s attention to Sarraute’s plurilinguistic texts as signifiers of the other are particularly pertinent for this volume in which otherness constitutes a commonality among these authors. This volume successfully illustrates that there is a striking concomitance between these Franco-Russian authors, that of a quest for linguistic, literary, and national identity. Hopefully, the advent of this volume and other recent publications on Eastern European Francophone literature will elicit further critical attention. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point Michelle B. Slater DOGGETT, LAINE E. Love Cures: Healing and Love Magic in Old French Romance. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 2009. ISBN 978-0-271-03531-4. Pp. x + 291. $39. In this appealing study, the author traces romantic love as a form of intoxication back to the Middle Ages and endeavors to demystify the concept of love magic through an analysis of several romances in which love and healing are Reviews 353 intertwined: Chrétien de Troyes’s Cligés, Béroul’s and Thomas’s Tristan, the Folie Tristan de Berne, Heldris de Cornuälle’s Roman de Silence, and Amadas et Ydoine. The study focuses on women empirics who, though never formally trained in medicine, have extensive knowledge of the special properties of herbs. In chapter 1, Doggett provides a wealth of background material on medieval magic and medicine, touching briefly on the marvelous, to demonstrate that medieval women who practiced healing and “love magic” were neither witches nor charlatans ; rather, they possessed socially recognized skills. Chapters 2–4, containing a stimulating analysis of Cligés and the Tristan romances, form the heart of Doggett’s study because in these early works, the empiric’s skills are plied directly or indirectly in the service of love and can help the heroine impose her choice in marriage. Thessala, a key character, concocts two drinks to help Fenice: the first, imbibed by Alix on his wedding night...

Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England: The Subtle Art of Division (review)

Reviewed by: Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England: The Subtle Art of Division Cyndia Susan Clegg Randy Robertson . Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England: The Subtle Art of Division. University Park: Pennsylvania State, 2009. Pp. xv + 272. $75. Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England asserts that "the seventeenth century was 'censorship's great moment,'" at least in England. So great, indeed, was the English government's use of "licensing and exemplary punishment" that it had a "chilling effect" on authors, printers, and publishers. The study's central focus is on individual authors' responses—rhetorical, artistic, and political—to the system of constraints. The authors Mr. Robertson considers—William Prynne, Richard Lovelace, Milton, Marvell, Dryden, and Swift—along with the strategy of focusing on single texts by these authors (Histrio-mastix, Lucasta, Areopagitica, Second Advice to a Painter, Absalom and Achitophel, and A Tale of a Tub, respectively) affords this book's reader the sense of an encounter with reflections on the variety of censorship's literary and cultural implications. The chapters, although chronological, do not insist on a linear movement through the rigors of and literary responses to press censorship—albeit the first example certainly dwells on the theme of harshness that is implicit throughout the study. The clever reading of Histrio-mastix establishes not only that Prynne was censured (and the book censored), but also that the conflict between Charles I and Prynne over an anti-theatrical book was a precursor to the larger conflict between Charles and the Puritans, epitomized by the closing of theaters in 1642. Both Roger L'Estrange, surveyor of the imprimery, and the 1662 Licensing Act addressed the question of authorial responsibility; indeed, L'Estrange referred to authors as "the Fountain of our Troubles." The act required that an author's name be declared in the licensing process if the licenser called for it. As a result of the act and L'Estrange's zealous pursuit of authors, anonymous publication soared—so much so that authors deployed anonymity as a rhetorical device. For instance, in the anonymous publication of Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, the poet laureate took on a highly charged political event, the Exclusion Crisis, with an attack on its Whig architects that, he said, was meant to appeal to the "moderate sort." Anonymity here, says Mr. Robertson, gave him the "veneer of objectivity" at the same time that it taunted the Whigs. "It is as if Dryden was laying down the gauntlet to the opposition, daring them to trace Absalom's lines to their source. . . . In effect, Dryden attained the recognition he merited for his poem (the celebrity and notoriety) without having to pay the price in a London courtroom." He was, however, as Mr. Robertson demonstrates, the subject of censure. Writers on both sides of the political spectrum appropriated Dryden's anonymous poem to their own political purposes, with the Whigs deftly attacking Dryden, even without naming him. [End Page 84] The expiration of the licensing act in 1695 led to dramatic changes in print culture: "pamphlets, newspapers, and religious treatises (including Deistic tracts) multiplied; the print trade expanded in London and struck root in the provinces—conditions that were not loved by all. Swift, Pope, and their Scriblerian kindred regarded the new conditions as creating a cultural swamp, one that teemed with lesser literary species." Mr. Robertson directly links A Tale of a Tub to the licensing act's expiration and the conditions this created. He connects the Tale to censorship in two ways: first, in its effort "to eliminate the plague of hacks and dunces loosed by the decline of press controls"; second, to "lash writers" into religious conformity and to "shame readers into submission." In the latter, Mr. Robertson contends, Swift's Tale is comparable to Hobbes's Leviathan. In the Tale and the Battle of the Books "Swift like Hobbes, is for moderation, centrism, and Anglicanism; his opponents, the Grubaeans, are for extremism, party writing, dissent, and recusancy." Even though the licensing law had expired, Mr. Robertson says that Swift wrote in the shadow of another kind of censorship, the libel laws, that led to the Tale's anonymous publication. When Swift's...