Penicillium Janthinellum Research Articles

New indole-diterpenoids with protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory activity from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum

Two new indole-diterpenes, janthinellumines J and K (1 and 2), and four analogues (3–6), were obtained from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Penicillium janthinellium. Among them, compound 1 represent the rare series of 1,2-seco-indole-diterpene from nature. Due to the distance between the stereogenic centers of C-23 and C-3/C-4/C-7/C-9/C-13/C-16, the determination of the configuration of 1 posed a considerable challenge. To solve this problem, the analysis of extensive spectroscopic data and calculated ECD and VCD methods were carried out for the new compound. Compounds 1 and 2 showed potent protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitory activity against PTP1B, TCPTP, SHP1, SHP2, and CD45 with IC50 values ranging from 3.3 to 23.1 μg/mL. Furthermore, the mechanism of PTP inhibitory activity of 1 and 2 was investigated using molecular docking method.

Penijanacoranes A—F, Acorane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from a Deep Sea‐Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellumSH0301

Comprehensive SummarySix new acorane‐type sesquiterpenes, named penijanacoranes A—F (1—6), as well as one known eudesmane sesquiterpenoid 1α,6β,11‐eudesm‐triol (7) have been isolated from a deep‐sea‐derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum SH0301. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by the comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, TDDFT‐ECD calculations, and X‐ray diffraction. Penijanacorane A (1) was identified as a rare acorane‐type sesquiterpene lactone featuring a novel 6/5/6 tricyclic system, while penijanacoranes E and F (5 and 6) represented undescribed examples of nor‐acorane sesquiterpenes at C‐1. Penijanacorane C (3) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against LPS‐induced NO production in Raw264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 6.23 μM, which was more potent than that of positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 11.49 μM). This study expanded the chemical diversity of acorane‐type sesquiterpenoids and revealed that compound 3 was a potential molecule for anti‐inflammatory agents.

New Sulfurated Butyrolactones from the Fungus Penicillium janthinellum.

Deep-sea derived fungi are considered as significant resources to discovery structurally diverse and biologically active natural compounds. In this study, four new sulfurated butyrolactones, penijanthiones A-D (1-4), together with four known analogues (5-8), were isolated from a Mariana Trench-derived fungus Penicilliumjanthinellum SH0301. Compounds 1-4 were the undescribed examples for natural butyrolactones coupling with a mercaptolactate moiety. Their structures including the absolute configurations of these new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data, and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The plausible biosynthetic pathway of sulfur-incorporation of 1-4 was proposed. All of these isolated compounds were evaluated their cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antiviral activities.

Isolation and identification of the microorganisms associated with some nymphs and adults of the dubas insect (Ommatissus lybicus) and evaluation of their effectiveness in the laboratory

The study aimed to isolate and diagnose the fungi associated with the Dubas insect and test their effectiveness in resisting this insect under laboratory conditions. The pest is feeding on leves of date plam tree. That couse dameg to dates. The results showed the presence of fungi associated with the samples of Dubas nymphs and adults in all samples included in the survey, as there was a difference in the percentage of frequency and presence of the fungi, as the Aspergillus fungus excelled with the highest percentage of appearance and frequency of 57.14 and 48.13%, respectively. The results of the pathogenicity test of the fungi isolated from Adults and nymphs of Dubas under laboratory conditions, the T2 (Penicillium sp.) fungus isolate in sample No. 1 was distinguished by giving it a high mortality rate of 6.58% , followed by the T1 (Aspergillus sp.) fungus isolate in the same sample, where its rate reached 4.49% compared to the control treatment in which only distilled water was used, as its rate reached 0.75%. The results of the identification of fungal isolates pathogenic to Dubas insects showed that 4 fungal isolates excelled in the pathogenicity test in the laboratory, and according to the taxonomic keys, they belonged to the species Aspergillus funigatus, A. versicolor, Penicillium janthinellum, and P. amrantiogriseum.

Penicillium janthinellum: A Potential Producer of Natural Products

Penicillium is a kind of common filamentous fungi yielding high levels of secondary metabolites with diverse structures and attractive activities. Among these fungi, Penicillium janthinellum is a potential producer of secondary metabolites whose natural products have been noticed due to their various chemical structures and biological activities. This review summarizes the sources, distribution, bioactivities and structural characteristics of compounds isolated from P. janthinellum from 1980 to 2023. A total of 153 natural products have been isolated from P. janthinellum, of which 65 were new compounds. The compounds separated from P. janthinellum exhibit diverse skeletal chemical structures, concentrated in the categories of polyketides (40%), alkaloids (31%) and terpenoids (14%). P. janthinellum-derived compounds display attractive biological activities, such as cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. These results indicate that P. janthinellum is a potential fungus for producing bioactive secondary metabolites which can be used as precursors for new drugs.

Plant growth promotion under phosphate deficiency and improved phosphate acquisition by new fungal strain, Penicillium olsonii TLL1.

Microbiomes in soil ecosystems play a significant role in solubilizing insoluble inorganic and organic phosphate sources with low availability and mobility in the soil. They transfer the phosphate ion to plants, thereby promoting plant growth. In this study, we isolated an unidentified fungal strain, POT1 (Penicillium olsonii TLL1) from indoor dust samples, and confirmed its ability to promote root growth, especially under phosphate deficiency, as well as solubilizing activity for insoluble phosphates such as AlPO4, FePO4·4H2O, Ca3(PO4)2, and hydroxyapatite. Indeed, in vermiculite containing low and insoluble phosphate, the shoot fresh weight of Arabidopsis and leafy vegetables increased by 2-fold and 3-fold, respectively, with POT1 inoculation. We also conducted tests on crops in Singapore's local soil, which contains highly insoluble phosphate. We confirmed that with POT1, Bok Choy showed a 2-fold increase in shoot fresh weight, and Rice displayed a 2-fold increase in grain yield. Furthermore, we demonstrated that plant growth promotion and phosphate solubilizing activity of POT1 were more effective than those of four different Penicillium strains such as Penicillium bilaiae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium janthinellum, and Penicillium simplicissimum under phosphate-limiting conditions. Our findings uncover a new fungal strain, provide a better understanding of symbiotic plant-fungal interactions, and suggest the potential use of POT1 as a biofertilizer to improve phosphate uptake and use efficiency in phosphate-limiting conditions.

An in-vitro evaluation of antifungal, anti-lungcancer (A549), and anti-hyperglycemic activities potential of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) flower extract

The medical plant research has received more attention among researchers especially after the Covid-19 pandemic. This research performed to evaluate the antifungal, anti-lung cancer (A549), and anti-hyperglycemic activities of aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata flower. Interestingly, A. paniculata flower aqueous extract contains pharmaceutically valuable phytochemicals such as alkaloid, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, and protein. It also showed fine antifungal activity against test fungal pathogens in the following order as: Aspergillus niger > Fusarium solani > Trichoderma harzianum > A. parasiticus > P. expansum > Penicillium janthinellum with lowest MIC values as ranged from 100 to 300 μg mL−1. Interestingly, this aqueous extract also showed considerable anti-lung cancer activity, evidenced by dose and time dependent lung cancer cell line (A549) growth/proliferation inhibition/cytotoxicity activity (65%) at 300 μg mL−1 concentration. This can be achieved by plant extract through inducing the secretion of apoptosis related proteins such as TNF α, IFN-γ, and ınterleukin 2 leads to apoptosis in A549 cells. It also showed fine anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting α -amylase (58.41%) than α-glucosidase (54.74%) at 200 μg mL−1 concentration. The UV as well as FTIR results demonstrated that the aqueous extract of A. paniculata flower contains pharmaceutically valuable bioactive compounds, which may be responsible for the wide range of biomedical applications.

Structural diversity and biological activities of indole-diterpenoids from Penicillium janthinellum by co-culture with Paecilomyces formosus

Co-culturing the marine-derived fungi Penicillium janthinellium with Paecilomyces formosus led to the isolation of nine new indole-diterpenes, janthinellumines A–I (1–9), along with twelve known analogues (10–21). The chemical structures including their absolute configurations of them were assigned by the analysis of extensive spectroscopic data and calculated ECD and VCD methods. These indole-diterpenoids displayed extensive biological activities, including anti-influenza A virus, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitory, and anti-Vibrio activities. Among them, the anti-influenza mechanism of compounds 1, 2, and 7 was further investigated using neuraminidase inhibitory assay, molecular docking, and reverse genetics methods, suggesting that 1, 2, and 7 could interact with Arg371 of the viral neuraminidase. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of PTPs inhibitory activity for indole-diterpene derivatives (1, 2, 4, 5, 9–16, and 19–21) was also summarized.

The potential of beneficial microbes to suppress the development of bacterial leaf blight in rice plants caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Abstract. Rahma H, Martinius, Khairul U, Rahmi F. 2023. The potential of beneficial microbes to suppress the development of bacterial leaf blight in rice plants caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biodiversitas 24: 4209-4217. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is caused bacterial leaf blight in rice plants. One technique for controlling the bacterial leaf blight that currently being developed is using beneficial microbes. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identified beneficial microbes that can suppress bacterial leaf blight development in rice plants. In the present study fifteen isolates of beneficial microbes were investigated for their potential as an antagonist against Xoo, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice plants. Four isolates, namely Act-SK2, Act-Mn2, Act-Hr21, and Act-Pha4, showed the ability to reduce the area under progress curve (AUDPC) values by 51.33, 51.00, 84.00, and 82.33, respectively. The effectiveness of AUDPC suppression ranged between 80%-88%. Two out of four isolates showed potential in reducing the severity of BLB disease by 3.65% (Act-Sk2) and 3.88% (Act-Mn2) as compared to control. The effectiveness of both isolates in reducing disease severity was 86.34% (Act-Sk2) and 85.48% (Act-Mn2). Furthermore, identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that three isolates, namely Act-Sk2, Act-Hr21, and Act-Pha4, belong to Actinobacteria. Each isolate showed 99.68% similarities with Streptomyces sp. strain KS02 (Acc. No. AB373961, 99.84% with Streptomyces sp. strains Al-Dhabi-119 (Acc. No.MK675528), and 99.64% with Streptomyces griseus strain K 2 (Acc. No. MK811436). Isolate Act-Mn2 showed 100% similarity with Penicillium janthinellum strain CMV006C1 (Acc. No. MK450697). The results of this study indicate that the four microorganisms tested have potential to be developed as biological agents.

Mycotoxigenic fungal growth inhibition and multi-mycotoxin reduction of potential biological control agents indigenous to grain maize.

The present work investigated the potential of fungal species from grain maize farms in Malaysia as antagonists against the indigenous mycotoxigenic fungal species and their subsequent mycotoxin production. Dual-culture assay was conducted on grain maize agar (GMA) with 12 strains of potential fungal antagonists namely Bjerkandra adusta, Penicillium janthinellum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes cubensis, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma yunnanense against seven mycotoxigenic strains namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium proliferatum producing aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins, respectively. Based on fungal growth inhibition, Trichoderma spp. showed the highest inhibitory activity (73-100% PIRG, Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth; 28/0 ID, Index of Dominance) against the tested mycotoxigenic strains. Besides, B. adusta and Tra. cubensis showed inhibitory activity against some of the tested mycotoxigenic strains. All fungal antagonists showed varying degrees of mycotoxin reduction. Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus was mainly reduced by P. janthinellum, Tra. cubensis, and B. adusta to 0ng/g. Ochratoxin A produced by A. niger was mainly reduced by Tri. harzianum and Tri. asperellum to 0ng/g. Fumonisin B1 and FB2 produced by F. verticillioides was mainly reduced by Tri. harzianum, Tri. asperelloides, and Tri. asperellum to 59.4 and 0µg/g, respectively. Fumonisin B1 and FB2 produced by F. proliferatum were mainly reduced by Tri. asperelloides and Tri. harzianum to 244.2 and 0µg/g, respectively. This is the first study that reports on the efficacy of Tri. asperelloides against FB1, FB2, and OTA, P. janthinellum against AFB1, and Tra. cubensis against AFB1.

Modulative effect of Physalis alkekengi on both gut bacterial and fungal micro-ecosystem

ObjectiveGut microbiome is an intricate micro-ecosystem mediating the human health and drug efficacy. Physalis alkekengi (PAL) is an edible and time-honored traditional Chinese medicine. Several pharmacological effects of PAL have been verified and gut bacteria are implied in its therapeutic actions. However, the detailed modulation of PAL on gut bacterial species and on gut fungi remains largely unknown. We, therefore, designed a preliminary experiment in normal mice to reveal the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and fungi, and explore the interaction between them. MethodsHerein, the aqueous extract of PAL was orally administrated to normal C57BL/6 mice for four weeks. The full-length 16S rRNA and ITS1/2 gene sequencing were explored to detect the taxa of gut bacteria and gut fungi after PAL treatment, respectively. ResultsOral administration of PAL notably enriched anti-inflammatory bacterial species such as Duncaniella spp. and Kineothrix alysoides, whereas decreased pro-inflammatory species such as Mucispirillum schaedleri. Simultaneously, PAL increased the abundance of gut fungi Aspergillus ochraceus, Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp., and decreased Penicillium janthinellum. Correlation network analysis identified two co-existing microbial groups (groups 1 and 2) that were negatively associated with each other. The group 1 comprised PAL-enriched bacteria and fungi, while group 2 was mainly normal chow-enriched bacteria and fungi. In group 1, Antrodia monomitica, Aspergillus clavatus, Mortierella kuhlmanii and Sarcinomyces sp. MA 4787 were positively correlated with Bifidobacterium globosum, Romboutsia ilealis and so on. In group 2, Chaetomium subspirilliferum, Septoria orchidearum and Cephaliophora tropica were positively related to Lactobacillus spp. ConclusionAltogether, this preliminary study first demonstrated the modulation effect of PAL on both gut bacteria and gut fungi, which may shed light on the elucidation of PAL’s pharmacological mechanism.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of a Novel Exopolysaccharide Produced by the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium janthinellum N29

Marine microorganisms often produce exopolysaccharides with novel structures and diverse biological activities due to their specific marine environment. The novel active exopolysaccharides from marine microorganisms have become an important research area in new drug discovery, and show enormous development prospects. In the present study, a homogeneous exopolysaccharide from the fermented broth of the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium janthinellum N29, designated as PJ1-1, was obtained. The results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that PJ1-1 was a novel galactomannan with a molecular weight of about 10.24 kDa. The backbone of PJ1-1 was composed of →2)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Manp-(1→, →3)-β-d-Galf-(1→ and →2)-β-d-Galf-(1→ units with partial glycosylation at C-3 of →2)-β-d-Galf-(1→ unit. PJ1-1 had a strong hypoglycemic activity in vitro, evaluated using the assay of α-glucosidase inhibition. The anti-diabetic effect of PJ1-1 in vivo was further investigated using mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The results indicated that PJ1-1 markedly reduced blood glucose level and improved glucose tolerance. Notably, PJ1-1 increased insulin sensitivity and ameliorated insulin resistance. Moreover, PJ1-1 significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, enhanced the level of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and alleviated dyslipidemia. These results revealed that PJ1-1 could be a potential source of anti-diabetic agent.

Early cellular events and potential regulators of cellulase induction in Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366

Cellulase production by fungi is tightly regulated in response to environmental cues, and understanding this mechanism is a key pre-requisite in the efforts to improve cellulase secretion. Based on UniProt descriptions of secreted Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes), 13 proteins of the cellulase hyper-producer Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 (PJ-1366) were annotated as cellulases- 4 cellobiohydrolases (CBH), 7 endoglucanases (EG) and 2 beta glucosidases (BGL). Cellulase, xylanase, BGL and peroxidase activities were higher for cultures grown on a combination of cellulose and wheat bran, while EG was stimulated by disaccharides. Docking studies indicated that the most abundant BGL- Bgl2- has different binding sites for the substrate cellobiose and the product glucose, which helps to alleviate feedback inhibition, probably accounting for the low level of glucose tolerance exhibited. Out of the 758 transcription factors (TFs) differentially expressed on cellulose induction, 13 TFs were identified whose binding site frequencies on the promoter regions of the cellulases positively correlated with their abundance in the secretome. Further, correlation analysis of the transcriptional response of these regulators and TF-binding sites on their promoters indicated that cellulase expression is possibly preceded by up-regulation of 12 TFs and down-regulation of 16 TFs, which cumulatively regulate transcription, translation, nutrient metabolism and stress response.

Bio-decolorization of synthetic dyes by a novel endophytic fungus Penicillium janthinellum LM5 from blueberry pulp

Synthetic dyes from textile, paper, leather, and plastic processing, etc. are the majority of the colored effluents and have a harmful impact on human health and environment. Dye biosorption through endophytic fungi will be a challenge. A new fungus isolated from blueberry pulp was identified morphologically and genetically as Penicillium janthinellum LM5. It was utilized for the biosorption of synthetic dyes by forming mycelium particles with efficient decolorization properties in the dye solution. The results of decolorization experiments exhibited that dye type, pH, temperature and time were the important factors and the best decolorization condition on Congo red was pH 6.0, 30 ℃ and 48 h. Moreover, LM5 can achieve 90% decolorization rate even under the high salt concentrations of 200 mg/mL. Based on spectral analysis, the decolorization of Congo red was mainly attributed to the biosorption of mycelium and its pellet structure. Additionally, the fungus adsorbed Congo red can be as an excellent electrode material with a long-cycle performance and stable capacitance property, being a good way for recycling. In summary, this research employed a novel dye treatment method with simultaneous culture and decolorization through an endophytic fungus LM5, being a promising biomaterial in the application of dye wastewater treatment.

Targeted isolation of prenylated indole alkaloids from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1‑6 using molecular networking

Four prenylated indole alkaloids (1−4) were targeted isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6 by using molecular networking strategies. Among them, the planar structure and relative configuration of notoamide X (1) were elucidated by detailed analysis of the spectroscopic data especially the NOESY spectrum for the first time and its absolute configuration was determined by ECD spectrum. Furthermore, curated molecular networks of MS/MS data were generated with GNPS which allowed highlighting six prenylated indole alkaloids (5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12) that had not previously been identified in this fungus and two (7, 10) that had never been observed in any fungus. The MS/MS fragmentation pathway of these prenylated indole alkaloids was summarized.

Comparison of the solid-state and submerged fermentation derived secretomes of hyper-cellulolytic Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 reveals the changes responsible for differences in hydrolytic performance

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) have often been compared for production of biomass hydrolyzing enzymes highlighting the superiority of the SSF produced enzymes, but the reasons for the performance differences are under-explored. Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 culture extracts from SSF had better hydrolytic performance along with a higher initial rate of reaction. Secretome analyses of the SSF and SmF enzymes using LC/MS-MS, indicated that while the type of proteins secreted were similar in both modes, the abundance of specific beta glucosidases, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and hemicellulolytic enzymes were very high in SSF resulting in efficient initiation, low accumulation of cellobiose and high initial reaction rates. Key enzymes that catalyse lignocellulose breakdown under SSF and SmF are therefore different and the fungus may be speculated to have regulation mechanisms that aid differential expression under different cultivation modes.

Efficiency of sorption-biological treatment of oil-polluted coastal areas in the Euro-Arctic region

A biotechnology based on sorption-biological treatment for the restoration of the Arctic coastal areas after oil spills was proposed. A hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbial preparation based on microfungi (Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium simplicissimum) and bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida) was created. Granular activated carbon, thermoactivated vermiculite, and peat were used as sorbents. The sorbents are concentration centers for microorganisms, prevent the spread of hydrocarbons, and improve the condition of the polluted substrate by optimizing the water-air regime. After treatment, sorbents are not removed from the soil. As a result of laboratory studies at +10°C, the hydrocarbon content in the polluted coastal sand was reduced by 44-60%, and in the coastal soil by 25-68% after three months. This technology can be used at the final stage of coastal areas cleaning, as well as the only method of cleaning in highly sensitive areas. The use of aboriginal hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, typical of most coastal substrates of the Euro-Arctic region, excludes changes in the structure of the microbial community in these areas. The adaptation of these microorganisms to extreme climatic conditions allows biological treatment to be carried out with high efficiency in the Subarctic and Arctic.

"In-silico screening of Penicillium janthinellum KTMT5 secondary metabolites against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinases

"In-silico screening of Penicillium janthinellum KTMT5 secondary metabolites against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ser/Thr kinases

The antifeedant and antifungal cryptic metabolites isolated from tobacco endophytes induced by host medium and coculture

Four new cryptic metabolites including one fumagillol derivative (2), one cyclohexenone derivative (4), one 10-membered lactone (5), and one natural 4-epi-brefeldin C (8), along with seven known compounds were found from isogenesis endophytes Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium janthinellum, Nigrospora sp., and Stagonosporopsis sp. induced by host Nicotiana tabacum medium and co-culture. The structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D, 2D NMR, MS techniques, ECD calculation, and Mosher's method. Compound 2 possessed a novel 1, 3-dioxetane residue and cyclohexane-containing terpenoid skeleton. Compounds 2, 4–7 and 10 showed significant antifungal activities against the plant pathogen Nigrospora sp. with MICs of 1 μg/mL. 2, 4, 5–7, and 10 indicated antifungal activities against Penicillium janthinellum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Phomopsis sp., and Alternaria sp. with MICs ≤8 μg/mL. Compounds 2, 6–8, and 10 (50 μg/cm2) and microbial fermentation extracts (100 μg/cm2) showed antifeedant activities against silkworms with feeding deterrence indices of 21–100%.

Lignocellulose degradation by Penicillium janthinellum enzymes is influenced by its variable secretome and a unique set of feedstock characteristics

Substrate characteristics and proteins that affect lignocellulose-hydrolysis by the hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 (PJ-1366) were investigated. The hydrolysis rate of PJ-1366 enzymes was very high, with upto 75 % of the reaction being completed in initial 4 h. Comparison of the hydrolytic efficiencies on differently pretreated biomass indicated that the greatest (negative) effect was imparted by lignin, suggesting that improving ligninase activity of the PJ-1366 enzymes may help to improve hydrolysis. Larger pore sizes and higher crystallinity of substrates, which favor enzyme penetration and processive hydrolysis, positively influenced hydrolysis efficiency. For alkali-pretreated substrates, 16 FPU/g of PJ-1366 cellulases released the sugar-equivalent of using 10 FPU/g of a commercial biomass hydrolyzing enzyme. By correlation analysis, 41 proteins, including 20 CAZymes were identified, whose abundance in the secretome positively correlated with the cellulase activities of the culture filtrate. These proteins may be considered as the primary drivers of FPase/CMCase/pNPGase/xylanase activity in PJ-1366.