Penetration Resistance Curve Research Articles

Least-limiting water range of the soil seedbed submitted to mechanical and biological chiselling under no-till

Physical quality of the soil seedbed affects germination, seedling emergence and crop establishment. The aim of this work was to determine the least-limiting water range (LLWR) of a soil seedbed cultivated for 18 consecutive years under no-till (NT) and submitted to mechanical chiselling (NT-M) and biological chiselling by a forage radish cover crop (NT-B). The study was carried out in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. The experimental design was randomised complete blocks with four replications. Soil samples at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths were collected at 6 and 18 months after the start of the experiment which corresponded to maize (October 2009) and soybean (November 2010) planting. Water-retention curve, penetration-resistance curve, soil and relative bulk density, and LLWR were determined. Bulk density did not differ among treatments at 0–5 cm depth for both evaluation periods. At 5–10 cm soil depth, the NT-M treatment showed the lowest bulk density at the first sampling (2009), whereas NT-B showed the highest bulk density at the second sampling (2010). Soil penetration resistance was the most limiting factor of the LLWR, which was greater in NT-M for both soil layers at the first sampling. At the second sampling, the NT treatment had the greatest LLWR at 0–5 cm, but at 5–10 cm soil depth, both NT and NT-M had higher LLWR than NT-B. The efficiency of mechanical chiselling in improving soil seedbed physical quality lasted 18 months after its application. Biological chiselling was efficient in improving soil air-filled porosity in both periods as evaluated by the LLWR.

Least limiting water range of the soil seedbed for long-term tillage and cropping systems in the central Great Plains, USA

Integration of dynamic soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better understanding of soil–crop relationships in tillage and cropping systems, particularly in regions with limited precipitation and low soil organic matter content. We determined the LLWR for long-term tillage and cropping system experiments on an Argiustoll in the central U.S. Great Plains. The tillage (46years) experiment consisted of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]–fallow (WSF) rotation under conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT), while the cropping system (35years) experiment consisted of wheat–fallow (WF), WSF and continuous wheat (WW) rotations managed under RT and NT. Soil water retention curves, penetration resistance curves and bulk density were determined for the 0 to 5cm and 5 to 10cm depths to compute the LLWR. Mean LLWR did not differ among tillage systems for the 0 to 5cm depth, but it was higher in RT and CT than in NT for the 5 to 10cm depth. Mean LLWR was higher for WW than for WSF and WF in RT at both depths, but it did not differ in NT. Across cropping systems, LLWR in RT was greater than in NT by 1.2 times for the 0 to 5cm and by 4.7 times for the 5 to 10cm depth. Analysis of the upper and lower limits of the LLWR suggested that aeration and penetration resistance were plant-growth limiting factors in both experiments. Both tillage and cropping systems were associated with a narrow LLWR, which may reflect the limited water availability in this semiarid region. Overall, the LLWR was a useful indicator of the soil physical condition for plant growth under these long-term tillage and cropping systems and indicated that RT may produce the best soil seedbed in the central Great Plains.

Intervalo hídrico ótimo de um latossolo vermelho distrófico, após o primeiro período de pastejo contínuo de brachiaria ruziziensis, em sistema integração lavoura-pecuária

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) destaca-se como um dos melhores indicadores da qualidade física do solo, sob sistemas intensivos de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico por meio do IHO, após três safras agrícolas de lavoura e o primeiro ano de sistema integração lavoura-pecuária, em Xambrê, noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi implantado em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro alturas de pastejo (0,10; 0,20; 0,30; e 0,40 m) e um tratamento testemunha sem pastejo. A braquiária (BRACHIARIA RUZIZIENSIS) foi semeada em março de 2010 e o pastejo contínuo de bovinos foi realizado durante 110 dias (março-setembro). Em outubro desse ano, coletaram-se 90 amostras de solo com cilindros metálicos (0,05 m de altura e 0,05 m de diâmetro) no centro das camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para obter a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração e a densidade do solo (Ds); a partir dessas, foi calculado o IHO e obtida a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc). Utilizaram-se os limites críticos de -80 hPa, para a capacidade de campo (θcc); -15.000 hPa, para o ponto de murcha permanente (θpmp); 2,5 MPa, para a resistência do solo à penetração (θrp); e 0,10 m³ m-3, para a porosidade de aeração (θpa). O IHO foi maior a 0-0,10 m e a RP foi o fator de maior limitação do IHO em todas as camadas, especialmente a 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. As Dsc decresceram em profundidade de 1,66; 1,64; e 1,62 Mg m-3, respectivamente, para as camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. O manejo desse solo sob sistema integração lavoura-pecuária com altura de pastejo de 0,10 m apresentou a maior frequência de amostras de solo com Ds ≥ Dsc.

Funções de pedotransferência para a curva de resistência do solo à penetração

Funções de pedotransferência são regressões utilizadas para estimar atributos edáficos dependentes a partir de atributos independentes e de fácil determinação. Nesse sentido, são propostas na literatura diversas funções de pedotransferência que visam predizer a resistência do solo à penetração. Objetivou-se, portanto, com este trabalho, desenvolver e comparar a eficiência de cinco funções de pedotransferência para a curva de resistência do solo à penetração, presentes na literatura, por meio do ajuste de dados obtidos tanto com o penetrômetro de impacto (campo) quanto com o penetrômetro eletrônico (laboratório), em um Latossolo manejado sob diferentes modos (convencional e plantio direto). Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo na entrelinha das culturas, nas camadas de 0-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, logo após a semeadura, no florescimento e na colheita, para determinação dos atributos físico-hídricos do solo e também da resistência do solo à penetração, com o uso do penetrômetro eletrônico. A resistência do solo à penetração, obtida com o penetrômetro de impacto, foi determinada conforme a variação do conteúdo de água no solo ao longo do ciclo das culturas. As curvas ajustadas de resistência do solo à penetração tiveram a precisão e a acurácia testadas por meio de parâmetros estatísticos e foram comparadas pelo teste F. Houve sobreposição dos valores estimados pelo ajuste das curvas, evidenciando que a maneira de obtenção da resistência do solo à penetração (campo ou laboratório) não influenciou a relação entre a resistência à penetração e os atributos do solo. As equações RP = aUg b; RP = a(1-Ug)b; RP = ae bUg e RP = a + be não diferiram e foram as mais precisas e acuradas na predição da resistência do solo à penetração.

A combined theoretical–semiempirical penetration model of ballistic penetration of thick section composites

A combined theoretical–semiempirical penetration model of ballistic penetration of thick section composites has been developed. The penetration model is developed by breaking down the penetration event into two major phases, that is, (i) the short-time phase I shock compression and (ii) the long-time phase II dynamic penetration. Phase I shock compression considers a one-dimensional stress wave propagation theory and the rate effects on material properties. On the other hand, the phase II dynamic penetration phase incorporates a dynamic increase factor to a semiempirical quasi-static penetration resistance curve. The combined theoretical–semiempirical penetration model is compared with finite element analyses of the same problem and good correlations are obtained.

Modelling of soil penetration resistance for an oxisol under no-tillage

Soil penetration resistance is an important property that affects root growth and elongation and water movement in the soil. Since no-till systems tend to increase organic matter in the soil, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency with which soil penetration resistance is estimated using a proposed model based on moisture content, density and organic matter content in an Oxisol containing 665, 221 and 114 g kg-1 of clay, silt and sand respectively under annual no-till cropping, located in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. Penetration resistance was evaluated at random locations continually from May 2008 to February 2011, using an impact penetrometer to obtain a total of 960 replications. For the measurements, soil was sampled at depths of 0 to 20 cm to determine gravimetric moisture (G), bulk density (D) and organic matter content (M). The penetration resistance curve (PR) was adjusted using two non-linear models (PR = a Db Gc and PR' = a Db Gc Md), where a, b, c and d are coefficients of the adjusted model. It was found that the model that included M was the most efficient for estimating PR, explaining 91 % of PR variability, compared to 82 % of the other model.

Intervalo hídrico ótimo como indicador de melhoria da qualidade estrutural de latossolo degradado

As pastagens de gramíneas, quando bem formadas e manejadas, representam um componente ambiental importante em razão do papel que exercem na cobertura dos solos, na formação e estabilização dos agregados e na redução do adensamento ou da compactação. Os objetivos deste estudo foram quantificar o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO), para um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo degradado fisicamente e cultivado com Coastcross (Cynodon spp.), e utilizar o IHO como indicador de alteração da estrutura desse solo. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas em anéis volumétricos de 0,025 m de altura e 0,065 m de diâmetro, nas profundidades de 0-0,05 e 0,20-0,25 m e no horizonte Bw (0,80-0,85 m), na ausência de tráfego de máquinas agrícolas, durante a estação chuvosa de 2008/2009, nos meses de novembro de 2008, março de 2009 e maio de 2009. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para determinar a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência à penetração, a densidade, o IHO e a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc). O IHO revelou-se um adequado indicador da alteração da estrutura de Latossolo. O Coastcross apresenta potencial para melhoria da estrutura, sendo sugerida sua utilização como alternativa ao uso de implementos agrícolas nesse contexto. A Dsc de 1,24 Mg m-3 é limitante ao adequado crescimento e desenvolvimento da forrageira no solo em estudo.

An improved penetrometer technique for determining bale density

Bulk density plays an important role in silage quality. To assess the bulk density within round bales, penetrometers in conjunction with non-dimensional data analysis (statistical analysis) and single-dimensional data analysis (penetration resistance curve analysis) are commonly used, but this method provides insufficient information in terms of site-specific interpretation. The paper extends the conventional method with two-dimensional data analysis (map-based analysis) of four round bales, packed by a fixed chamber baler or a variable chamber baler. The results from the experiment demonstrated that the improved methods could provide more insight into the packing quality of bales, based on a combination of various dimensional data analyses.

Funções de pedotransferência para a curva de resistência do solo à penetração

A estimativa da curva de resistência do solo à penetração (CRP) a partir de variáveis de fácil obtenção, como o conteúdo de água, representa uma medida útil não só para a quantificação do estado de compactação, mas também para facilitar a interpretação da resistência do solo à penetração obtida em diferentes condições de campo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a CRP em solos de diferentes granulometrias e densidades, a partir de dados obtidos com o penetrômetro de impacto. O experimento foi realizado no laboratório de Pedologia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP. Foram utilizadas quatro classes de solos: Neossolo Quartzarênico, Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho distrófico e Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico, os quais foram coletados na camada de 0-0,20 m. Colunas de PVC, com dimensões de 0,25 m de diâmetro e 0,6 m de altura, foram preenchidas de forma a obter duas condições de compactação: menor densidade e maior densidade do solo. O conteúdo de água nos solos, inicialmente elevado até o ponto de saturação, foi monitorado diariamente por meio de um medidor eletrônico tipo TDR (Profile Probe PR2 acoplado ao Moisture Meter HH2). A resistência do solo à penetração foi mensurada por meio de um penetrômetro de impacto adaptado para vaso. Os pares de dados entre a resistência do solo à penetração e o conteúdo de água foram ajustados, e as CRP foram submetidas ao teste de significância. A relação entre a resistência do solo à penetração e o conteúdo de água foi descrita pelo modelo exponencial decrescente: <img border=0 src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v32n6/a03tt01.jpg">, em que RP representa a resistência do solo à penetração (MPa); Ug é o conteúdo de água (kg kg-1); e A, B e C são os coeficientes da equação. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação que variaram de 0,79 a 0,96.

Quantificação da degradação física do solo por meio da curva de resistência do solo à penetração

A resistência do solo à penetração (RP) é uma das propriedades físicas que freqüentemente impõe restrições ao crescimento das raízes das plantas. A RP varia positivamente com a densidade do solo (Ds) e negativamente com o conteúdo de água do solo (θ), e a descrição matemática das relações da RP com Ds e θ estabelece a curva de resistência do solo à penetração (CRS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a CRS em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo e utilizá-la na descrição da degradação física do solo. Foram selecionadas quatro áreas: (a) solo sob mata nativa; (b) solo sob pastagem cultivada com Brachiaria humidicola por mais de 20 anos; (c) solo de uma área cultivada com citros por mais de 10 anos, e (d) solo cultivado com culturas anuais por mais de 15 anos. Em cada sistema de uso e manejo, foram coletadas 48 amostras indeformadas de solo no centro da camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. Conjuntos de 16 amostras (quatro amostras por tratamento) foram submetidos aos potencias matriciais (Ψ) de -10 a -15.000 hPa. Nessas amostras, determinaram-se a RP, Ds e θ. A CRS foi ajustada por um modelo não-linear (RP = a Ds b θc), no qual a, b e c são coeficientes de ajuste do modelo. O modelo ajustado explicou acima de 83 % da variabilidade da RP em todos os sistemas de uso e manejo. Em solo compactado, para a manutenção da RP em valores não-impeditivos às plantas (RP < 2,0 MPa), é necessário manter maiores valores de θ. Nos solos cultivados com citros e culturas anuais, verificaram-se valores excessivamente elevados de RP em θ equivalente à capacidade de campo (Ψ = -100 hPa), indicando maior degradação da qualidade física do solo.

Least limiting water range: A potential indicator of changes in near-surface soil physical quality after the conversion of Brazilian Savanna into pasture

The Brazilian savanna, or “Cerrado”, is an ecosystem that originally covered more than 200 Mha in Brazil. It is estimated that about 49.5 Mha in the Cerrado are now covered with cultivated pastures, which are responsible for half of Brazilian beef production. However, soil and pasture degradation represent a threat to this productive system and to the Cerrado ecosystem itself. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR) as an index of near-surface soil physical quality after conversion of Brazilian savanna to continuous and short-duration grazing systems. Three sites were evaluated: native Cerrado (NC), continuous grazing (CG), and short-duration grazing (SG). Thirty soil cores (5 cm height, 5 cm diameter) were collected at each site, and used for soil bulk density, soil water retention curve, and soil penetration resistance curve determinations. The results were used for quantification of LLWR and critical bulk density ( D bc), in which LLWR equals zero. The near-surface soil physical quality, as evaluated by the LLWR, was most restrictive for potential root growth in SG. In CG, potential restriction was moderate; however, the entire soil bulk density range was below the D bc. In NC, potential restriction was minimum. The soil structural degradation process was primarily related to the increase in stocking rates in the grazing systems. The LLWR proved to be a useful indicator of Cerrado soil physical quality, being sensitive to alterations in near-surface physical properties.

Reducing tillage intensity — a review of results from a long-term study in Germany

This paper reviews research performed at the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany into the impact of different tillage systems on soil properties and quality. The impact of intensive soil tillage treatments on several soil properties was described by means of selected data obtained through long-term interdisciplinary research. The experiments were based on comparative application (long-term, up to 18 years investigations) of the respective tillage options on different soils (e.g. Eutric Cambisol, Eutric Fluvisol) ranging in texture from sand to a silt loam. These soils are located at five field sites with different crop rotations in the central German state of Hesse. Tillage intensity of the systems was considered to decrease in the following sequence: Conventional plough tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT). For elucidating the impact of tillage intensity, the tillage extremes CT and NT were compared. Physical conditions of soil as influenced by the application of RT were considered to be intermediate between CT and NT. In general, bulk density in the upper layer of NT soils was increased, resulting in a decrease in the amount of coarse pores, and a lower saturated hydraulic conductivity when compared with the CT and RT soils. Surface cover by crop residues and higher aggregate stability under NT protected soil fertility by avoiding surface sealing and erosion. Lateral losses of herbicides were also reduced under NT conditions, whereas the susceptibility for preferential vertical transport of herbicides needs further evaluation. Accumulation of organic matter and nutrients near the soil surface under NT and RT were favorable consequences of not inverting the soil and by maintaining a mulch layer on the surface. Those improvements were associated with enhanced biological activities in NT and RT topsoils. Increased earthworm activity in NT treatments was associated with a system of continuous macropores which improved water infiltration rates. Earthworms support decomposition and incorporation of straw. Soils which have not been tilled for many years were more resistant to vehicle passage; consequently, the compaction by traffic was lower. Penetration resistance curves indicate that a uniformly stable structure had developed over the years in NT soils. Overall, the results show that RT and NT were beneficial to the investigated soil properties. If crop rotation, machinery, and plant protection are well adapted for the introduction of conservation tillage, these systems may replace conventional ploughing systems in many cases in German agriculture.

Bottom Slab Strength of PC-Barge while Alighting on Sea Bed

The strength of bottom slab of PC-barge under the operation of alighting on the sea bed was studied experimentally and theoretically. Large cone penetration tests were performed on three model slabs. The penetration-resistance curves were obtained. The initial destruction mode was the punching shear, and then the concrete crashed. Before crashing out of the concrete, the punching shear strength of JACE's formula was in good agreement with the resistance. After crashing out of the concrete, the resistance was generated from tensile forces of reinforcements and prestressing strands.The bottom slab strength against the local contact forces of the foundation soils, the side shell strength against the local ice pressure loads, and the strength against the ship collision were discussed. The local contact forces of the foundation soils were too small to cause damage to the bottom slab. However, the local ice pressure loads were very huge, so that it was almost impossible to design the side shell free from damage. The steel-concrete sandwich wall would be the better structural element against the local ice pressure loads than the PC-slab dealt with in this paper. The strength against the ship collision was evaluated with the energy absorption capability. The absorbed energy of the PC models were much more than that of the steel models.