Penetration Attempts Research Articles

Insights into Dyspareunia: From Diagnosis to Multimodal Treatment Approaches

Introduction and Purpose: Dyspareunia is a sexual disorder associated with pain in women. It refers to pain related to sexual intercourse. Pain can occur during penetration attempts, during penetration, during intercourse, and shortly after penetration. Studies conducted in the United States indicate that the problem of pain during intercourse affects as much as 10-20% of women. [1] In Poland, this number is estimated to be around 13%.[1] The aim of this review is to delve into the existing literature on the diagnosis of dyspareunia in women and to raise awareness of its extensive nature, emphasizing an interdisciplinary approach to patient care. A Brief Description of the State of Knowledge: The etiology of dyspareunia is multifactorial and may arise from pathological changes in the vulva and vagina, inflammatory changes, contact irritations, as well as vulvar conditions such as lichen sclerosus and flat. [3] Additionally, hormonal changes, pelvic floor injuries, postpartum gynecological procedures also play a significant role. Psychological factors such as trauma, anxiety, and depression are also important [4]. Conclusions: Dyspareunia is a condition that significantly affects the quality of life of women in various ways, thus necessitating effective therapeutic approaches. Collaboration among diverse specialists such as gynecologists, sexologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, and physiotherapists is crucial. Further research focusing on multimodal strategies is needed to effectively tailor treatments and mitigate the systemic effects of chronic pain.

(227) Vaginismus - Current State of Knowledge

Abstract Introduction Vaginismus is defined as a penetration disorder in which any form of vaginal penetration is often painful or impossible. It has traditionally been referred to as an involuntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles due to actual or anticipated pain associated with vaginal penetration. Vaginismus is predominantly unknown among clinicians and women. Vaginismus causes women to feel pain, fear and anxiety with penetration attempts. It is a poorly understood and underdiagnosed condition, for which many women do not gain support. This is due to the lack of knowledge of the condition, for the shame and embarrassment felt by vaginismus sufferers which means many do not discuss the issue. Objective Vaginismus is commonly experienced medical issue, affecting about 1–7% of the female population worldwide. Female pain is often viewed not as a medical fact, but as a misimpression or misinterpretation of bodily events. Vaginismus is not the only condition that has been placed in context of neglect. Other sexual pain disorders, such as vestibulodynia, vulvodynia and dyspareunia, have also been met with doubt and disbelief. An examination of the disbelief surrounding female reportage of their own bodily events will not only be beneficial in terms of perception of vaginismus, but also for general women’s health. Methods This systematic review will provide an assessment of the current state of vaginismus. The following databases has been searched from the study inception to July 2023: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library), PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web Of Science, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, Polish Medical Bibliography and consultations of Polish specialists and discussion forums of patients have been used. Results Vaginismus influences the quality of life, in the most serious form it can result in unconsumated marriage, sterility and thus can lead to the separation of a couple. When adequately approached, the problem can mostly be solved. Treatment often involves multimodal approaches such as education, medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy and possibly surgery. Conclusions Vaginismus is a common and significant sexual problem that causes distress and frustration for both partners. There are women for whom vaginismus is a serious problem and who are not able to cope with the situation without professional help of specialists. Deepening the specialists knowledge in this field is essential for successful treatment. Vaginismus is a well recognized clinical condition associated with non-consummation and considerable distress in women. It has received little scientific attention, and further well designed studies are needed. Disclosure No.

Enhancing healthcare data security: a two-step authentication scheme with cloud technology and blockchain

In the modern world, medical data leakage has many external and internal threats. Information systems of medical organizations are constantly subject to various types of cyber-attacks and unauthorized penetration attempts, which leads to the publication of patient medical data online. Existing authentication schemes using blockchain technologies in medical organization systems ensure the integrity of medical data and secure access to patient data. However, one of the serious reasons for unauthorized access to the healthcare system is the human factor, which manifests itself in a negligent attitude towards account security, non-compliance with the rules and policies of information security, and transferring to third parties personal login details to the information system of a medical organization. This paper proposes a solution to this problem through an improved two-step authentication scheme using cloud technology and blockchain. The combined use of cloud technologies and blockchain is a distinctive feature of the proposed authentication scheme since it provides two levels of protection: 1) two-step authentication, the second stage of which includes biometrics through a mobile application. It prevents unauthorized access to the system by third parties; 2) cloud encryption keys for decrypting medical data, which are also accessed through the user's biometrics. The practical part of the paper includes the implementation of biometric login in Python using the OpenCV library. As a result of the practical part, unique fingerprint samples were obtained. The biometric user verification algorithm is designed for a mobile application, which we plan to implement in the future

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORK SERVER SECURITY SYSTEM USING HONEYPOT

Network Server security is an important aspect of ensuring the integrity and availability of information systems. This research aims to implement network Server security at Muhammadiyah University of East Kalimantan using Honeypot technology. Honeypots are used to attract the attention of attacks and monitor suspicious activities on the network. The research method used is NDLC (Network Development Life Cycle), which includes the design and implementation of Honeypots, as well as the collection and analysis of detected attack data. The research results show that by using three attack techniques, namely Slowloris attack with a Honeypot processing time of 2 seconds and Snort processing time of 180 seconds, GoldenEye attack with a Honeypot processing time of 2 seconds and Snort processing time of 180 seconds, and LOIC tools with a Snort processing time of 180 seconds. Honeypots cannot identify DDoS attacks because they focus more on attacks such as penetration attempts or other suspicious activities.

Network based Intrusion Detection System using the SPSS Method

An invasion detection system (NIDS) that makes use of networks can spot malicious activities on a network. For NIDS to inspect each and every packet of communication, including unicast traffic, invalid network access is often required. Along with being small structures that don't block traffic, NIDS are able to keep an eye on usernames and passwords, check for any signs of odd activity in the file integrity logs, port logs, mysql database file storage, etc. and alert the part of implementing as necessary. Since NIDS keeps an eye on live data, it can spot problems as they happen. On the other hand, HIDS uses historical data to identify skilled hackers who employ cutting-edge methods that are difficult to detect in real-time. A monitoring system called an intrusion notification system (IDS) looks for abnormal activity and sends out alarms when it does. A Counter Terrorism Center (SOC) analyst senior incident handler can look into the issue and take the necessary steps to resolve the threat based on these notifications. Every incoming packets are read by an NIDS, which scans them for any anomalous activity. Depending on the gravity of the danger, steps can be taken, such as alerting system administrators or preventing the initial IP address from connecting to the network. In the past decades, due to developments Increased use of networking techniques and internet, digital. Contacts entered into everything that happens on the world market. The hacker penetration attempts are taking place in parallel with these advances. Networks are expanding as well. Without permission, they attempted to modify some network data or increase network traffic in order to launch a denial-of-service attack. Intrusion prevention systems (IDS) are also favoured, especially for detecting malicious within a network system, even though a firewall may appear like an useful solution to avoid this type of attack. Machine learning algorithms have helped IDS become more successful in recent years, depending on the consequences of the training/learning process. Knowing what is important is very difficult and the learning algorithm is fast according to the problem Type. The complexity of the task, the size of the data sets, the number of nodes, the network design, the intended error rate, etc. all affect the choice of algorithm. Examine several network training functions in artificial neural networks with numerous layers created to provide effective intrusion detection systems. test outcomes The study provides evidence of the usefulness of the approach. Considering their speed and true-positive detection rates Death Penalty. SPSS statistics is multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation data management, advanced analytics, developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Network Security, Intrusion Detection System, Neural Networks and Training Functions. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Emotional Intelligence the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis.

Blocked at the Stomatal Gate, a Key Step of Wheat Stb16q-Mediated Resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici.

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is among the most threatening wheat diseases in Europe. Genetic resistance remains one of the main environmentally sustainable strategies to efficiently control STB. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying resistance are still unknown, limiting the implementation of knowledge-driven management strategies. Among the 22 known major resistance genes (Stb), the recently cloned Stb16q gene encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase conferring a full broad-spectrum resistance against Z. tritici. Here, we showed that an avirulent Z. tritici inoculated on Stb16q quasi near isogenic lines (NILs) either by infiltration into leaf tissues or by brush inoculation of wounded tissues partially bypasses Stb16q-mediated resistance. To understand this bypass, we monitored the infection of GFP-labeled avirulent and virulent isolates on Stb16q NILs, from germination to pycnidia formation. This quantitative cytological analysis revealed that 95% of the penetration attempts were unsuccessful in the Stb16q incompatible interaction, while almost all succeeded in compatible interactions. Infectious hyphae resulting from the few successful penetration events in the Stb16q incompatible interaction were arrested in the sub-stomatal cavity of the primary-infected stomata. These results indicate that Stb16q-mediated resistance mainly blocks the avirulent isolate during its stomatal penetration into wheat tissue. Analyses of stomatal aperture of the Stb16q NILs during infection revealed that Stb16q triggers a temporary stomatal closure in response to an avirulent isolate. Finally, we showed that infiltrating avirulent isolates into leaves of the Stb6 and Stb9 NILs also partially bypasses resistances, suggesting that arrest during stomatal penetration might be a common major mechanism for Stb-mediated resistances.

Vaginismus: An overview

ABSTRACT Introduction Vaginismus is defined as a penetration disorder in which any form of vaginal penetration is often painful or impossible. It has traditionally been referred to as an involuntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles due to actual or anticipated pain associated with vaginal penetration. Vaginismus is predominantly unknown among clinicians and women. Vaginismus causes women to feel pain, fear and anxiety with penetration attempts. It is a poorly understood and underdiagnosed condition, for which many women do not gain support. This is due to the lack of knowledge of the condition, for the shame and embarrassment felt by vaginismus sufferers which means many do not discuss the issue. Objective Vaginismus is commonly experienced medical issue, affecting about 1-7% of the female population worldwide. Female pain is often viewed not as a medical fact, but as a misimpression or misinterpretation of bodily events. Vaginismus is not the only condition that has been placed in context of neglect. Other sexual pain disorders, such as vestibulodynia, vulvodynia and dyspareunia, have also been met with doubt and disbelief. An examination of the disbelief surrounding female reportage of their own bodily events will not only be beneficial in terms of perception of vaginismus, but also for general women's health. Methods This systematic review will provide an assessment of the current state of vaginismus. The following databases has been searched from the study inception to July 2021: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library), PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web Of Science, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, Polish Medical Bibliography and consultations of Polish specialists and discussion forums of patients have been used. Results Vaginismus influences the quality of life, in the most serious form it can result in unconsumated marriage, sterility and thus can lead to the separation of a couple. When adequately approached, the problem can mostly be solved. Conclusions Vaginismus is a common and significant sexual problem that causes distress and frustration for both partners. There are women for whom vaginismus is a serious problem and who are not able to cope with the situation without professional help of specialists. Deepening the specialists knowledge in this field is essential for successful treatment. Vaginismus is a well recognized clinical condition associated with non-consummation and considerable distress in women. It has received little scientific attention, and further well designed studies are needed. Disclosure Work supported by industry: no.

Defence responses triggered by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei in non‐host wheat genotypes results in a decrease in Puccinia triticina infection

AbstractNon‐host resistance is the resistance of plants against all so‐called non‐adapted pathogens, and is considered the most durable and efficient immune system of plants. We investigated barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, Bgh)‐triggered defence responses in seven wheat genotypes, and the induction of resistance by this non‐host pathogen to challenge infection with leaf rust, Puccinia triticina Eriks (formerly known as Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici). Bright‐field and ultraviolet microscopy revealed that although the germination of conidia on non‐host wheat leaves was generally lower than on host barley leaves, the 100% germination on Mv Mambó and only 50% germination on Mv 1 wheat genotypes are the two extremes. If we consider only the germinated conidia, papilla formation was the most frequently observed interaction on Mv 2 (90%) and Mv 4 (88%) genotypes. Epidermal cell death was pronounced on Mv Mambó (31%), but rare on Mv 2 (10%) and Mv 4 (11%), and a mesophyll hypersensitive response could even be detected. At sites of penetration attempts accumulation of H2O2 was shown by 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine staining. Ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase and catalase enzyme activities were augmented by 24.5%, 40.4%, and 21.5%, respectively, in wheat leaves 2 days after Bgh infection. Primary inoculation with Bgh, although with high variability, reduced the number of pustules in all wheat genotypes at first and third leaf stages upon inoculation with leaf rust races 12 and 61 by 10%–70% depending on the genotype, leaf stage and rust race.

Investigation of the Quasi-Static Penetration Resistance Behaviour of Carbon/Aramid Fibre-Reinforced PP Laminate.

This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static attempt at the penetration of hybrid and non-hybrid laminates reinforced with aramid and carbon fibres on a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix. The hybrid laminates were prepared in two fibre combinations: carbon–aramid–carbon (CAC), in which the carbon fibres comprised the outer (lining) layers, and aramid–carbon–aramid (ACA) with carbon fibres in their intermediate layers. A quasistatic penetration attempt was performed for two coefficients: SPR—support span to punch diameter ratio, (SPR = 2 and 5). The SPR = Ds/Dp was calculated as the ratio of the support (Ds) to the punch diameter (Dp). A punch with a rounded 9-mm diameter tip was used to penetrate the material. Percentage changes of penetration energy (%E) and of maximum load (%P) compared to a non-hybrid laminate with carbon fibres were calculated in order to estimate the impact of hybridisation on the properties of laminates. The maximum load recorded during a quasi-static penetration test was used to calculate the PSS (punch shear strength) of the laminates. The damage was observed after the penetration test. It was observed that both the order of layers of laminate reinforcement as well as the SPR coefficient used in the test influenced the obtained results and the laminate damage mechanism.

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The article discusses topical issues of the formation of linguo-cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions. We believe that linguo-culturological competence is of great importance for pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical workers, which ensures the effectiveness of their fulfillment of basic professional tasks. Since linguo-cultural competence is an integrative multidimensional innovation that does not arise spontaneously, a purposeful formation is needed, which should begin in higher educational institutions, where future specialists of educational institutions are trained. The National Doctrine of Education Development of Ukraine in the XXI century stated that the main aim of the Ukrainian education system is to create conditions for the development and self-realization of each individual, to ensure high quality education for graduates of high pedagogical institutions. The conceptual model of high education in Ukraine has actualized the tasks of training a new exemplar professional � an active person with critical thinking and a creative approach to solving problems, ready for self-education and self-development, for effective interaction with the environment. In our opinion, the linguistic and cultural competence of higher education students should be represented by linguistic and cultural components. The purpose of our research is to examine linguocultural competence and its role in the professional development of future specialists in educational institutions. The methodology is based on the general principles of philosophy, basic modern provisions of pedagogical science, psychology and reflects the relationship of methodological approaches to the study of the process of organizing the educational process. Methods of linguocultural competence: a diachronic method based on a comparative analysis of various linguocultural units in time; synchronous method, compares simultaneously existing linguocultural units; structural and functional method, which involves the distribution of a cultural object into parts and the identification of connections between parts; a historical and genetic method focused on the study of a linguoculturological fact from the point of view of its occurrence, the development of further destiny; a typological method designed to identify the typological proximity of various linguoculturological units of the historical and cultural process; the comparative-historical method is based on the comparison of original linguoculturological units in time and insight into their essence. These methods enter into mutually complementary relationships, special conjugation with various cognitive principles, methods of analysis, allows cultural linguistics to explore its complex object - the interaction of language and culture. Scientific novelty. By the linguistic and cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions we mean the quality of language personality, expressed by linguistic and cultural knowledge, special skills and personal qualities, which promotes integration into world culture and participation in intercultural communication, avoiding interlingual and intercultural conflicts. It is impossible to learn culture without knowing of the relevant language, which is not only a material component of culture, thanks to which communicative tasks are solved, but also a penetration attempt to the people�s mode of thinking, an attempt to look at the world through the culture. Thus, we determine the content and structure of linguistic and cultural competence according to the nature and essence of cultural linguistics, which is the theoretical basis of our research. A special subject frame in the structure of linguistic and cultural competence is considered by the components of the structure of linguistic and cultural competence of future specialists of educational institutions, which should be supplemented by professional and pedagogical training that will provide quality implementation of professional competence. In summary, linguistic and cultural competence as an integrative quality of future specialists� personality of educational institutions should be formed through a system of didactic material, using cultural and educational potentials of Ukrainian, with obligatory coverage of its close connection with history, spiritual culture, mentality of the people, knowledge its history and place among other languages of the world. This competence involves the development of the following abilities in the personality: a) the ability to perceive language as a cultural phenomenon, as a cultural and historical environment that turns into the history, culture, people�s customs; b) the ability to acquire the culture of communication, or language culture; runs of linguistic, communicative and culturological competence; c) the ability to sense language in its aesthetic function � as a means of creating the art of speech.

Predictive Analysis of Ransomware Attacks using Context-aware AI in IoT Systems

Ransomware attacks are emerging as a major source of malware intrusion in recent times. While so far ransomware has affected general-purpose adequately resourceful computing systems, there is a visible shift towards low-cost Internet of Things systems which tend to manage critical endpoints in industrial systems. Many ransomware prediction techniques are proposed but there is a need for more suitable ransomware prediction techniques for constrained heterogeneous IoT systems. Using attack context information profiles reduces the use of resources required by resource-constrained IoT systems. This paper presents a context-aware ransomware prediction technique that uses context ontology for extracting information features (connection requests, software updates, etc.) and Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning algorithms for predicting ransomware. The proposed techniques focus and rely on early prediction and detection of ransomware penetration attempts to resource-constrained IoT systems. There is an increase of 60 % of reduction in time taken when using context-aware dataset over the non-context aware data.

Pm67, a new powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Dasypyrum villosum chromosome 1V to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a global disease that poses a serious threat to wheat production. To explore additional resistance gene, a wheat-Dasypyrum villosum 1V#5 (1D) disomic substitution line NAU1813 (2n = 42) with high level of seedling resistance to powdery mildew was used to generate the recombination between chromosomes 1V#5 and 1D. Four introgression lines, including t1VS#5 ditelosomic addition line NAU1815, t1VL#5 ditelosomic addition line NAU1816, homozygous T1DL·1VS#5 translocation line NAU1817, and homozygous T1DS·1VL#5 translocation line NAU1818 were developed from the selfing progenies of 1V#5 and 1D double monosomic line that derived from F1 hybrids of NAU1813/NAU0686. All of them were characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization, genomic in situ hybridization, 1V-specific markers analysis, and powdery mildew tests at different developmental stages. A new powdery mildew resistance gene named Pm67 was physically located in the terminal bin (FL 0.70–1.00) of 1VS#5. Lines with Pm67 exhibited seedling stage immunity and tissue-differentiated reactions at adult plant stage. The sheaths, stems, and spikes of the Pm67 line were still immune, but the leaves showed a low degree of susceptibility. Microscopic observation showed that most penetration attempts were stopped in association with papillae on the sheath, and colonies cannot form conidia on the susceptible leaf of Pm67 line at adult plant stage, suggesting that the defence layers of the Pm67 line is tissue-differentiated. Thus, the T1DL·1VS#5 translocation line NAU1817 provides a new germplasm in wheat breeding for improvement of powdery mildew resistance.

Engineering microscale systems for fully autonomous intracellular neural interfaces

Conventional electrodes and associated positioning systems for intracellular recording from single neurons in vitro and in vivo are large and bulky, which has largely limited their scalability. Further, acquiring successful intracellular recordings is very tedious, requiring a high degree of skill not readily achieved in a typical laboratory. We report here a robotic, MEMS-based intracellular recording system to overcome the above limitations associated with form factor, scalability, and highly skilled and tedious manual operations required for intracellular recordings. This system combines three distinct technologies: (1) novel microscale, glass–polysilicon penetrating electrode for intracellular recording; (2) electrothermal microactuators for precise microscale movement of each electrode; and (3) closed-loop control algorithm for autonomous positioning of electrode inside single neurons. Here we demonstrate the novel, fully integrated system of glass–polysilicon microelectrode, microscale actuators, and controller for autonomous intracellular recordings from single neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica (n = 5 cells). Consistent resting potentials (<−35 mV) and action potentials (>60 mV) were recorded after each successful penetration attempt with the controller and microactuated glass–polysilicon microelectrodes. The success rate of penetration and quality of intracellular recordings achieved using electrothermal microactuators were comparable to that of conventional positioning systems. Preliminary data from in vivo experiments in anesthetized rats show successful intracellular recordings. The MEMS-based system offers significant advantages: (1) reduction in overall size for potential use in behaving animals, (2) scalable approach to potentially realize multi-channel recordings, and (3) a viable method to fully automate measurement of intracellular recordings. This system will be evaluated in vivo in future rodent studies.

Non-host resistance of arabidopsis and apple is associated with callose accumulation and changes in preinfective structures of Colletotrichum species

Non-host resistance (NHR) describes the immunity state of plant species against non-adapted pathogen species and has been considered the most durable and effective form of plant resistance in nature. The objective of this work was to study the non-host resistance mechanisms involved in Arabidopsis thaliana and Malus domestica against Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum higginsianum, respectively. For this, the development of preinfective structures of Colletotrichum species, hypersensitivity responses and callose accumulation were monitored in host and non-host plants. Conidial germination and appressorial formation of Colletotrichum were affected on non-host leaf surfaces. Conidial germination and appressorial melanization of both Colletotrichum species occurred in a faster manner on arabidopsis than on apple leaves. On apple leaves, appressoria of C. higginsianum became more pedicelate, while on its host (arabidopsis) they were typically sessile. Hypersensitive response (HR) and appressorium-associated HR occurred at low frequency in epidermal cells of both plants, and no relationship could be established with NHR. Callose accumulation was significantly higher in inoculated non-host plants, mainly at attempted entry sites of Colletotrichum. Our results demonstrate that the mechanisms of NHR involved in this heterologous interaction were associated to pre-invasive events as demonstrated by the changes in development of preinfective structures and the accumulation of papillary callose at sites of penetration attempts.

MLO Differentially Regulates Barley Root Colonization by Beneficial Endophytic and Mycorrhizal Fungi.

Loss-of-function alleles of MLO (Mildew Resistance Locus O) confer broad-spectrum resistance to foliar infections by powdery mildew pathogens. Like pathogens, microbes that establish mutually beneficial relationships with their plant hosts, trigger the induction of some defense responses. Initially, barley colonization by the root endophyte Serendipita indica (syn. Piriformospora indica) is associated with enhanced defense gene expression and the formation of papillae at sites of hyphal penetration attempts. This phenotype is reminiscent of mlo-conditioned immunity in barley leaf tissue and raises the question whether MLO plays a regulatory role in the establishment of beneficial interactions. Here we show that S. indica colonization was significantly reduced in plants carrying mlo mutations compared to wild type controls. The reduction in fungal biomass was associated with the enhanced formation of papillae. Moreover, epidermal cells of S. indica-treated mlo plants displayed an early accumulation of iron in the epidermal layer suggesting increased basal defense activation in the barley mutant background. Correspondingly, the induction of host cell death during later colonization stages was impaired in mlo colonized plants, highlighting the importance of the early biotrophic growth phase for S. indica root colonization. In contrast, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae displayed a similar colonization morphology on mutant and wild type plants. However, the frequency of mycorrhization and number of arbuscules was higher in mlo-5 mutants. These findings suggest that MLO differentially regulates root colonization by endophytic and AM fungi.

Anti-Honeypot Enabled Optimal Attack Strategy for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Honeypots have been widely used in the security community to understand the cyber threat landscape, for example to study unauthorized penetration attempts targeting industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPS) and observing the behaviors in such activities. However, some better-resourced cyber attackers may attempt to identify honeypots and develop strategies to compromise them, aka anti-honeypot. In this paper, we present an anti-honeypot enabled optimal attack strategy for ICPS, by employing a novel game-theoretical approach. Specifically, the interactions between the attacker and ICPS defender are captured with a proposed hybrid signaling and repeated game, i.e., a non-cooperative two-player one-shot game with incomplete information. By taking into account both various possible defenses of an ICPS and diverse offensive acts of attackers, a Nash equilibrium is derived, which exhibits an optimal attack strategy for attackers with varying technical sophistication. Extensive simulation experiments on multiple test cases demonstrate that, the derived strategy offers the attackers an optimal tactic to compromise the target ICPS protected by honeypots, while having only incomplete knowledge of the defensive mechanisms.

Associative Receptive Sensor Network Routing Protocol for VANETs

The Vehicular Ad hoc Networks are a different type of ad hoc network, which contain communicating entities that are in motion with different velocity along with lacking in infrastructure. Hence, this work needs the establishment of more consistent end-to-end communicating pathways and efficiently transferring data. We have presented a new security-aware routing algorithm called Deep learning-based prediction. The presented scheme is more efficient and reliable against different kinds of attacks such as black hole and malicious node penetration attempts to the entire network. It basically depends upon route link error recover and shortest path by using Dijkstra’s algorithm. The aim of this scheme is to identify malicious data and black hole nodes. The simulation results of eDC-NC are compared with already existing techniques called COPE in terms of Energy consumption (EC), throughput and network lifetime (NLT). This helps to achieve better performance and filter unwanted data by applying deep learning filtering technique.

Multi-robot adversarial patrolling: Handling sequential attacks

Robot teams are commonly used for security tasks, where they are required to repeatedly monitor an area in order to prevent penetrations, initiated by an adversary. Current research in this field focuses mainly on detecting penetration attempts, but not on responding. Requiring the robots to also inspect and handle the penetrations has a significant impact on the patrol, as each penetration attempt also influences the robots' behavior, making them vulnerable to multiple attacks. Moreover, a knowledgeable adversary can initiate two sequential attacks, where the second attempt exploits the vulnerable points caused by the requirement that a robot handle the first penetration attempt. In this work, we consider the problem of sequential attacks and examine different robot policies against such adversarial behavior. We provide an optimal patrol strategy for various penetration attempt patterns. Our novel approach considers a full history-length policy, while previous work only handled very limited lengths of history. The use of a longer history improves the results. Moreover, we show how to significantly reduce, in practice, the exponential space state of the problem, while maintaining the optimality of the solution.

VANSec: Attack-Resistant VANET Security Algorithm in Terms of Trust Computation Error and Normalized Routing Overhead

VANET is an application and subclass of MANETs, a quickly maturing, promising, and emerging technology these days. VANETs establish communication among vehicles (V2V) and roadside infrastructure (V2I). As vehicles move with high speed, hence environment and topology change with time. There is no optimum routing protocol which ensures full-pledge on-time delivery of data to destination nodes, and an absolutely optimum scheme design for flawless packet exchange is still a challenging task. In VANETs, accurate and on-time delivery of fundamental safety alert messages (FSAMs) is highly important to withstand against maliciously inserted security threats affectively. In this paper, we have presented a new security-aware routing technique called VANSec. The presented scheme is more immune and resistive against different kinds of attacks and thwarts malicious node penetration attempts to the entire network. It is basically based on trust management approach. The aim of the scheme is to identify malicious data and false nodes. The simulation results of VANSec are compared with already existing techniques called trust and LT in terms of trust computation error (TCE), end-to-end delay (EED), average link duration (ALD), and normalized routing overhead (NRO). In terms of TCE, VANSec is 11.6% and 7.3% efficient than LT and trust, respectively, while from EED comparison we found VANSec to be 57.6% more efficient than trust and 5.2% more efficient than LT. Similarly, in terms of ALD, VANSec provides 29.7% and 7.8% more stable link duration than trust and LT do, respectively, and in terms of NRO, VANSec protocol has 27.5% and 14% lesser load than that of trust and LT, respectively.

Resistance of apple leaves to infection by Colletotrichum fructicola acts independently of hypersensitive reaction and PR-1 and PR-10 gene expression

Colletotrichum fructicola is currently one of the most important fungal pathogens affecting apple production in the subtropics. This work was aimed at studying the resistance mechanisms of apple leaves during early stages of pathogen infection. Seedlings from ‘Fuji’ × ‘Gala’ crosses, resulting in resistant and susceptible plants (1:1) were used in an assay model. Disease severity reached 19% on susceptible plants at 7 days after inoculation with C. fructicola. Enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were similar between resistant and susceptible leaves, whereas glutathione reductase activity was enhanced in inoculated resistant plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leaf content showed a decrease only in inoculated resistant leaves at 12 h after inoculation (hai). H2O2 accumulation associated with the hypersensitive reaction (HR) was observed at a low frequency (ca. one reaction in 3000 penetration attempts) in resistant leaves. Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) gene expression was not affected by inoculation with C. fructicola up to 48 hai. Whereas PR-10 gene expression was significantly increased in leaves of both genotypes at 24 and 48 hai. Results suggest that the monogenic recessive resistance of apple to GLS acts independently of HR and both PR-1 and PR-10 genes expression.