Pendimethalin Concentration Research Articles

Impact of Pendimethalin on Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia fetida

Earthworms play a crucial role in soil quality and agricultural practices, and their populations can be influenced by various factors, including the presence of pesticides like pendimethalin used in soybean crop. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of pendimethalin on Eisenia fetida, a common naturalized exotic earthworm species found in Kota, India. Five sets of 10 worms were exposed to different concentrations of pendimethalin (ranging from 0.474 to 47.4 mg/kg dry weight), with one set of control soil. After four weeks, the growth rate and reproduction of Eisenia fetida were significantly reduced by pendimethalin exposure, highlighting the potential negative impact of this herbicide on soil ecosystems.

Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in Agricultural Soils in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia)

Pesticides in soils raise concerns about the biodiversity, food safety, and contamination of watercourses, contributing to unsustainable land management practices. Monitoring the residue levels in agricultural soils is essential, as this offers valuable insights into the current extent of soil contamination and potential environmental risks attributed to their application. This study aimed to address the occurrence of the currently used herbicides in soil under intensive crop production, comparing the results of monitoring at two depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) in 2013 and 2023. The research concerned the main agricultural area in Vojvodina Province (Serbia) and evaluated the presence of 41 herbicides in 128 localities. Pesticides were found in all samples, finding even more than six different herbicides per sample. The significant concentrations of s-metolachlor, etofumesate, clomazone, diflufenican, pendimethalin, and terbuthylazine found can be attributed to application practices, as they are typically applied pre-emergence, either through direct soil treatment with or without incorporation. Moreover, the correlation between different depths, herbicide residues, and soil properties was not significant. The decrease in the herbicide residues found in 2023 compared to the residues found in 2013 can be attributed to the implementation of good agricultural practices, which promote sustainable agricultural strategies through controlled pesticide application.

IN VITRO DIPLOIDIZATION OF HAPLOID PLANTLET FROM ANTHER CULTURE OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) USING PENDIMETHALIN

The availability of anther culture methods for producing pure lines in a doubled-haploid (DH) plant form makes it possible to accelerate the development of hybrid varieties in eggplant. Previous studies have developed an efficient eggplant anther culture method. However, the formation of spontaneous DH plants through this method is relatively low, ranging from 25%–30%. Recently several studies reported that pendimethalin effectively duplicates the chromosome numbers of several plant species in vitro. This study aimed to determine the pendimethalin effect on the diploidization of eggplant haploid plantlets from anther culture. The study compared three concentrations of antimitotic pendimethalin: 100 μM, 300 μM, and 1000 μM in three incubation durations: two, four, and six days. The results showed the treatment with a pendimethalin concentration of 300 μM incubated for two days gave the highest level of plantlet diploidization at 75.0%. In vitro, chromosomal duplication treatment using pendimethalin with different concentrations and duration of incubation time affected the plantlet survival and growth of eggplant haploid plantlets. The increase in pendimethalin concentration and incubation duration inhibited the physiology and growth of plantlets and affected alteration in the ploidy level of eggplant haploid plantlets.

Assessment of the ameliorative effect of curcumin on pendimethalin-induced genetic and biochemical toxicity

The present study aimed to assess the toxic effects of pendimethalin herbicide and protective role of curcumin using the Allium test on cytological, biochemical and physiological parameters. The effective concentration (EC50) of pendimethalin was determined at 12 mg/L by the root growth inhibition test as the concentration reducing the root length by 50%. The roots of Allium cepa L. was treated with tap water (group I), 5 mg/L curcumin (group II), 10 mg/L curcumin (group III), 12 mg/L pendimethalin (group IV), 12 mg/L pendimethalin + 5 mg/L curcumin (group V) and 12 mg/L pendimethalin + 10 mg/L curcumin (group VI). The cytological (mitotic index, chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage), physiological (rooting percentage, root length, growth rate and weight gain) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase level, catalase level and glutathione reductase level) indicators were determined after 96 h of treatment. The results revealed that pendimethalin treatment reduced rooting percentage, root length, growth rate and weight gain whereas induced chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage in roots of A. cepa L. Further, pendimethalin exposure elevated malondialdehyde level followed by antioxidant enzymes. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were up-regulated and glutathione reductase was down-regulated. The molecular docking supported the antioxidant enzymes activities result. However, a dose-dependent reduction of pendimethalin toxicity was observed when curcumin was supplied with pendimethalin. The maximum recovery of cytological, physiological and oxidative stress parameters was recorded at 10 mg/L concentration of curcumin. The correlation studies also revealed positive relation of curcumin with rooting percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic activity and glutathione reductase enzyme level while an inverse correlation was observed with chromosomal abnormalities, DNA damage, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation indicating its protective effect.

English

Herbicides are chemicals that are widely and unconsciously used to control unwanted weeds. Herbicides do not only damage the target animals, but they also damage the off-target soil fauna. In our study, it was aimed to determine the mutational genotoxic consequences of commonly used Oxadiazon (OD) and Pendimethalin (PM) herbicides in agriculture fields on Eisenia hortensis (E. hortensis) species by using Comet and Micronucleus tests. Consequently, the LD50values for OD and PM herbicides were estimated at0.25 ppm and 0.24 ppm, respectively. Concentration series of OD and PM herbicides, ½ LD50, LD50, and 2 × LD50 were applied to E. hortensis for 48 h. As a negative control group, distilled water was used for both herbicides. An increase inthe concentration of damaged DNA and chromosomal aberration of E. hortensis coelomocytes was observed by both herbicides. Highest DNA damage (32.33 ± 2.51; 15.33 ± 1.15) was observed by the highest concentrations of OD (0.51 ppm) and PM (0.48 ppm), respectively. The negative control group had shown the least genotoxic effects. There was statistically significant (p <0.05) difference among different concentration values of OD and PM herbicides.

Efekat primene herbicida "Stomp" na zastupljenost mikroorganizama u zemljištu

Agricultural production has benefited a lot from herbicides; however, the use of herbicides caused many environmental problems. Herbicide application can affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem by killing non-target organisms. Microorganisms in the soil are important factors for plant growth; they represent the biological factor of soil fertility. Herbicides can have a beneficial effect on the development of some microorganisms and a negative on others, leading to depletion of microbial diversity in soil. The objective of this work is to determine microbial activity in the soil and to isolate herbicide-resistant bacteria after the use of the "Stomp" herbicide. Agar plate method was used for the determination of microbial prevalence in the soil. The results showed an increase in the total number of bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nine isolates, mostly Gram-positive spore-forming rods, showed an ability to grow in the mineral salt medium with different concentrations of "Stomp" herbicide. Isolates G1/1 and G1/2, showed high level of tolerance at the initial pendimethalin concentration of 25 mg/l. Those isolates have the potential to be used to decontaminate herbicide affected ecosystems.

Degradation studies of pendimethalin by indigenous soil bacterium Pseudomonas strain PD1 using spectrophotometric scanning and FTIR.

In this study pendimethalin degrading indigenous soil bacterium was isolated from rice field (supplemented with pendimethalin) and identified as, Pseudomonas strain PD1 on the basis of 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Biodegradation of pendimethalin by this strain was evaluated by spectrophotometric scanning and FTIR analysis of degraded compounds in minimal salt media. Decrease in concentration of pendimethalin at λmax (430nm) under spectrophotometric scanning is a measurement of time taken by bacterium strain PD1 to degrade pendimethalin. Degraded products were further analyzed by comparing stretching and bending pattern of chemical groups attached to compounds using FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR profile represented disappearance of nitrate group in degraded product by bacterium strain PD1 in minimal salt medium. Molecular docking of pendimethalin on nitro-reductase was done to suggest first enzyme of pathway used by bacterium strain PD1 to degrade pendimethalin. Analysis on degradation by strain PD1 shows that newly isolated strain PD1 can degrade 77.05% of pendimethalin at 50mgL-1 concentration in 30h incubation under room temperature. Thus, the study here shed a light on degradation potential of Pseudomonas.

Efficacy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as Remediators of the Aquatic Environment from Pendimethalin Residues

Pesticides are useful in increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural products. However, over-application or misuse would accumulate their residues in the environments, which might pose threats to non-target organisms and humans. Therefore, this study investigated the sorption of herbicide, pendimethalin (PD) onto titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) surfaces in aqueous solutions. Several experiments were conducted to study the contact time of the nanoparticles with different concentrations of PD under laboratory conditions. The experiments were done at 25 ºC and pH values 7.0. Sorption results were then fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Quantities of 0.5 to 2.5 µg/ml of TiO2 NPs and 50.0 µg/ml of SWCNTs exhibited 100.0% and 99.8% removal of PD, respectively. Small amounts of PD (0.5-2.5 µg/ml) were completely removed (100%) by TiO2NPs and SWCNTs particles. Isotherms displayed adsorption capacities of 1.850 and 2.304 µg/g for TiO2NPs and SWCNTs, respectively, which highlight the elevated potential of cleaning the environment from pendimethalin residues.

Effects of Salicylic Acid on Fatty Acid Gene Expression in Carthamus tinctorious L. cv. Dinçer under Pendimethalin Stress

Pendimethalin is a member of the dinitroaniline class herbicide. It used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds. Salicylic acid acts as an endogenous signal molecule in charge of inducing environmental stress tolerance in plants. Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme for α-linolenic acid biosynthesis. Here, we searched to understand the beneficial impacts of salicylic acid on fatty acid desaturase gene (FAD3 and FAD7) expression during pendimethalin stress in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious cv. “Dinçer). In this study, 0.004 and 0.01 M pendimethalin was applied to safflower plants grown under controlled climatic conditions in 36 pots. 0.05 mM salicylic acid was applied to the samples where pendimethalin was applied. After application, gene expression analyze were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The floor change between the test and control groups was calculated with the formula 2 ^ (delta delta CT). The change between gene expression levels was evaluated by t test (p <0.05). FAD3 and FAD7 expression levels decreased at low pendimethalin concentration. A down-regulation in FAD3 expression was observed in high pendimethalin stress, while an up-regulation in FAD7 expression was detected. Salicylic acid had a ameliorative effect on the negative effect of pendimethalin stress on FAD3 and FAD7 gene expression.

Biodegradation of atrazine, glyphosate and pendimetaline employing fungal consortia

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioremediation of soils artificially contaminated with atrazine, glyphosate and pendimethalin by fungal consortia in biodegradation processes in microcosms. Biodegradation was evaluated from microbial respiration over a period of 15 days and genotoxicity analysis in Allium cepa roots exposed to elutriate samples at zero and 50 μg mL-1 concentrations of the herbicides after the biodegradation process. The results were submitted to analysis of variance, the Tukey test and the Fischer test (p<0.05%) for comparison of means. The Aspergillus fumigatus - Penicillium citrinum consortium had a larger capacity to degrade atrazine but metabolism was inhibited in the presence of glyphosate and pendimethalin. There was a delay in the mitotic index in the meristematic cells of the Allium cepa roots exposed to the elutriates in the 50 μg mL-1 atrazine and pendimethalin concentration. There was a cellular alteration in the metaphase phase of the cells exposed to the elutriates at the 50 μg mL-1 concentration of the three herbicides. The changes occurred were low, indicating that there was degradation of part of the herbicides.

The potential benefits of dietary β‐glucan against growth retardation, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and expression of related genes and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge in Oreochromis niloticus induced by herbicide pendimethalin

The present analysis aimed to assess the immunomodulation effects of β-glucan (βG) against the sub-lethal concentrations of herbicide pendimethalin (PMN). 360 Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were randomly classed into four groups. The control one (CON) was fed on basal diet. βG group was fed on the basal diet accompanied with 0.5 βG g/kg−1. The PMN group was endangered to PMN at a dosage of 0.52 mg/L. βG/PMN group was supplemented with combination of βG and exposed to PMN as beforehand stated for eight weeks. Stunting of the growth parameters followed PMN was improved by βG. PMN revealed a significant decline in total number of leucocytes. Furthermore, reduced in immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), likewise, increased in malondialdehyde (MDA), cortisol, hepatic and renal markers by exposure to PMN. Also, PMN revealed up-regulation of mRNA levels of IgM in the spleen. Conversely, the expression of CAT, SOD and il8 was down-regulated. PMN increased the sensibility to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, manifested by a significantly increased of cumulative mortality post challenge. The mortalities have been stopped at the 7, 8, 11 and 12th days in, βG, CON, βG/PMN and PMN respectively. Our results accomplish that PMN influences immune responses and antioxidant balance by the adverse transcriptional impact on genes concerned in immunity and also inflammatory indicators on immune organs. In addition, supplementation with βG could be beneficial for alleviates of the immunity in response to PMN exposure.

Impacts of herbicide pendimethalin on sex steroid level, plasma vitellogenin concentration and aromatase activity in teleost Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)

Pendimethalin (PM) is a selective herbicide, widely present in aquatic environment. It causes detrimental effects in fishes, but little is known regarding its reproductive toxicity. The present study was carried out in Clarias batrachus exposed to sub lethal concentrations of PM for 30, 45 and 60 days. Male fish showed a significant increase in plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) however plasma E2 in females was not affected. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly decreased in both sexes. In male plasma vitellogenin (VTG) and gonadal aromatase activity was increased irrespective of herbicide concentration and exposure duration. In females concentration and time dependent reduction in plasma VTG but no significant change in the gonadal aromatase activity were observed. Results indicated that PM act as endocrine disruptor but act differentially in male and female fishes and plasma E2, T and VTG levels and aromatase activity can be considered as reliable biomarkers for PM toxicity in fishes.

Effect of irrigation and adjuvant on residual activity of pendimethalin and metazachlor in kohlrabi and soil

Metazachlor and pendimethalin are the most used herbicides in kohlrabi. The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the residual activity of herbicides pendimethalin and metazachlor in kohlrabi and soil under different irrigation regimes and to evaluate the effect of soil adjuvants on the residual activity of tested herbicides. Pendimethalin dissipation half-life (17.3–38.3 days) was higher than metazachlor dissipation half-life (12.1–16.8 days). The pendimethalin half-life was not affected by an adjuvant, irrigation, and an experimental year. Pendimethalin mobility in the soil was affected more by natural precipitation than by irrigation. The use of adjuvant did not affect pendimethalin leaching in dry weather conditions. In wetter natural conditions, a higher pendimetha-lin leaching was found at early-irrigated plots treated by an adjuvant (9.39% of the applied dose was detected in the soil layer 5–10 cm). Metazachlor dissipation half-life was not affected both by an adjuvant and by irrigation. In the soil layer 5–10 cm, metazachlor was detected only in 2016 on intensively irrigated plots without the use of adjuvant (0.072 µg/g). A concentration of pendimethalin in kohlrabi tubers ranged between 2 and 7 µg/kg. The highest concentration of pendimethalin was detected in tubers, which were intensively irrigated shortly after the application of herbicides without an adjuvant, especially when natural precipitation was high. Metazachlor was not detected in any of the tested kohlrabi samples.

Hematological Parameters and Ultrastructure of Hematopoietic Tissues in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Exposed to Sublethal Concentration of Pendimethalin

Hematological Parameters and Ultrastructure of Hematopoietic Tissues in Common Carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i> L.) Exposed to Sublethal Concentration of Pendimethalin

Utjecaj kišnih glista Lubricus rubellus na brojnost mikroorganizama u zemljištu tretiranom pendimetalinom

This paper examines the modus in which earthworm Lumbricus rubellus with its activity affects the total count of different physiological groups of microorganisms in soil treated with herbicide pendimethalin.The experiment was carried out in ten glass containers with a soil substrate, whereby one of them was the control one, and each group of three containers was treated with different concentration of pendimethalin. A concentration of pesticide of 5 μl/kg, which is recommended by the declaration, one lower concentration of 3 μl/kg and one higher of 7 μl/kg were used. The number of physiological groups of microorganisms is determined from the three containers treated with different concentrations of pendimethalin 48 hours after the treatment, and from the other three containers 21 days after the treatment. Two days after the application of different concentration of pesticide, a significant statistical decrease was found in the number of fungi and cellulotical microorganisms in soil, while the total number of heterotrophic bacteria as well as microorganisms which participate in different stages of nitrogen metabolism increased. However, 21 days after the treatment a significant decrease in the total number of heterotrophic bacteria in all treated containers comparing to the control one was noticed, where earthworms with their activities partially attenuated the negative effect of pendimethalin on soil bacterial flora. They also had a positive effect on the number of fungi, actinomycetes and cellulolytic microorganisms while the presence of earthworms had no significant influence on the number of aminoautotrophs, oligonitrophils and free-living diazotrophs. It was shown that earthworms with their activities attenuate the negative effect of pendimethalin on bacterial flora, actinomycetes and fungi, which points out to their possible use in processes of bioremediation.

Transchem project – Part I: Impact of long-term exposure to pendimethalin on the health status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.) genitors

Pendimethalin is a herbicide active substance commonly used in terrestrial agricultural systems and is thus detected at high concentrations in the surface water of several European countries. Previous studies reported several histopathological changes, enzymatic antioxidant modulation and immunity disturbance in fish exposed to this pesticide. The objective of this work was to investigate the direct effects of long-term exposure to environmental concentrations of pendimethalin over a period of 18 months in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) genitors. To do so, an experimental system consisting of eight similar 400 L tanks with a flow-through of fresh river water was used to perform daily chemical contamination. Fish were exposed to 850 ng/L for one hour and the pendimethalin concentration was then gradually diluted during the day to maintain optimal conditions for the fish throughout the experiment and to achieve a mean theoretical exposure level of around 100 ng L−1 per day. Every November, males and females were stripped to collect eggs and sperm and two new first generations of offspring were obtained. Kinetic sampling revealed differences in immune system parameters and antioxidative defences in the contaminated trout compared to the controls, due to pesticide exposure combined with seasonal changes related to gamete maturation. Moreover, reproductive capacity was significantly affected by exposure to the herbicide; a time lag of more than five weeks was observed for egg maturation in contaminated females and high bioconcentrations of pendimethalin were measured in eggs and sperm. Chemical transfer from genitors to offspring via gametes may affect embryo development and negatively impact the early stages of development.

Transchem project – Part II: Transgenerational effects of long-term exposure to pendimethalin at environmental concentrations on the early development and viral pathogen susceptibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In the Transchem project, rainbow trout genitors were exposed to environmental concentrations of pendimethalin over a period of 18 months and two new first generations of offspring, F1_2013 and F1_2014, were obtained. We investigated the impact of direct chemical exposure on juveniles as well as the potential cumulative transgenerational and direct effects on the larval development and on the pathogen susceptibility of offspring. Depending on the chemical treatment or not of the adults, their offspring were distributed in the tanks of our experimental system, in two batches i.e. juveniles from the control genitors (G-) and others from the contaminated ones (G+), and then, half of the tanks were exposed daily to pendimethalin (Off+) while the others were used as controls (Off-). Viral challenges were performed on the offspring, before and after three months of direct chemical exposure, with strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and sleeping disease alphavirus (SDV).Direct and transgenerational macroscopic effects were observed on offspring, with a percentage of abnormalities in offspring derived from the genitors exposed to pendimethalin (G+) significantly higher compared to those from the genitors from non-exposed group (G-). Before the direct chemical exposure, similar kinetics of mortality was observed between the offspring from the contaminated or control genitors after VHSV infection. With IHNV, the G+ group died in a slightly larger proportion compared to the G- group and seroconversion was greater for the G- group. For the SDV challenge, the mortality was delayed for the G+ offspring compared to the G- and seroconversion reached 65% in the G+ group compared to 45% in the G-, with similar antibody titres. After three months of direct chemical exposure, kinetics of mortality induced by IHNV infection were similar for all groups studied. Infection with SDV resulted in a cumulative mortality of 40% for the G- groups (Off- and Off+), significantly higher than those observed from the contaminated genitors G+. Proportion of seropositivity for SDV varied from 24 to 47% depending on the group, with very low quantities of secreted antibodies. Lastly, the direct exposure of offspring could impact the capacity of fish to adapt their haematological parameters to environmental and physiological changes, and underlines the potential toxic effects on the next generations.

In Vivo Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Pendimethalin on Haematological and Biochemical Indices of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

In vivo acute and chronic toxicity effects of pendimethalin were carried out on the haematology and biochemical parameters of juvenile Clarias gariepinus subjected to different acute (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mg/l) and chronic (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 mg/l) concentrations of pendimethalin for 4 and 28 days, respectively. As concentration of the toxicant increased in both assays, there were significant (P < 0.05) increase in red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (HB) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), while the white blood cells (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) significantly decreased compared to the control. Alterations in biochemical parameters in C. gariepinus tissues during both acute and chronic exposures exhibited similar trend of either increase or decrease in activities as the concentration of toxicant increases. In both exposures, the activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the blood, gill and liver, whereas the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glucose and protein in these tissues were significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) compared to the control groups, though the magnitude of induction or inhibition in each tissue differs. The study shows that exposure of C. gariepinus to pendimethalin toxicity could cause oxidative stress and alterations in the haemato-biochemical profile of the fish. Therefore, the use of pendimethalin should be minimized and discouraged especially around aquatic bodies so as to prevent adverse effects on the fauna inhabiting them.

Assessment of Genotoxic Effects of Pendimethalin in Chinese Hamster Over Cells by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay.

Pendimethalin (N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzeneamine) is a dinitroaniline herbicide compound which selectively controls weeds. It is a cell division and growth inhibitor. It descends plants in a short time after seedling. It is a soil and water pollutant due to the widespread use of formulations in Turkey and around the world. Pendimethalin is manufactured in and imported by Turkey. Pendimethalin is a slightly toxic compound that is classified in toxicity class 3 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Even though it is classified as group C (human possible carcinogen) compound by the USEPA, there are limited number of studies about its genotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro genotoxic effects of different concentrations of pendimethalin in Chinese hamster over (CHO) cells by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. The cells are incubated with 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 µM concentrations of pendimethalin for 30 min at 37°C and DNA damage was compared with CHO cells untreated with pendimethalin. 50 µM hydrogen peroxide was used as positive control. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed within the concentration ranges studied. The DNA damage in CHO cells was significantly increased in the pendimethalin concentrations of 1, 100, 1000 and 10000 µM, however, a significant decrease was observed in 10 µM pendimethalin concentration. Our results show that 1-10000 µM concentrations of pendimethalin induce DNA damage in CHO cells, which was assessed by comet assay.

Simple and selective detection of pendimethalin herbicide in water and food samples based on the aggregation of ractopamine-dithiocarbamate functionalized gold nanoparticles

In this work, a simple, selective and sensitive colorimetric method was developed for the detection of pendimethalin herbicide using ractopamine-dithiocarbamate capped gold nanoparticles (RAC-DTC-Au NPs) as a probe. The pendimethalin was effectively induced the aggregation of RAC-DTC-Au NPs via various interactions (donor-acceptor, π-π, van der Waals and hydrogen-bonding), resulting a color change from red to blue. As a result, the linear graph was plotted between the absorption ratio at A650/A522 and the pendimethalin concentration in the range of 5.0–500μM. The detection limit was found to be 0.22μM, which is very close to the maximum residue limit (MRL) of pendimethalin that was established by European Commission. The proposed method was successfully applied to detect pendimethalin in environmental water and food samples with good recoveries.