Abstract
In vivo acute and chronic toxicity effects of pendimethalin were carried out on the haematology and biochemical parameters of juvenile Clarias gariepinus subjected to different acute (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mg/l) and chronic (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 mg/l) concentrations of pendimethalin for 4 and 28 days, respectively. As concentration of the toxicant increased in both assays, there were significant (P < 0.05) increase in red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (HB) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), while the white blood cells (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) significantly decreased compared to the control. Alterations in biochemical parameters in C. gariepinus tissues during both acute and chronic exposures exhibited similar trend of either increase or decrease in activities as the concentration of toxicant increases. In both exposures, the activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the blood, gill and liver, whereas the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glucose and protein in these tissues were significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) compared to the control groups, though the magnitude of induction or inhibition in each tissue differs. The study shows that exposure of C. gariepinus to pendimethalin toxicity could cause oxidative stress and alterations in the haemato-biochemical profile of the fish. Therefore, the use of pendimethalin should be minimized and discouraged especially around aquatic bodies so as to prevent adverse effects on the fauna inhabiting them.
Highlights
The tremendous increase in world’s population necessitates the increase in food production for the teaming population
red blood cells (RBCs), HB and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly induced (P < 0.05) in pendimenthalin exposed groups, while white blood cells (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) were significantly inhibited as compared to the control groups
The increased RBC count with concomitant increase in haemoglobin concentration might have been due to the toxic action of pendimethalin on erythropoietic organs which induced the process of erythropoiesis, and enhanced haemoglobin synthesis and MCHC level in attempt to survive the toxic stress (Shakoori, et al, 1996, Prusty, et al, 2011)
Summary
The tremendous increase in world’s population necessitates the increase in food production for the teaming population. This has led to the increased use of pesticides against insect infestation of food crops and weeds in order to boost crop yield. Adeyemi-Ale most of its products is lost, and this results in the application of pesticides on farmlands. Pesticides are increasingly used because they are relatively biodegradable and persistently low in the environment. Their indiscriminate use leads to aquatic ecosystems due to runoff causing havoc to the aquatic biotic community including fish
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