Penaeus Setiferus Research Articles

Morphological and Nutritional Analysis of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, Muscle

In response to the growing seafood demand and the environmental impact of traditional aquaculture and fishing methods, this study explored the potential of cellular agriculture for sustainable seafood production. Focusing on shrimp, the most consumed seafood in the United States, our project aimed to establish a comprehensive database of the morphological and physicochemical properties of shrimp muscle. This database is intended to support the development of cell-based seafood by providing a benchmark for texture, color, and nutritional content. To do so, thirty large white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) were analyzed through texture analysis, colorimetry, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, and proximate analysis. The findings indicated consistent texture profile analysis parameters across the shrimp's surface and cross-section, while colorimetry values showed significant differences. H&E staining revealed similar cellular patterns, affirming the uniformity of shrimp texture. The proximate analysis offers a nutritional target for developing shrimp analogs. The study concludes that while shrimp texture is consistent, addressing color variation is crucial for the development of cell-based shrimp analogs. Future research should include characteristics of cooked shrimp and other seafood products to expand the database for cellular agriculture applications.

Prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in wild-caught and commodity decapod crustaceans in coastal South Carolina, USA

Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly contagious and economically costly virus that affects many crustacean species. Since its introduction into the United States in the 1990s, it has spread from aquaculture shrimp and crayfish to wild crustaceans throughout the southeastern United States. Transmission to natural systems may occur through contact between commodity (i.e., store-bought) and wild crustaceans or the use of infected frozen shrimp as bait, which has been proven capable of transmitting the virus. In this study, we surveyed both live (Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and P. aztecusIves, 1891) and frozen commodity shrimp (Penaeus vannameiBoone, 1931) and crayfish (Procambarus troglodytes (Le Conte, 1856) and P. clarkii (Girard, 1852)) as well as wild populations of some of these species of shrimp, crayfish, and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidusRathbun, 1896) in South Carolina for WSSV. We found extremely low levels of the virus in wild-caught decapods but high levels of WSSV in commodity crayfish (50%) and imported frozen shrimp (43.3%). While additional work is needed to understand the environmental conditions that affect the transmission potential of WSSV, these results suggest that care must be taken with commodity crustaceans to prevent introductions of WSSV and subsequent harm to natural ecosystems.

Environmental and climate variability drive population size of annual penaeid shrimp in a large lagoonal estuary.

Species with short life spans frequently show a close relationship between population abundance and environmental variation making these organisms potential indicator species of climatic variability. White (Penaeus setiferus), brown (P. aztecus), and pink (P. duorarum) penaeid shrimp typically have an annual life history and are of enormous ecological, cultural, and economic value to the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico. Within North Carolina, all three species rely on the Pamlico Sound, a large estuarine system that straddles Cape Hatteras, one of the most significant climate and biogeographic breaks in the world, as a nursery area. These characteristics make penaeid species within the Pamlico Sound a critical species-habitat complex for assessing climate impacts on fisheries. However, a comprehensive analysis of the influence of the environmental conditions that influence penaeid shrimp populations has been lacking in North Carolina. In this study, we used more than 30 years of data from two fishery-independent trawl surveys in the Pamlico Sound to examine the spatial distribution and abundance of adult brown, white, and pink shrimp and the environmental drivers associated with adult shrimp abundance and juvenile brown shrimp recruitment using numerical models. Brown shrimp recruitment models demonstrate that years with higher temperature, salinity, offshore windstress, and North Atlantic Oscillation phase predict increased abundance of juveniles. Additionally, models predicting adult brown, white, and pink shrimp abundance illustrate the importance of winter temperatures, windstress, salinity, the North Atlantic Oscillation index, and the abundance of spawning adult populations from the previous year on shrimp abundance. Our findings show a high degree of variability in shrimp abundance is explained by climate and environmental variation and indicate the importance of understanding these relationships in order to predict the impact of climate variability within ecosystems and develop climate-based adaptive management strategies for marine populations.

A Methodology to Produce Specific-Pathogen-Free Penaeid Shrimp for Use in Empirical Investigations of Parasite Ecology

Emerging infectious diseases in marine systems threaten food security and ecosystem function. Experiments to determine drivers of transmission and mortality from emerging pathogens require a reliable supply of disease-free animals. Imperfect detection of subclinical, latent, and early stage infections, however, necessitates effective treatments to remove infection from animals with unknown infection status. In this study, a procedure utilizing elevated temperatures and over-the-counter parasiticides to remove Hyalophysa lynni was developed. The apostome ciliate H. lynni is responsible for shrimp black gill (sBG) disease in commercially important southeastern shrimp fishery species, including Litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp). Following a series of pilot studies to determine parasiticides combination and dosage, L. setiferus of unknown infection status were exposed to either 20°C or 30°C artificial seawater, and a parasiticide cocktail of metronidazole (3.15 mg L–1) and Cu+2 (0.5 mg L–1) or a medication-free control for 14 days in a fully crossed experimental design. All treatments, except for the 20°C without medications treatment, significantly reduced pathogen prevalence. The 30°C artificial seawater with parasiticide treatment resulted in complete curing of the experimental population, but shrimp mortality in this treatment was high (50%). This high mortality may have contributed to the low parasite prevalence found in this treatment by differentially culling infected individuals. If this is the case, the parasiticides may lower the parasite prevalence both by curing infections and heightening stress and subsequent mortality of diseased individuals. Although this procedure was developed to produce H. lynni-free shrimp to facilitate experimental studies of sBG disease, it is likely that this methodology would effectively produce specific-pathogen-free individuals in other crustacean species.

Rapid PCR-lateral flow assay for the onsite detection of Atlantic white shrimp

The Atlantic white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) is of great economic importance to the United States and risk being substituted with imported species due to a shortage in domestic production. To improve the current methods used for the identification of the Atlantic white shrimp species, we designed and validated a robust multiplex PCR-lateral flow assay for the onsite identification of L. setiferus. The standardized assay was validated using a miniaturized, low-cost PCR instrument with 68 shrimp, prawn, and fish samples, spread over fourteen seafood species. L. setiferus was simultaneously amplified by the multiplex assay to give three visual bands, which distinguished it from other species having either one or two bands on the dipstick. The standardized assay showed 100% inclusivity for target L. setiferus samples, 100% exclusivity for non-target samples and can be completed in less than two hours. The assay standardized in this study can be used for onsite testing of L. setiferus samples at processing facilities, restaurants, and wholesalers' facilities.

Multi-Year Environmental Trends of Shrimp Black Gill (Hyalophysa lynni) Prevalence in Texas Gulf Coast Shrimp Populations

Shrimp Black Gill, caused by the apostome ciliate Hyalophysa lynni, is an emerging disease impacting penaeid shrimp populations along the southeast Atlantic Coast and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Changing annual environmental conditions may drive infection levels of this parasitic ciliate in these populations, which comprise one of the largest fisheries in the United States. Hyalophysa lynni is established on the Texas Gulf Coast, and prevalence of this parasite has a strong seasonal and spatial trend, likely linked with high temperature and a wide range of estuarine salinities. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department monitored shrimp black gill in 2 penaeid shrimp species, Litopenaeus setiferus and Farfantepenaeus aztecus in 2019, with the aim of observing trends in prevalence along spatial and temporal scales. Hyalophysa lynni was found in all 7 bay systems throughout the study period, and this study is a continuation of that monitoring effort, adding 2 years of data collection (2020 and 2021) to prior research. Throughout the entire sampling period (2019–2021) and coastwide, H. lynni was found in 66% of all shrimp samples collected, although prevalence varied annually. Boosted regression tree modeling indicated that low salinity, high temperature, and time of year (late spring through fall) had a significant relationship with H. lynni prevalence in shrimp along the Texas Gulf Coast. Shrimp Black Gill is likely to continue to be present in GOM shrimp populations, and annual precipitation events and increased water temperatures may amplify the population morbidity within any given year.

Extended IgE profile of shrimp-sensitized patients based on Multiplex Examination ALEX2 - Allergy Explorer.

The key to the correct diagnosis of shrimp allergy is a qualification to the most efficient diagnostic method and later interpretation of the result. To achieve this, it is necessary to apply a diagnostic strategy relevant to each patient's clinical situation and approach every case individually. In this study the allergen profile of shrimp-sensitized patients was analysed using ALEX2 Allergy Explorer. This study includes 50 adult patients with positive prick-by-prick tests with tiger shrimp bought from the local eco-market and an elevated concentration of IgE specific to the shrimp allergen extract (ImmunoCap). A total of 35 patients with negative skin prick tests with shrimp and not detectable sIgE shrimp in ImmunoCap were included in the control group. All patients had ALEX2 Allergy Explorer microarray test. In the shrimp-sensitized group, 22 patients were sensitized to at least one allergen component of Penaeus monodon, 20 patients were sensitized to crab, and 20 were sensitized to lobster. Only 15 (30%) patients were sensitized to the Northern prawn (Pandalus borealis) allergen extract in ALEX2 and only 12 (24%) to Shrimp mix (Litopenaeus setiferus, Farfantepenaeus aztecus, Farfantepenaeus dourarum). Sensitization to shrimp tropomyosin in the research group was present only in 34% of cases. There may be other shrimp allergen components, not available in ALEX2, which are responsible for shrimp sensitization.

Ontogenetic and spatial variability in parasite communities of white shrimp Penaeus setiferus (Decapoda: Penaeidae).

Understanding the combined effects of multi-parasite infections on their hosts is necessary for documenting parasite impacts and is particularly important for developing effective management strategies for economically important organisms. The white shrimp Penaeus setiferus supports important recreational and commercial fisheries along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the United States and occupies an important ecological niche in estuarine and offshore habitats throughout these regions. The goal of this study was to identify and assess ontogenetic and spatial variation in white shrimp parasite communities and their relation to shrimp health. We used a series of trawl surveys in tidal creek and open water habitats of an estuary in the southeastern USA to collect and identify parasites of white shrimp using morphological and DNA sequencing techniques. Parasite communities in white shrimp were composed of organisms belonging to 6 classes: Conoidasida (gregarines), Oligohymenophorea (apostome and sessilid ciliates), Microsporea (meiodihaplophasids), Chromadorea (rhabditids), Cestoda (cyclophyllideans, lecanocephalideans and trypanorhynchs) and Trematoda (plagiorchiids). Parasite communities differed significantly among white shrimp life stages and localities. Furthermore, the health condition known as black gill occurred in some shrimp and was significantly related to parasite community structure. Infection metrics for the apostome ciliate Hyalophysa lynni, the trypanorhynch larvae Prochristianella sp. and the rhabditid larvae Hysterothylacium sp. were significantly different between shrimp exhibiting and not exhibiting black gill. These results highlight the importance of understanding parasite communities and the potential interactive effects of multiple parasite infections on shrimp health.

Sperm quality and nutritional condition related to management during prematuration ofLitopenaeus setiferus(F0) males

The aim of this study was to compare management strategies for prematuration of the Litopenaeus setiferus male F0 generation through the combination of two factors, culture system and kind of food, measured in terms of sperm quality and the nutritional condition of shrimp. Four treatments were differentiated by culture system and feed (five replicates each). Treatments were clear water commercial pellet (CC), clear water fresh food (CF), biofloc commercial pellet (BC) and biofloc fresh food (BF). At the end of the experiment, survival, spermatic quality, circulating metabolites and prophenoloxidase (ProFO) were evaluated as immune conditions and the oxidative stress enzyme system. Total sperm concentration showed an interaction between culture system and food provided, showing higher values in CC and BF treatments and lower values in CF treatment. ProFO performed an interaction, showing higher activity in CF and BC treatments. Oxidative stress biomarkers showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in PERMANOVA related to the diet, fresh food versus commercial pellet. Data collected in this study show that optimal sperm quality in L. setiferus male prematuration is obtained when shrimp are held in clear water and fed with commercial pellets or maintained in biofloc system and fed with fresh food.

Creating a Diversion: Why the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion (MBSD) Project Is Unpopular Among Coastal Communities in Southeast Louisiana

Abstract The Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion (MBSD) project, located in Barataria Bay, Southeast Louisiana, is one of the most ambitious coastal restoration projects in U.S. history. The MBSD project is designed to convey sediment-rich water from the Mississippi River through the levee system and into the coastal marshes of the Barataria basin. The MBSD project is intended to slow, and perhaps even reverse, coastal erosion through alluvial sedimentation and the augmentation of freshwater wetland vegetation communities. In spite of the importance of the MBSD project for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana, it is extremely unpopular among coastal communities along the Barataria Bay coast and beyond. Based on our ethnographic research in Lower Plaquemines Parish, we provide some insights concerning why this level of opposition exists. Above all, the MBSD project is perceived as highly threatening to key marine fish species targeted by small-scale commercial fishers, especially shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus and Litopenaeus setiferus) and oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Small-scale fishing is crucially important to the social and economic systems involved in risk buffering and community resilience, as well as a key feature of social identity and source of profound place attachment. While planning for the MBSD project has considered impacts to coastal communities in strictly financial and environmental terms, it has failed to adequately consider its potential social and social-psychological consequences among coastal communities.

Impact of High-Pressure Processing and Sous Vide Cooking on the Physicochemical, Sensorial, and Textural Properties of Fresh Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus)

ABSTRACT Consumers have a growing preference for convenient, fresh, and healthy seafood products with natural flavor, color, taste, and extended shelf life. High-pressure processing (HPP) and sous-vide cooking (SVC) are two methods that are applied in the food industry to extend the shelf life and enhance the natural flavor of shrimps. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of HPP (300 MPa/350 MPa/400 MPa) and SVC (65°C/15 min) on the physicochemical, sensorial, and textural (hardness) properties of fresh white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus). A decrease in hardness of samples treated with HPP was observed. Sensory and textural evaluation by consumers (n = 28) showed that the shrimp samples treated at 300 and 350 MPa were preferred. The results suggest that the combination of HPP and SVC processing affects the sensory and texture of fresh whiteleg shrimp (p ≤ .05). These findings indicate that combining HPP and SVC has the potential to produce minimally processed value-added shrimp products that are acceptable to consumers.

New Isolated Shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) Chitosan-Based Films Loaded with Fly Ash for Antibacterial Evaluation.

New three fabricated chitosan (CS) loaded with fly ash (FA) films were developed in this study. The shell waste of white shrimp was used as a precursor for the isolation of chitin and converted into chitosan by carrying out a deacetylation process. The formation of chitosan was conducted by various preparation steps deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. The degree of deacetylation was found to be 95.2%. The obtained chitosan was used to prepare three different chitosan loaded-fly ash films. The prepared films contained various fly ash: chitosan ratios (2:1, FA-CSF1), (1:1, FA-CSF2), and (1:2, FA-CSF3). The obtained films were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The micrograph images of the formed films showed spherical particles with an average size of 10 µm. The surface area, adsorption-desorption properties, thermal stability, and water/fat binding features of the fabricated chitosan films were studied. The results revealed that the prepared films displayed typical BET graphs with surface areas ranging from 2.436 m2 g−1 to 8.490 m2 g−1. The fabricated FA-CSF films also showed high thermal stability at temperatures up to 284.9 °C and excellent water/fat binding capacities. The antibacterial potential of the designed films was screened against E. coli (Gram-negative) and B. cereus (Gram-positive) bacterial strains. The tested solution of CS (1%) exhibited inhibition zones for E. coli and B. cereus as 18.51 mm and 14.81 mm, respectively, while in FA solution (1%), the inhibition zones were found to be 10.16 mm, and 13.57 mm, respectively. The results encourage and open up the new and promising areas of research for applying chitosan extracted from waste materials in biological applications.

Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the So Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: V. Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata [Achelata, Astacidea, Axiidea, Caridea (Alpheoidea and Processoidea excluded), Gebiidea, Stenopodidea

This checklist is the fifth and last compilation on the decapod crustaceans reported to So Paulo (Brazil) coastal area, resulting from long-term multidisciplinary projects, which combined morphological analyses and molecular techniques. The current research includes 75 decapod species, herein referred as shrimps/lobsters-like (shrimps, ghost-shrimps, lobsters, and related groups), reported to So Paulo coastal area. These species occur in marine, estuarine, and amphidromous habitats and are classified into 21 families as follow: Aristeidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Atyidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Axianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callichiridae (6 spp., 4 genera), Crangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Glyphocrangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Luciferidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Nephropidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Palaemonidae (15 spp., 9 genera), Palinuridae (2 spp., 1 genus), Pandalidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Pasiphaeidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Penaeidae (10 spp., 6 genera), Sergestidae (3 spp., 3 genera), Sicyoniidae (4 spp., 1 genus), Scyllaridae (5 spp., 3 genera), Solenoceridae (4 spp., 3 genera), Stenopodidae (2 spp., 1 genus), and Upogebiidae (6 spp., 1 genus). We generated new sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (barcode region) and 16S genes (51 and 54, respectively) of 54 species. Our examination concluded that 75 shrimps/lobsters-like species are reported to the So Paulo coast. We excluded Leander tenuicornis (Palaemonidae), Penaeus setiferus (Penaeidae), Philocheras gorei (Crangonidae), and Rhynchocinetes typus (Rhynchocinetidae) from this list.

Seasonal Abundance and Length Patterns of Brown and White Shrimp in Texas Estuaries and Nearshore Waters: Implications for Population and Fishery Dynamics

AbstractPenaeid shrimp are a major contributor to commercial landings in the Gulf of Mexico, with white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus making up the bulk of the landings off Texas. In this study, we examined seasonal trends in white and brown shrimp population demographics (relative abundance, monthly proportion of catch, and length) and their relationship with water quality parameters (water temperature and salinity) across a 36‐year fishery‐independent data set for Texas estuarine and nearshore waters. The primary findings of this analysis were consistent negative trends in seasonal mean TL (April–August) for brown shrimp. These negative trends resulted in decreases in mean TL of up to 20 mm across the time series. Additionally, growth coefficients calculated on an annual scale for brown shrimp showed negative trends as well. White shrimp did not show the same consistently negative trends in mean length or growth. Although expected seasonal trends in CPUE and monthly proportions of catch were observed, the analysis showed few convincing or consistent annual trends in these metrics for either species. We suggest that the differing trends in mean length (i.e., between species) may be explained by summer water temperatures exceeding the optimum growth range for brown shrimp in the latter part of the time series examined here. Such trends in mean length for the brown shrimp population may have implications for population fecundity and may affect the value and efficiency of shrimp harvest in commercial fisheries, though this has yet to be seen. Nevertheless, managers should remain vigilant to any continued negative trends in brown shrimp length and their potential impact on the population and fishery dynamics.

Litopenaeus setiferus (northern white shrimp)

This datasheet on Litopenaeus setiferus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Biology &amp; Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Further Information.

Seasonal and interannual variability in the density of the postlarvae of Litopenaeus setiferus and Farfantepenaeus duorarum in Términos Lagoon, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract White shrimps, Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) and pink shrimps, Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Burkenroad, 1939) are two pivotal species in the southern Gulf of Mexico, due to their ecological and economic importance. In this study we present observational evidence of the seasonal and interannual variability of both species in the Términos Lagoon (southern Gulf of Mexico). The results suggest that the hydrography of the water column and the surface circulation exert a strong influence on the density of both species. The results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of both species and highlight the need to combine different methodologies to achieve a better interpretation of this system.

Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Commonly Consumed Crayfish in Nigeria and Health Risk Implications

Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants. Its increased presence in the aquatic environment has raised serious concerns about its effect on aquatic life and by extension, a man who is at the apex of the food chain. This research investigated the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Lead, Nickel, Cadmium and Chromium) and PAHs in two species of commonly consumed crayfish in Nigeria and their health risk implications. Wet digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry were used for heavy metal determination while the United States environmental protection agency (USEPA) test method for evaluation of solid waste was used for PAHs analysis. Results showed that Pb, Ni and Cd in both species of crayfish were above tolerable limits. The mean level for Ni in Litopenaeus setiferus was 3.0630.116mg/kg and 5.1571.676mg/kg in Litopenaeus stylirostris. The mean value for Cd in L. setiferus was 0.8330.070 mg/kg and 0.6000.025 mg/kg for L.stylirostris. The mean value for Pb in L. setiferus was 4.5500.656mg/kg and 3.6430.486 mg/kg in L. stylirostris. Mean values for Cr in L. setiferus was 0.0870.082 mg/kg and 0.000 mg/kg in L. stylirostris. Mean PAHs concentrations in L. setiferus and L. stylirostris were 0.0036±0.002 ppm and 0.0083±0.004 ppm respectively. Health risk assessment revealed an increasing health risk due to the consumption of both species of crayfish. Results for PAHs in both species of crayfish showed compliance with set limits. Its presence in fish food however suggests possible health concerns especially with regards to their carcinogenic tendencies. Anthropogenic activities should be closely monitored as bioaccumulation along the food chain is implicated.

Effect of water salinity on the oxidative system of juveniles of the North Atlantic white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus reared in biofloc technology

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of biofloc technology (BFT) at 3 (lsBFT) and 35 (hsBFT) practice salinity units (psu) on the zootechnical performance, oxygen consumption, antioxidant activity, and oxidative damage of Litopenaeus setiferus juveniles reared in outdoor tanks. After 90 days, no significant differences were observed in terms of survival (p &gt; .05). The final weight as well as wet weight gain, final biomass, and feeding conversion ratio (FCR) showed higher values for shrimp reared with hsBFT than those reared with lsBFT (p &lt; .05). Compared to that for the hsBFT treatment, high oxygen consumption (VO2) was observed for the lsBFT treatment under fasting and postprandial conditions (p &lt; .05). The activity of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione‐S‐transferase from shrimp muscle did not show significant differences between the treatments (p &gt; .05). Regarding the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and oxidized protein (PO) in muscle samples, no significant differences were observed in LPO, whereas the PO was significantly higher for the lsBFT treatment (p &lt; .05), which was related to higher fasting and postprandial oxygen consumption of the juveniles (p &lt; .05). The adaptation of L. setiferus juveniles reared in BFT at low salinity is relatively weak because of their low growth and excessive oxygen consumption and the oxidative damage (PO) produced.

The effect of biofloc and clear water at low and high salinity concentration on growth performance and antioxidant response of wild juveniles of Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus

The effect of biofloc (BFT) and clear water (CW) at low (ls) and high-water salinity (hs) in wild juveniles of Penaeus setiferus were evaluated. Four treatments were implemented: hsBFT, lsBFT, hsCW, and lsCW. After 45 days, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and survival rate (SR) were evaluated. Antioxidant activity in muscle and hepatopancreas were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation (PO). The FW and SR was low for lsCW (P &lt; 0.05), whereas the WG and HSI was high in hsBFT and lsBFT (P &lt; 0.05). The integrative biomarker response index (IBR) showed differences between muscle (M) and hepatopancreas (HP). Results showed an increase of SOD and CAT measured from HP for lsBFT treatment. For M, CAT and GST were high only in BFT (regardless of the water salinity). LPO determined from M and HP recorded the high values at hs and ls, respectively. The PO determined in HP showed substantial damage in BFT (regardless of the salinity), whereas the same determination from M was only important for lsCW treatment. When the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed, SOD, LPO, and PO were significant in response to salinity (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, for CAT, the higher activity was due to the rearing system and salinity interaction (P &lt; 0.05). Results suggest that BFT could diminish the stress by stimulating the antioxidant system to maintain the redox balance through a higher enzyme activity and decrease damage in the proteins and lipids of the cells.

The adverse effects of the phenylpyrazole, fipronil, on juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus.

Chemical pesticides are commonly used world-wide, and they can flow into estuaries and affect non-targeted organisms. We evaluated the effects of six concentrations of the phenylpyrazole, fipronil (0.0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0 μg/L), which are environmentally relevant, on white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus (initially averaging 0.80 ± 0.08 g/shrimp). Compared with the control, survivorship of shrimp over 45 days declined significantly at the higher concentration treatments. Growth was affected at all concentrations, and the percent weight gain decreased significantly. Inter-molt intervals were longer in all treatments. Changes in swimming and feeding behavior of shrimp were observed under all treatments, and change in body color was observed at higher concentration treatments. Lipid content in shrimp decreased significantly while ash content increased with fipronil concentration. Fipronil adversely affected white shrimp under the concentrations observed in the environment and monitoring of fipronil use is needed in coastal areas.