Pen Recorder Research Articles

リニア直流モータの磁界解析と機械的時定数の評価

A linear dc motor (LDM) is useful in a high-speed and high-accuracy positioning system with a feedback controller.1) A moving-coil-type LDM can be used for a pen recorder. We analyzed the magnetic field of an LDM, using a 3D finite element method, and designed an improved LDM with the specific intention of increasing the flux density in the gap. The mechanical time constant is the most basic parameter in a positioning control system. We calculated the mechanical time constants of the LDM at various frequencies, and clarified the effect on the mechanical time constants of increasing the flux den sity in the gap of the improved LDM.

Control Room User Interface Technology in the Year 2000: Evolution or Revolution?

Control rooms—central facilities used to manage large systems such as industrial processes and communication networks—are a relatively recent innovation. As the operators of large systems are asked to perform more efficiently, use more sophisticated control systems, and take on more duties and responsibilities, developers of control room equipment have sought to improve operators' ability to interact effectively with their systems. Control rooms have evolved as a result: Pen recorders and mechanical gauges were replaced by text displays on low-resolution monochrome cathode ray tubes, which were in turn supplanted by higher resolution color graphics displays. A new generation of technology now emerging from multiple disciplines will greatly affect control rooms. Some of these technologies, such as bigger displays, improved simulations, and better graphics, represent evolutionary advances. Others, including artificial intelligence technologies such as user intent recognition and context-sensitive aiding, user interface technologies such as virtual reality, multimedia, and true three-dimensional displays, and systems technologies such as object-oriented programming techniques and high-performance communications, may well revolutionize the control rooms of the future, replacing supervisory control with collaborative operations in which the system and the operator will share tasks associated with planning, conducting, and optimizing operations.

Quantitative Measurement of Fluorescent Intensity of the Rat Liver Surface Using Video Fluorescence Laparoscopy Following Intravenous Fluorescein Injection

Abstract: A new method for the quantitative measurement of fluorescent intensity of the rat's liver surface after fluorescein injection is described. The measuring system of fluorescent intensity on the rat liver surface consisted of a video laparoscopy with a video densitometer. An excitation filter was placed in the light source and an absorbing filter was attached to the eyepiece of the magnifying scope in this fluorescence video laparoscopy system. Fluorescein was injected intravenously into the inferior vena cava. Video fluorescence images of the liver surface were recorded with a CCD TV camera which was connected to the scope. In measuring the mean intensity of video images, a region of interest was designated on the TV monitor. The fluorescent intensity in this region was measured by a video densitometer and expressed in volts. The time‐intensity curve was graphically presented using a pen recorder. In this way, the time course of the liver surface fluorescent intensity could be analyzed with data expressed in volts. In normal livers, the fluorescent intensity began to rise 4.0 ± 0.5 seconds after fluorescein injection and reached a peak at 14.4 ± 1.5 seconds. Thereafter, the intensity fell slightly but then rose again to a second peak 170±50 seconds after injection.

手指関節運動の動的解析 関節運動の開始及び終了の順序

The objective of this investigation was to estimate the order of the start and the end among MP, PIP, DIP joints for the motion of the finger.We studied the joints of the right index finger with electrogoniometers in fifteen volunteers.In the beginning the subjects performed 0.5Hz cyclic motion of flexion and extension of the index finger, and then 1 and 2Hz cyclic motions.The movement of the three joints was recorded on the pen recorder and the data recorder.Result: The flexion of the MP joint tended to start earlier than that of the PIP or DIP joint and to end later than other joints.Also in extension, the motion of the proximal joint starts earlier and ends later than that of the distal joint. This phenomenon was not clearly proportionate to the speed.

Impact of sleep and movement on gastro-oesophageal reflux in healthy, newborn infants.

Seventy four normal, healthy newborn babies were studied to examine the relationship between gastro-oesophageal reflux, sleep state, and movement. Multichannel pen recordings were made to determine sleep state, movement, breathing, and reflux. The mean number of reflux episodes per hour was highest in wakefulness, followed by active and indeterminate sleep. In quiet sleep reflux rarely occurred. The mean duration of reflux episodes per hour was longest in active sleep followed by wakefulness, indeterminate and quiet sleep. There was a strong positive correlation between duration of reflux and movement time for wakefulness, active and indeterminate sleep. Movement preceded 88% of all reflux episodes. Physiological reflux occurs in most newborn infants but is clinically inapparent. The results suggest that state and movement are related to the incidence and duration of reflux. Sleep state is therefore an important variable in determining normal values for reflux in infancy since developmentally the amount of sleep time lessens but quiet sleep proportionally increases.

Electromechanical response times and muscle elasticity in men and women

The purpose of this study was to compare the delay in performance attributable to muscle elasticity in men and women. A group of 11 active young men age (mean, SE) 21.9, 0.7 years, stature 1.780, 0.020 m, body mass 76.4, 3.2 kg and 11 women age 20.9, 0.4 years, stature 1.670, 0.020 m and body mass 61.9, 2.6 kg provided written informed consent and were recruited to the study. In response to an acoustic signal delivered via headphones, the subjects performed a plantar flexion movement of the preferred leg as quickly as possible. A seated position ensured that the knee of the subject was flexed at a right angle and that the shank was vertical. The ball of the foot was on a force platform which was used detect the onset of muscle tension and the heel rested on a pressure pad which was used to identify movement. Surface electrodes sensed electromyographic activity (EMG) in the soleus muscle. Force platform output was captured by a digital storage oscilloscope and recorded via a y-t pen recorder or subsequent analysis. A separate timer was used to determine total reaction time (TRT). Premotor time (EMGT) was taken to be the time interval from the delivery of the signal to change in EMG. Electromechanical delay (EMD) was the time interval between the change in EMG and movement and was subdivided into force time (FT) i.e. the time interval between EMG and the onset of muscle tension and elastic charge time (CT) i.e. the time interval between the onset of muscle tension and movement. The subjects performed ten trials and in most cases the mean of ten readings was used to determine TRT, EMGT, EMD, FT and CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The isolated, perfused bovine ear. A model for pharmacological study of cutaneous vasculature and anaphylaxis

Bovine ears were catheterized and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution at a constant flow rate. The perfusion pressure (PP) was monitored using a pressure transducer coupled to a carrier preamplifier, amplifier and a pen recorder. Dose-response curves to phenylephrine, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were obtained. The ear preparations responded to these agonists dose-dependently by increases in perfusion pressure. Ear preparations from sensitized calves were challenged with 0.05 ml of horse serum which caused increased perfusion pressure. These preliminary results suggest that the perfused bovine ear represents a promising, simple, inexpensive model for the study of pharmacological mechanisms of the skin.

Effect of orthodontic forces on blood flow in human gingiva.

The relationship of gingival blood flow to the magnitude and duration of applied force was studied in humans using Laser Doppler flowmetry. The sample consisted of five adult volunteers with interdental space between their maxillary central incisors. The labial surface of each central incisor was bonded with a buccal tube and a spring force was applied to close the space. The forces applied were 50 g, 80 g, 120 g, and 250 g. Each force was applied for 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 90 seconds, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. The blood flow signals were recorded continuously using a pen recorder. Measurements indicated that blood flow was negatively correlated to the amount of force applied. The duration of reactive hyperemia was positively correlated to the duration of force. Laser Doppler flowmetry measures blood flow in superficial periodontal tissues. Yet, the relationship of blood flow changes to the magnitude and duration of orthodontic force suggests that measurements of gingival blood flow may provide a means of estimating physiologic orthodontic forces.

Control of acetoacetate production from exogenous palmitoyl-CoA in isolated rat liver mitochondria.

solution. The gastrocnemius muscle was laid in the organ bath, with one end pinned, while the other end was attached, via a thread, to a force transducer leading to a pen recorder. The contractile responses produced by ES or by EM1 were recorded isometrically. The sciatic nerve was stimulated, electrically, at 0.5 Hz with 0.25-0.6 V (supramaximal) and 1 ms duration. The pattern of ES was interrupted by a period of EM1 (induced current from a d.c. source of 1.5-4 V, at a frequency of 100 min-I), operated via a make-and-break switch. The duration of the EM1 was 2-4 min. The results showed that EM1 reduced and then blocked impulse conduction and the isometric twitch contractions [control 3.5 k 0.4 g tension, mean f s.E.M., n = 8 experiments (frogs)] within 2 min of application of the EM1 to the sciatic nerve. Recovery of the blocked twitches and impulse conduction (to about 5.7 mV, nerve compound action potential) was obtained within 4-5 min after the cessation of the EM1 and the washing out of the preparation in control Ringer solution. Electron microscopic (scanning) studies of the cross-sections of the sciatic nerve showed that EM1 may produce lesions in the nerve membrane, especially in the myelinated nerve membrane (including the Schwann cells), e.g. producing vacuoles and degeneration of the fibres. The mechanism of this kind of inhibition by EM1 can be explained in terms of an interruption of the ionic fluxes across the nerve membrane (2-5), and production of lesions in the nerve membrane, causing degeneration of the myelin sheath in the frog sciatic nerve, and subsequent block of impulse conduction and neuromuscular transmission.

An offset device for interfacing pen recorders to meters

An offset device for interfacing pen recorders to meters

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates cholecystokinin-induced relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.

This study evaluates the hypothesis that cholecystokinin (CCK) relaxes the sphincter of Oddi via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Isolated canine sphincter of Oddi were suspended in organ baths under standard conditions. Responses to cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and VIP were recorded on a pen recorder via an isometric transducer. 10(-11)-10(-7) M CCK-8 and 4 X 10(-11)-5 X 10(-7) M VIP generated dose-related sphincter of Oddi relaxation, which was unaffected by atropine, propranolol, and phentolamine. The effect of CCK-8 was antagonized by dibutyryl cGMP (Bt2 cGMP) (10(-3) M), the VIP-antagonist (N-Ac-Tyr1, D-Phe2)-growth hormone-releasing factor-(1-29)-NH2, and abolished by tetrodotoxin. In contrast, VIP's relaxing action was tetrodotoxin insensitive. 10(-11)-10(-7) M CCK-8 stimulated dose-dependent release of VIP (0.5-2.2 fm/ml.mg tissue), which was not inhibited by atropine, propranolol, and phentolamine, but was antagonized by 10(-3) M Bt2 cGMP and tetrodotoxin. In addition CCK-8 and VIP generated dose-related (10(-10)-10(-7) M) increases in sphincter of Oddi cAMP levels that were not affected by atropine, propranolol, and phentolamine. Furthermore, 10(-5)-10(-2) M 8-bromo-cAMP caused dose-dependent relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. In separate studies, a 2-h incubation in physiological solution containing 12 parts/1,000 of rabbit VIP antiserum antagonized sphincter relaxation caused by 4 nM CCK-8 and 6 nM VIP. The antiserum also significantly decreased the sphincter of Oddi cAMP level stimulated by 4 nM CCK-8 by 48 +/- 15%. These studies demonstrate that CCK-8 relaxes the canine sphincter of Oddi via a noncholinergic, nonadrenergic neural pathway involving VIP. The intracellular mechanism mediating CCK/VIP relaxation involves generation of cAMP.

Aswan telemetered seismograph network

A telemetered network of 8 short-period seismograph stations was installed at Aswan Reservoir in July 1982 to monitor induced seismicity near the site of a magnitude 5 1 2 earthquake which occurred in November 1981. A continuous monitor of the seismicity is provided by pen and ink recording of 4 stations. An event detector is used to identify events of interest, for which all of the stations are recorded on magnetic tape. Approximate displacement magnifications are 40, 000 at 1 hz with a maximum of 500, 000 at 20 hz.

Methodology for the objective measurement of body image

An apparatus for the objective measurement of the conscious aspects of body image is described. The method involves photographing subjects and scanning the photograph with a video camera. The subject adjusts a control that varies the image on a television monitor to give a representative continuum from endomorphy through mesomorphy to ectomorphy without distorting height. A permanent photographc record of the subject's judgment can be taken. A permanent graphic record of the accuracy of the judgment and of the judgment time can be registered by a pen recorder as impulses from the control are relayed as the subject adjusts the dial. Data on the body image of a group of 60 obese females, 25 hospitalized anorexics, and 50 controls are presented. Implications for therapy and further research are discussed.

The objective measurement of body image using a video technique: Reliability and validity studies

A method for the objective measurement of the conscious aspects of body image is described with data on reliability and validity. Essentially it involved photographing subjects and scanning the photograph with a video‐camera. The subject adjusts a control which varies the images on the television monitor to give a representative continuum from endomorphy through mesomorphy to ectomorphy without distorting height. A permanent record of the accuracy of the judgement and of the judgement time is registered on a pen recorder as impulses from the control are relayed when the subject adjusts the control dial. Test‐retest reliability and validity are discussed using control and clinical subjects.

Computer monitoring, capture and analysis of gas/liquid chromatograph traces.

The work described here is effectively the computerization of a gas/liquid chromatograph of the pen recorder type using a BBC microcomputer. The output from the g.l.c. can be captured by the computer in accordance with a series of parameters. The sampling rate can be altered, as can an averaging facility to reduce noise, and a threshold level to eliminate the storage of irrelevant and space-consuming data. The unprocessed readings are initially stored on the computer's floppy disk, then later retrieved and cut into smaller sections to allow maximum resolution for on-screen analysis. In the main analysis stage of the system all processing is shown graphically on the computer monitor at all stages. The principal steps in analysis involve the mathematical modelling and elimination of the solvent peak, the fixing of the retention time for each subsequent peak and its disentangling from any following peaks, and finally the calculation of the area under each individual peak. Several alternative methods are made available for disentangling peaks, which can be tried successively on a single peak then each printed out with comments for comparison later. All readings and results in table form and screen dumps of all trace images are available via a dot matrix printer.

Apparatus for Measurement of Dynamic Body Equilibrium in the Guinea Pig

An apparatus for the measurement of dynamic bodily equilibrium function in guinea pigs was made and its applicability was investigated. This apparatus consists of two cubical boxes (one of them is the starting box, and the other the goal box) connected by a 30 cm wide, 150 cm long, and 20 cm high straight platform. From the grids mounted on the floor of the starting box, an electric stimulation was given to make them run fully on the platform toward the goal box. On the floor of the platform, except for the 7 cm wide center line, 6 channels (3 channels on each side) of pressor-sensor-type recording system are installed. Thus, the animal's running performance is recorded by multi-channel pen recorder. At first, the animals should be screened and trained. Mostly the animals have learned to run with minimal deviations in several tens of training runnings. Thus, when the training period was over, five animals were selected to determine the recovery process of locomotion after the unilateral labyrinthectomy. The obtained results depicted through the gradual decrement of deviation count and running time were consistent with the previously reported results using other animals. Therefore, it could be concluded that this recovery process of bodily dysequilibrium measured by this test procedure must reflect the vestibular compensation of this animal.

Computer simulation in process control

This paper describes a process control course at Taylor Instrument Pty. Ltd., Melbourne, in which industrial process recording and control hardware is interfaced to computer simulated process plant and instrumentation. A number of process plants are provided in simulated form and five work stations are available. Each station has separate independent control over the simulated process it is accessing, and a variety of changes can be made to the simulated process and instrumentation via an interface box. Each work station is also equipped with a conventional three term PID controller, a micro-processor adaptive gain controller and a four pen recorder. It, therefore, becomes possible to investigate the effectiveness of a variety of control strategies on a wide range of problems typical of those encountered in real process plant.

The design and construction of an oxygen micro-electrode for monitoring 20-100 microliter volumes.

Full instructions are given for the construction of a micro-respirometer. It is based on a membrane-covered platinum electrode of 10 micron diameter that consumes little oxygen. The reaction chamber, made entirely of glass, can be varied in volume between 20 and 100 microliter by adjusting the sealer assembly. Although specifically designed to study the properties of small samples of mitochondria from tiny organisms, it can be used equally well either for oxygen dissolved in aqueous solutions or dry gas mixtures containing oxygen. Measurements can be made with about one-hundredth the amount of material required for commercially available macro-respirometers, and when connected via an impedance-matching device to a pen recorder it gives a stable output of 100-200 mV in air.

Electronic Multiprobe Thermometer and Multiplexer for Recording Temperatures of Microenvironments in the Forest Litter Habitat of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

An electronic integrated-circuit thermometer with multiple probes (3 by 4 by 5 mm each) is described and was used to measure temperatures at the surface and at several depths in the forest litter of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., throughout 3 days in spring. The temperatures at the various depths were recorded on a single-pen recorder/voltmeter by means of a multiplexing circuit which in turn connected each of four or more sensor probes to the amplifying circuit and pen recorder for a specific amount of time. This scanning time per probe can be adjusted from 1 s to about 1 h. The possible effects of temperature in the forest litter on the survival and flight initiation of bark beetles, especially Ips typographus (L.), during their spring swarming is discussed.

The continuous measurement of tubular volume changes in response to step changes in contraluminal osmolality.

A new method to measure time dependent (t) volume (V) changes in proximal straight tubules (PST) is described. V is calculated from diameter (d) measurements for which a video camera and an integrating circuit are used. A tubular image of high optical contrast is recorded with the TV camera such that the scan lines run crosswise to the tubule. The video signal is analyzed by a special processor which adds 225 tubular diameters of each TV frame and feeds this analog signal to a pen recorder. The fractional error in d measurements is 10(-3). Diameter changes of less than 0.05 micron can be detected, as compared to the usual error of a single measurement of about 0.4 micron. Pcbos, the osmotic water permeability of the contraluminal cell membrane was measured by setting up osmotic steps across it in less than 0.1 s and following the ensuing delta d/delta t. The time delay between solution change and the linear part of the osmotic response was 0.51 +/- 0.05 s. Pcbos was found to be 50.4 (+/- 8.7) X 10(-4) cm3.cm-2 of basement membrane area .s-1.osmolar-1.