Pens Of Pigs Research Articles

144 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 15- to 23-Kg Maternal Barrows

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,125 barrows (L02 ′ L03, initially 15.4 kg ± 0.003) were used in a 14-d study. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by location in the barn, and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments that contained 1.05, 1.16, 1.23, 1.29, 1.39, and 1.52% of dietary SID Lys. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg, with treatments achieved by increasing the inclusion of synthetic lysine. There were 9 pens per treatment and 25 barrows per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; linear, P < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P < 0.05). Although no model provided better fit to the ADG data compared with the linear model, the greatest improvement in growth rate was observed as SID Lys increased from 1.05 to 1.41%. The best-fitting models for G:F were QP and BLL. The QP and BLL models estimated the plateau or breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 1.45% (95% CI: 1.21 to >1.52%) and 1.41% (95% CI: 1.40 to 1.42%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate (P > 0.10). Increasing SID Lys concentration increased (linear; P < 0.05) the grams of SID Lys intake per kg of gain. In the current trial, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 15- to 23-kg maternal barrows ranged from 1.41 to 1.46%, depending on the statistical model.

PSVI-10 Evaluation of Vegetable Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance in a Commercial Environment

Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of vegetable protein sources on growth performance of nursery pigs in a commercial research environment. A total of 2,592 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initial BW of 5.3 ± 0.05 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and weaning date and allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. A corn-soybean meal control diet with no specialty vegetable protein source was used to compare performance against 5 diets containing either 1 of 2 soy protein concentrates (XSoy 600; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.0 and 2.5%, phase 1 and 2, respectively or Soytide; CJ America-Bio, Downers Grove, IL; 5.5 and 2.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), enzyme-treated soybean meal (HP 300; Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH; 5.7 and 2.83%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), fermented soybean meal (Fermex 200; Purina Animal Nutrition, Shoreview, MN; 6.7 and 3.35%, phase 1 and 2, respectively), or high-protein corn DDGs (NexPro; Poet, Wichita, KS; 7.5 and 3.75%, phase 1 and 2, respectively). Diets were formulated in 2 dietary phases and fed at 2.27 kg/pig and 8.16 kg/pig, respectively, with a common phase 3 diet fed until d 42. The dietary level of soybean meal was held constant within phases 1 and 2 for diets 2 to 5 with protein sources replaced on a digestible lysine basis. During the experimental diet period (d 0 to 21) or overall (d 0 to 42), there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI or G:F. Additionally, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for total removals, and mortality. In summary, none of the protein sources evaluated improved growth performance relative to soybean meal.

156 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance in 35 to 80 Kg DNA Finishing Pigs

Abstract Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 35-80-kg DNA finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 608 pigs (600 × 241, DNA; initially 36.3±0.91kg) were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement from 35-55-kg. In Exp. 2, 700 pigs (DNA 600×241; initial BW of 53.2±0.86kg) were used to estimate the SID Lys requirement form 50-80-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7-10 pigs/pen in a randomized complete block design with 12 replications per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and SID Lys increased by increasing soybean meal and feed-grade amino acids while maintaining minimum ratios for other amino acids. Increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG in both studies. From 50-80-kg, ADFI decreased, then increased (quadratic, P = 0.004) with increasing SID Lys. Feed efficiency improved, while Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P < 0.05, 35-55-kg; quadratic, P < 0.05, 50-80-kg) with increasing SID Lys. At current ingredient and pig prices, there were no statistical differences in income over feed cost (IOFC) from 35-55 kg. From 50-80-kg, increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P < 0.001) IOFC. Linear models resulted in the best fit for ADG, G:F and IOFC from 35-55-kg, with optimum performance at 1.20% SID Lys or greater. A quadratic polynomial model predicted a requirement of 0.97% SID Lys for optimum G:F from 50-80-kg. Meanwhile, a broken-line linear model predicted optimal IOFC at 0.76% SID Lys from 50-80-kg. In summary, these results suggest that the optimal SID Lys level for 35-55-kg DNA finishing pigs is at least 1.20%. The optimal SID Lys level for 50-80-kg DNA finishing pigs depends on the response criteria, with growth performance optimized at or above 0.97% SID Lys and IOFC maximized at 0.76% SID Lys.

159 Effects of Dietary Energy and Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Maternal Barrows

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of grow-finish maternal barrows. A total of 1,056 barrows (L02 ′ L03, initially 35.2 kg±0.29) were used in a 107-d study. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight (BW), and randomly allotted to treatments in a 2×2 factorial design in a randomized complete block design structure. Treatments consisted of 2 energy concentrations: 3,175 and 3,300 kcal ME/kg, and 2 levels of SID Lys: 93 or 105% of PIC recommendations. Diets were corn-soybean-meal-DDGS-based, and energy treatments were achieved increasing corn oil and lysine treatments were achieved increasing soybean meal levels. There were 11 pens per treatment and 24 barrows per pen. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Overall, there was no evidence for a significant interaction between energy and lysine for average daily gain (ADG, P >0.10, Table 1) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P >0.10). Pigs fed 3,175 kcal ME/kg had significantly greater ADFI compared with those fed 3,300 kcal ME/kg. Pigs fed SID Lys at 105% of PIC recommendations had improved gain to feed (G:F, Lys×ME, P = 0.002) and marginally greater final BW (Lys×ME, P = 0.09) compared with those fed at 93% when dietary ME was 3,300 kcal ME/kg, but not when dietary ME was 3,175 kcal ME/kg. There was no evidence for dietary SID Lys or ME levels impact on ADG or removal and mortality (P >0.10). Under the conditions of the current experiment, feeding PIC maternal barrows with increased SID Lys levels (105% vs. 93% of PIC recommendations) improved G:F and final BW only when dietary ME level was at 3,300 kcal/kg but not at 3,175 kcal/kg.

114 Evaluation of Selenium Source on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Serum and Tissue Selenium Concentrations, and Serum Antioxidant Status

Abstract A total of 3,888 pigs (337×1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 6.0 kg at weaning) were used in a 42-d study to determine the influence of Se source on nursery pig selenium status and growth performance. At placement, pens of pigs were weighed and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with blocking structure including sow farm origin, date of entry, and average pen BW. A total of 144 pens were used with 72 double-sided 5-hole stainless steel, fence-line feeders, with feeder serving as the experimental unit. For each feeder, 1 pen contained 27 gilts and the other 27 barrows. There were 24 replicates per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases, and all contained 0.3 ppm added Se. A common phase 1 diet contained added Se from sodium selenite and was fed in pelleted form to all pigs for 7 d prior to initiation of treatment diets. Three Se sources [sodium selenite; Se yeast; and hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet)] were used to formulate 3 experimental treatments in meal form for phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and phase 3 (d 21 to 42). During the common phase 1 period, ADFI tended (P < 0.10) to be different (107, 103, and 102 g/d) for sodium selenite, Se yeast, and OH-SeMet, respectively. From d 7 to 42 (treatment period), pigs fed OH-SeMet tended to have decreased ADG (P < 0.10) and had increased (P < 0.05) serum, liver, and muscle selenium concentration compared with other treatments. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in antioxidant status as measured by serum GSH-Px or TBARS. In summary, compared with sodium selenite and selenium yeast, OH-SeMet had greater bioavailability as indicated by increased serum and tissue selenium concentration; however, antioxidant status was similar between treatments and OH-SeMet tended to reduce growth performance compared with pigs fed sodium selenite.

71 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Method on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs

Abstract Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 11.9±0.56 kg) were used to evaluate effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 28-d, 8 pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient), 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate, 3) P at 0.33% STTD P including phytase, 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D, 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). Final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) and G:F improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) as P increased. The response to treatment for bone density and ash was dependent upon bone (density×bone interaction, P = 0.044; non-defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.060; defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.068). Pigs fed 0.19% STTD P had decreased (P < 0.05) bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted) for all bones compared with 0.44% STTD P, with 0.33% STTD P generally intermediate or similar to 0.44% STTD P. Pigs fed 0.44% STTD P with no vitamin D had greater (P < 0.05) non-de-fatted fibula ash compared with all treatments other than 0.44% STTD P with added HyD. Pigs fed the 3 diets with 0.44% STTD P had greater (P < 0.05) de-fatted 2nd rib ash compared with pigs fed 0.19% STTD P or 0.33% STTD P with no phytase. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on bone. Differences in bone density and ash in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with fibulas and 2nd ribs.

100 The Impact of Dietary Analyzed Ca to P Ratios and Standardized Total Tract Digestible P to Net Energy Ratios on Growth Performance, Bone, and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,184 pigs (initially 12.4 kg) were used to evaluate effects of varying analyzed Ca:P ratios at 2 levels of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P:NE. Pens of pigs (26 pigs/pen) were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 14 pens/treatment. Diets consisted of 2 levels of STTD P:NE: PIC recommendation (1.8, 1.62, 1.43, 1.25, 1.10, 0.99 g STTD P/Mcal NE from 11-22, 22-40, 40-58, 58-81, 81-104, 104-129 kg, respectively) or 75% of the PIC recommendation, and 3 analyzed Ca:P ratios: 0.90:1, 1.30:1, and 1.75:1. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained phytase (Quantum Blue G, AB Vista, Marlborough, UK; 500 to 210 FTU/kg with release values from 0.13 to 0.07% STTD P). There was a Ca:P×STTD P:NE interaction (P < 0.05) observed for ADG, G:F and final BW. For ADG and final BW, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio decreased ADG and final BW (linear, P< 0.001). But when feeding at PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing the analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve ADG and final BW (linear, P< 0.10). For G:F, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to decrease G:F (linear, P < 0.10), whereas in pigs fed diets that met PIC STTD P recommendations, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve G:F in a quadratic (P < 0.10) manner. Pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had increased ADG, final BW, and G:F compared with pigs fed 75% of PIC STTD P recommendations (P < 0.001). In summary, pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had improved overall ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed diets at 75% PIC STTD P recommendations. Additionally, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio reduced ADG and G:F when STTD P was below PIC recommendations, but had marginal impacts when adequate STTD P was fed.

139 Effects of Wheat Middlings Inclusion Rate and Diet form on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,520 mixed sex pigs (initial BW = 5.6 kg) were used in a 41-d trial to evaluate the effects of wheat middlings inclusion rate and diet form on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Pen of pigs (36 pigs/pen) were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of wheat middlings (0 or 15%) and diet form (pellet or crumble). An additional treatment was added to the factorial design to evaluate the addition of wheat middlings outside of the crumble. To create the crumble diets, all ingredients were pelleted, crumbled, and then mixed with corn and soybean meal to create the dietary treatments, with the exception of wheat middlings in treatment 5, which was added alongside corn and soybean meal outside of the crumble. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 21 to 41. There were 14 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 21, and 41 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive effects. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. However, in the subsequent period, when pigs were fed a common diet, pigs previously fed the crumble diets had improved (P < 0.01) performance. Overall (d 0 to 41), pigs fed crumble diets had greatr (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and decreased (P < 0.01) G:F. Pigs fed 0 or 15% wheat middlings had similar (P > 0.10) growth performance, regardless of wheat middlings being incorporated in the crumble or not. In conclusion, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved performance initially but not in the overall nursery period and there was no negative impact of feeding 15% wheat middlings.

PSV-10 Evaluation of a Nutritional Feed Supplement (Furst Protect™) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs

Abstract Furst Protect is a combination of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and phytonutrients. Research has shown that Furst Protect improved growth and reduced mortality in nursery pigs during a multi-viral challenged infection. Thus, the response of Furst Protect was evaluated during the first 21 d of nursery phase. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.58 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 8 lb per ton of Furst Protect (FP) for 21 d. FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, no differences (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or ADFI. But, pigs were numerically 0.5 kg heavier on the FP. Pigs fed FP tended (P 0.06; 188 g vs 202 g) to have a higher ADG and improved (P 0.02; 0.54 vs 0.58) G:F. No differences were observed for mortality or morbidity; however, the FP treatment had a 62.5% reduction in mortality. Furst Protect is a nutritional feed supplement that improved the growth and helped improve livability during the first 21 d of nursery. More research is needed to evaluate the carryover effects in late nursery and to market.

PSVI-20 Effects of Adding Potassium Bicarbonate to Diets with High or and Low Crystalline Lysine as a Way to Influence DCAD on Finishing Pig Growth Performance

Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of balancing dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), via added potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2±0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0 vs 0.4%), and L-Lys HCl level (low vs. high), with 27 pigs/pen and 18 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in 4 dietary phases (d 0-20, 30-58, 58-86, and 86-120). Diets were formulated in each phase such that the diet containing a low level of L-Lys HCl (0.14-0.21% depending on phase) without KHCO3, had similar calculated DCAD as the diet containing a high level of L-Lys HCl (0.36 to 0.43% depending on phase) with KHCO3. The DCAD for these 2 treatments were approximately 230, 200, 184, and 169 mEq/kg (phase 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively). The diets with low levels of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had the greatest DCAD in each phase (approximately 50 mEq/kg above the low L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 diet), while the diet with a high level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 had the least DCAD (approximately 50 mEq/kg below the high L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 diet). Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × L-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for any observed growth responses or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of L-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.

143 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 13- to 23-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 546 pigs (PIC 800 × Camborough, initially 12.6 ± 0.56 kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments that contained 1.10, 1.16, 1.23, 1.29, 1.39, or 1.49% SID Lys (corresponding to 85.0, 90.0, 95.0, 100.0, 107.5, or 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,450 kcal/kg net energy (NE). There were 7 pens/treatment and 13 pigs/pen (6 or 7 gilts and 7 or 6 barrows, balanced among treatments). Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial, broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration increased average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P = 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; linear, P < 0.05; Table 1). Although the best fitting model for G:F was linear, the greatest improvement in efficiency was observed as SID Lys increased from 1.10 to 1.23%. The best-fitting models for ADG were BLL and BLQ. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint of SID Lys at 1.26% (95.4% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.29%) and 1.23% (95.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendation; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.28%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary NE at 2,450 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 13 – 23 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars ranged from 1.23 to 1.26%, depending on the statistical model.

142 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 11- to 25-Kg Pigs Sired by PIC 337 High Index Boars

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,116 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 11.1±0.11 kg) were used in a 21-d study. The pigs were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments that contained 1.13, 1.26, 1.32, 1.38, and 1.51% of dietary SID Lys (corresponding to 90, 100, 105, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,385 Kcal of NE/kg. There were 9 mixed gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG, linear, P = 0.001) and gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.011, Table 1). Although the best fitting model for ADG was the linear, the greatest improvement was observed as SID Lys level increased from 1.13 to 1.32%. The best-fitting models for G:F were BLL, BLQ, and QP. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.31% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%) and 1.30% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.37%), respectively. The QP model estimated the maximum G:F at 1.44% (95% CI: 1.35 to >1.51%), with 98.7% of maximum G:F achieved at 1.30%. Increasing dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced removal and mortality rate (linear, P = 0.061). In conclusion, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 11- to 25-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 1.30 to 1.44%, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.

PSV-11 Evaluation of a Supplement (ATPsorb) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs

Abstract ATPsorb is a unique combination of Lipidol Ultra (a source of lysophospholipids) and Endo-power Beta (a source of several NSP enzymes). Thus, the response of ATPsorb was evaluated in nursery pigs. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.61 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 2 lb per ton of ATPsorb for 21 d (ATP). FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.61) observed for BW, ADG or ADFI. There was a 6.6% improvement (P = 0.05; 0.55 vs. 0.59) in G:F. No differences (P ≥ 0.33) were observed for morbidity or mortality. These data suggests that ATPsorb is capable of providing better nutrient utilization and absorption during the first 21 d in the nursery phase. Further testing is needed to evaluate lifetime performance.

141 Evaluation of a Fermented Corn Protein Source on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine if fermented corn protein (FCP) can serve as a replacement to enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM) in 6.0 to 15.8 kg or as a replacement for soybean meal in 12.1 to 24.7 kg pig nursery diets. In Exp. 1, 350 barrows (initially 6.0 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 5 or 10% FCP or ESBM. Newly weaned pigs were fed phase 1 diets for 10-d followed by phase 2 diets for 21-d. There were no interactions throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-31), pigs fed increasing FCP had decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.026) ADG and ADFI with no differences in G:F, whereas increasing ESBM had no effect on growth performance (Table). Pigs fed ESBM had increased (P ≤ 0.034) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed FCP with no effect on ADFI. In Exp 2, 350 pigs (initially 12.1 kg) were randomly assigned to pens with 5 pigs/pen and 14 replications/treatment. On d 24 after weaning (d 0 of trial), pens of pigs were weighed and assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with a control diet or diets with 10 or 20% FCP with either high or low Val+Ile:Leu ratios. There were no interactions observed throughout the experiment. Overall (d 0-21), ADG, ADFI, and G:F worsened (linear, P < 0.001) as FCP increased. High Val+Ile:Leu ratios improved (P = 0.017) G:F compared with low Val+Ile:Leu ratios with no effect on ADG and ADFI. In summary, using FCP to replace ESBM for nursery pigs weighing 6.0 to 15.8 kg had decreased growth performance. Increasing concentrations of FCP in diets for pigs weighting 12.1 to 24.7 kg worsened growth and increasing Val+Ile:Leu ratios only improved G:F.

145 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 12- to 23-Kg Boars and Gilts

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of late nursery boars and gilts. A total of 1,920 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 12.1±1.34kg) were used in a 21-d trial. Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments containing 1.10, 1.16, 1.29, 1.42, and 1.48% SID Lys (corresponding to 85, 90, 100, 110 and 115.0% of PIC SID Lys recommendations). Diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were 6 split gender pens/treatment and 32 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). There was no evidence of linear or quadratic SID Lys concentration by gender interaction. Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, < 0.01). The QP, BLL, and BLQ had similar fit for the ADG and G:F. In the QP model, 95% and 100% of the ADG were at 1.18 and 1.36% of SID Lys, respectively, and 1.17 and 1.35% for G:F. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 1.20% (95% CI: 1.06-1.35%) and 1.22% SID Lys (95% CI: 0.97-1.47%), for ADG, respectively. For G:F, the BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 1.20% (95% CI: 1.07-1.33%) and 1.20% (95% CI: 1.03-1.38%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial with dietary ME level at 3,300 kcal/kg, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 12- to 23-kg boars and gilts ranged from 1.20-1.36%, depending on the statistical model.

148 Use of an Alpha-Linolenic Acid Source to Reduce Omega-6:3 Ratio in Prrs-Virus Challenged Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 1,056 pigs [PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)], originating from an active PRRSV-positive sow farm, were used in a 46-d study to evaluate growth performance and mortality and removals of nursery pigs. Pigs were fed diets containing increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed (NBO3, Manhattan KS), a source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid). At placement in the nursery, pens of pigs were randomly assigned 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 22 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments included increasing percentages of O3 Trial Feed (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3%). Omega-6:3 ratios for the 4 treatments within each phase were: Phase 1 (15.1:1, 8.4:1, 5.9:1, 3.7:1); Phase 2 (16.5:1, 9.2:1, 6.4:1, 4.0:1); Phase 3 (20.8:1, 10.4:1, 7.0:1, 4.2:1); and Phase 4 (25.3:1, 12.5:1, 8.3:1, 5.0:1), respectively. Pigs remained on treatments throughout the 4 dietary phases over the 46-d study. Overall, pigs fed increased O3 Trial Feed had increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI and G:F. The greatest impact on growth due to dietary treatment began when pigs tested positive for PRRSV during week 3 of the study. This was confirmed by testing oral fluids, collected on a weekly basis, for PRRSV using a PCR test. Pigs fed increasing O3 Trial Feed also had decreased (linear, P = 0.027) total removals and mortalities. In summary, adding O3 Trial Feed to reduce the Omega 6-3 ratio improved growth performance and reduced mortality in nursery pigs with an active PRRSV challenge.

242 Effects of Providing a Liquid Sensory Attractant to Suckling Pigs in Lactation and After Weaning on Post-Weaning Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 28 litters corresponding with 355 nursery pigs were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effect of a liquid sensory attractant (BlueLite Pro2Lyte; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) pre- and post-weaning on the feed intake and growth of pigs after weaning. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of: 1) pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), 2) post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and 3) body weight category (light/heavy). Litters that received liquid attractant pre-weaning were provided approximately 88 mL per d, divided into 2 applications, sprayed on the underline of sows for 2-d beginning the morning after farrowing and 2-d prior to weaning. In total, pigs received attractant for 4-d pre-weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received liquid attractant were offered approximately 56 mL per d, divided into 3 applications, sprayed on the feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. Overall, pre and post-weaning liquid sensory attractant did not have a significant effect (P > 0.10) on growth performance of pigs after weaning. For the percentage of pigs that lost weight by d 3 after weaning, a 3-way interaction was observed (P = 0.016). Sensory attractant pre- or post-weaning reduced the percentage of heavyweight pigs that lost weight after weaning; however, for lightweight pigs, providing the attractant only pre-weaning increased the percentage of pigs that lost weight after weaning. Additionally, a greater percentage of heavyweight pigs lost weight on d 3 (P = 0.007) and d 7 (P = 0.051) compared with lightweight pigs. In summary, liquid sensory attractant application pre- and post-weaning had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs; however, varying responses were observed for the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning. Strategies to reduce the number of pigs that lose weight after weaning warrant further investigation.

PSIII-18 Effect of Increasing L-Lysine-HCl and Amino Acid Ratios on Performance of Finishing Pigs from 109 to 129 Kg

Abstract A total of 1,789 pigs (PIC; 337×1050; initial BW 108.9 ± 1.14 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing L-Lys-HCl and AA ratios on performance of late finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets without DDGS. The study used 2 groups of pigs and each study lasted 18 and 27 d, respectively. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 20 to 25 pigs/pen and 19 replications/treatment (10 and 9 replications/group, respectively). Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatment diets were formulated to 0.70% digestible Lys and consisted of low, medium, or high levels of feed-grade AA and moderate or high AA ratios relative to Lys. Low, medium and high feed-grade AA treatments had increased L-Lys-HCl (0.15, 0.30 and 0.39%) replacing soybean meal to achieve CP levels of 13.6, 12.0, and 11.0. Minimum AA:Lys ratios were 53% Ile, 128% Leu, 58% Met&Cys, 66% Thr, 18.5% Trp, 68% Val, and 34% His in Moderate AA ratio diets and 60% Ile, 128% Leu, 60% Met&Cys, 70% Thr, 21.2% Trp, 72% Val, and 33% His for the high AA ratio treatment. Overall, there was a marginally significant increase in ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.097) observed in pigs fed medium feed-grade AA and moderate AA ratios. Treatment diets had no effect on ADG or G:F. At the end of group 2, carcass data was collected with no differences (P > 0.10) observed for HCW, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth or percentage lean. In summary, differing levels of feed-grade AA and AA ratios used in this study did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics of late finishing pigs with the exception of a marginally significant increase in ADFI.

157 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance in 75 to 130 Kg DNA Finishing Pigs

Abstract Two studies were conducted to estimate the SID Lys requirement for growth and feed efficiency of 70-130-kg DNA finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 616 pigs (600×241, DNA; initially 76.4±1.25 kg) were used from 70-100-kg and in Exp. 2, 679 pigs (600×241, DNA; initially 103.8±1.32 kg) were used from 100-130 kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments with 8-10 pigs/pen in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal based and SID Lys increased by increasing soybean meal and feed-grade amino acids while maintaining minimum ratios for other amino acids. From 70-100 kg, ADG, G:F, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain all increased, (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing SID Lys. From 100-130 kg, ADG, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing SID Lys, while G:F increased (quadratic, P = 0.032). At current ingredient and pig prices, there were no statistical differences in income over feed cost (IOFC) from 70-100 kg. From 100-130 kg, increasing SID Lys increased (quadratic, P = 0.001) IOFC. A broken-line linear (BLL) model predicted optimal ADG at 0.83% SID Lys, while a quadratic polynomial (QP) model predicted a requirement of 0.90% for G:F from 75-100 kg. A QP model predicted maximum IOFC at 0.78% SID Lys from 75-100 kg. From 100-130 kg, BLL models predicted optimal ADG and G:F at 0.64 and 0.59% SID Lys, respectively. A QP model predicted maximum IOFC at 0.64% SID Lys. In summary, these results suggest the optimal SID Lys level for 75-100 kg DNA finishing pigs for growth performance is between 0.83 and 0.90% SID Lys, and 0.78% SID Lys for maximum IOFC. The optimal SID Lys level in 100-130 kg DNA finishing pigs depends upon the response criteria, with growth performance and IOFC maximized between 0.59 and 0.64% SID Lys.

PSIII-19 Effect of Sensory Attractants Before and After Weaning on Nursery Pig Performance

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using 48 litters and 711 nursery pigs to determine the effect of a powder sensory attractant (Exp. 1; Baby Pig Restart APF; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) or enrichment cube (Exp. 2; supersized pellets resembling cattle cubes) pre- and post-weaning on feed intake and growth. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and BW category (light/heavy). Pre-weaning treatments were assigned in a RCBD and post-weaning treatments were assigned in a CRD. Litters receiving attractant pre-weaning were provided 90 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings, in the pan of rotary creep feeders (Exp. 1) or 100 g of cubes once daily on the floor of farrowing stalls (Exp. 2) for 4-d prior to weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received attractant were offered 45 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings/d for 2-d (Exp. 1), or 100 g of cubes once daily (Exp. 2) top-dressed on feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. In both experiments, pre- and post-weaning attractant had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs after weaning. In Exp. 1, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 3-d post-weaning decreased by approximately 20 percentage points when pigs were provided powder both pre- and post-weaning compared with the other 3 treatment combinations (P = 0.015). No differences were observed for BW category. In Exp. 2, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 7-d post-weaning decreased by 11.7 percentage points when pigs were offered cubes compared with no cubes (P = 0.002). On d 3, more heavyweight pigs lost weight (P = 0.007) than lightweight pigs; however, this effect was diminished by d 7. In summary, sensory attractants reduced the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning which may be due to encouraged activity around the feeder.