Pelvic Urine Culture Research Articles

Factors predicting infective complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery according to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and quick sequential organ failure assessment: A prospective study.

Myriad operative factors and characteristics of patients may influence the risk of infection in a patient undergoing stone surgery. We prospectively determined the risk factors for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Patients who underwent PCNL and RIRS from March 2018 to January 2020 satisfying our selection criteria were enrolled. Samples of urine from the renal pelvis, bladder, and retrieved stones were sent for culture testing. Postoperatively patients were keenly supervised for any indications of SIRS and qSOFA. The association between stone and urine cultures across various sites was examined. Regression analysis was performed to ascertain clinical variables affiliated with SIRS and qSOFA. The study included a total of 150 patients including both PCNL and RIRS, of which 23% post-PCNL and 20% post-RIRS met the criteria of SIRS and qSOFA. On univariate analysis in PCNL-Dilated pelvicalyceal system (PCS), renal pelvic urine culture (RPUC), stone culture (SC), and operative time >124 min among others were identified as risk factors whereas, in RIRS-residual calculus, RPUC, SC and operative time >62 min were risk factors. Multivariate analysis identified dilated PCS and SC for PCNL and only intraoperative RPUC for RIRS as independent risk factors. Only a significantly strong correlation among culture analysis was found between RPUC and SC in both the procedures. Intraoperative RPUC and SCs are better predictors of post-PCNL SIRS while Intraoperative RPUC and duration of surgery are better predictors of post-RIRS sepsis. We, therefore, recommend that both these cultures must routinely be obtained in the above procedures to identify the offending organisms and amend antibiotic therapy during treatment and surgical duration should be kept <62 min in RIRS. SIRS serves as a sensitive review tool which is specifically useful for initial care and on the contrary qSOFA is well suited for patients at greater risk of demise, thereby guiding clinicians to decide future care and course of treatment of patients.

Dilute povidone-iodine irrigation during percutaneous nephrolithotomy to reduce postoperative infective complications - Is there any benefit?

Infectious complications following stone lithotripsy is a significant source of patient morbidity and mortality. Post percutaneous nephrolithotomy fever is reported in 37% of patients undergoing PCNL and sepsis is the most common cause of mortality following PCNL. Thus, there is an urgent need to tackle lithotripsy-associated bacteremia occurring intraoperatively, keeping in mind the threat of emerging global antibiotic resistance. The aim of our study was to study the efficacy of using intermittent 0.35% dilute Povidone-Iodine (PI) irrigation during PCNL in reducing postoperative infection rate. This is a prospective observational study done in 24 patients diagnosed with Staghorn and matrix calculi requiring PCNL. All patients were taken up for the procedure with sterile urine culture or after treating them with culture-specific antibiotic with initial positive urine culture. Intraoperative pelvic urine was sent for culture and sensitivity. 0.35% dilute PI irrigation was used intermittently during the procedure. Patients were monitored and assessed for signs of post-PCNL infection and PI-related side effects. The results were compared with similar group of patients with similar stone characteristics who underwent PCNL before adopting the dilute PI irrigation protocol (non-PI irrigation group). Among 24 patients, 18 patients had partial or complete Staghorn and 6 had matrix calculi. Five patients with Staghorn and three patients with matrix calculi had positive renal pelvic urine culture. In the non-PI irrigation group, 19 patients had Staghorn stones and 5 had matrix calculi. Three patients with Staghorn and two patients with matrix calculi had positive renal pelvic urine culture. Three patients (12.5%) had postoperative fever in the dilute PI irrigation group, compared to 11 patients (45.8%) in the non-PI irrigation group. No patient had PI-related complications. Our prospective study highlights that the use of 0.35% dilute PI irrigation intermittently during PCNL reduces the postoperative infection rate significantly.

Preoperative Midstream Urine Cultures vs Renal Pelvic Urine Culture or Stone Culture in Predicting Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Urosepsis After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: To compare preoperative midstream urine cultures (PMUC) and renal pelvic urine culture (RPUC) or stone culture (SC) in predicting systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and urosepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Methods: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases up to September 1, 2020, for relevant published studies. Two authors independently confirmed whether the literatures met the inclusion criteria and collected the data from the selected literatures. A meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager Software 5.4.1. A total of 14 studies with 3540 patients were selected and analyzed in the meta-analysis. Results: Pooled data showed that SC was associated with a higher sensitivity (odds ratios [OR] 2.36, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.31-4.25; p < 0.00001), positive predictive value (PPV) (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.18-2.01; p = 0.16) and negative predictive values (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.01-1.37; p = 0.06) in the diagnosis of SIRS and urosepsis after PCNL, and RPUC provided a significantly higher specificity (OR 2.70, 95% CI 2.16-3.38; p = 0.07) and PPV (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.49-3.15; p = 0.48) than PMUC in the diagnosis of SIRS and urosepsis after PCNL. Conclusion: Intraoperative SC and RPUC are more reliable than PMUC in predicting postoperative SIRS and urosepsis, identifying causative organisms, and directing antibiotic therapy for patients who underwent PCNL. PMUC, SC, and RPUC should be routinely collected for the diagnosis and management of SIRS and urosepsis after PCNL.

Assessing the Optimal Urine Culture for Predicting Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a dangerous complication after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). We aimed to review the diagnostic accuracy of midstream urine culture (MSUC), pelvic urine culture (PUC), and stone culture (SC) derived from the same cases to predict SIRS after PCNL and/or RIRS. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed, using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Controlled Register of Trials. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for MSUC, PUC, and SC. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was estimated for each study with a random effect and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) model leading to a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Overall test accuracy was measured by finding the area under the curve (AUC). An AUC value >0.70 stands for adequate overall accuracy. Results: The search retrieved 537 articles. After screening, 21 studies involving 5238 patients were included for the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity for MSUC was 0.322 (95% CI 0.2228-0.432), and pooled specificity 0.854 (95% CI 0.810-0.889). The DOR was low at 2.780 (95% CI 1.769-4.368), showing poor overall diagnostic accuracy. The pooled sensitivity for PUC was 0.323 (95% CI 0.224-0.440) and specificity 0.931 (95% CI 0.896-0.954). The DOR was 6.377 (95% CI 4.065-10.004), showing a mild overall diagnostic accuracy. The pooled sensitivity for SC was 0.552 (95% CI 0.441-0.658) and specificity 0.847 (95% CI 0.798-0.886). The DOR was 6.820 (95% CI 4.435-10.488), showing mild overall diagnostic accuracy. The AUC for HSROC for MSUC was 0.65, 0.73, and 0.75 for PUC and SC, respectively. Conclusion: MSUC is a poor predictor for postoperative SIRS. PUC or SC should be collected during lithotripsy to better predict the possibility of developing postoperative SIRS after PCNL and RIRS.

Factors associated with urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Objective: To evaluate factors associated with urosepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Materials and Methods: Seventy-six upper tract urinary calculi patients underwent PCNL at Loei Hospital between July 2014 to January 2019, all were enrolled onto the study. The following data were collected: demographics, type and size of stone, intraoperative data, pelvic urine culture and urosepsis complications after the procedure. Association of factors with urosepsis after PNCL were identified using a binary logistic regression model with a bootstrap estimation. Results: Urosepsis complications occurred in 7 patients (9.2%). Mean (SD) of age was 54.4 (10.3) years. Of all patients, 2% with staghorn stone and 22% positive urine culture. Multivariable analysis indicated that staghorn stone (a OR =6.75; 95%CI: 1.59-28.63, p=0.01) and positive pelvic urine culture (a OR =7.51; 95%CI: 1.35-41.77, p=0.02) were associated with urosepsis after PCNL. Conclusion: There was no mortality after PCNL in this study. Staghorn stone and positive pelvic urine culture may be associated with an increased risk of urosepsis complication.

Antibiotic administration for negative midstream urine culture patients before percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

To investigate how to administrate antibiotics for negative midstream urine culture (UC-) patients prior to percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), we retrospectively analyzed UC-patients receiving 0 or 3days of cefuroxime prior to PCNL between July 2017 and May 2020. Patients were further divided into four groups (Group1A = urine with positive both nitrite and white blood cell (N + WBC +) and 0-day pre-operative cefuroxime; Group1B = N + WBC + and 3-day cefuroxime; Group2A = N - WBC + and 0-day cefuroxime; Group2B = N - WBC + and 3-day cefuroxime). All patients routinely received a dose of cefuroxime 30min prior to the surgery. In addition, Group1B were matched to the Group1A; Group2B were matched to the Group2A at a 1:1 ratio regarding stone burden, the degree of hydronephrosis, stone hardness, age and sex in a sequentialorder. A total of 560 patients were included (Group1A = 72; Group1B = 72; Group2A = 208; Group2B = 208). The baseline characteristics were equally distributed between the matched-pair groups. Compared to Group1B, Group1A had a significantly higher incidence of SIRS, fever, urosepsis requiring only additional antibiotics, and an increased postoperative hospitalization stay. Compared to Group2B, Group2A had similar rate of infectious complications. In addition, Group1B was associated with a significantly lower rate of positive pelvic urine culture (PUC +) than that of Group1A; whereas, there was similar rate of PUC + between Group2A and Group2B. UC-patients with N + WBC + should be treated with extended period of antibiotic administration, and a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic was sufficient for UC-patients with N - WBC + prior to PCNL. Despite UC, it is suggested to stratify pre-operative antibiotics tailored to individual patients to optimize its application.

How does pre-operative antimicrobial treatment influence the intra-operative culture results and infectious complications in patients with positive baseline bladder urine culture undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy?

We investigated how pre-operative antimicrobial treatment influenced intra-operative culture (IC) results and infectious complications in patients with positive pre-operative bladder urine culture (PBUC) undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy. We assessed 162 patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy from April 2019 to March 2020. Based on PBUC findings, they were divided into positive and negative PBUC groups. We administered pre-operative antimicrobial treatment to the positive PBUC group and only peri-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis to the negative PBUC group. We examined intra-operative cultures (ICs), including bladder urine culture, renal pelvic urine culture and stone culture, in all cases. We studied the association between the results of PBUC, ICs and infectious complications in both groups. A total of 67 and 95 patients had positive and negative PBUC, respectively. In the positive PBUC group, 19 (28.4%) patients still had positive bladder urine culture after the antibiotic treatment. Positive ICs (43.3% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001) and post-operative fever (16.4% vs. 2.0%, p = 0.001) were more common in the positive PBUC group than in the negative PBUC group. In the positive PBUC group, 11 patients had a post-operative fever, regardless of the ICs results (6 positive ICs and 5 negative ICs). Furthermore, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were detected from ICs in 5 patients with positive PBUC, including 4 suffering from a post-operative fever. Although the effect of pre-operative antimicrobial treatment is not definitive, to avoid serious infectious complications, we should recognize high-risk patients and perform more careful infection control based on the pre- and intra-operative culture results.

Association of Preoperative mid-stream urine culture, Renal pelvic urine culture and Renal stone culture in the detection of Systemic inflammatory response syndrome/urosepsis post Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Introduction: Urosepsis post Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a dreaded complication with high mortality rate. Objective: To find the association of preoperative midstream urine culture (PMUC), renal pelvic urine culture (RPUC) and renal stone culture (RSC) in the post-operative development of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and urosepsis.&#x0D; Methods: It was a prospective cross-sectional observational study. The study included all symptomatic patients meeting the inclusion criteria who underwent Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy from 18th August, 2019 to 28th March, 2020. PMUC, RPUC and RSC were done and analyzed accordingly.&#x0D; Results: A total of 140 (73 males, 67 females) patients underwent PCNL. PMUC was positive in 15% (21/140) as compared to RPUC and RSC which were 7.9 % (11/140) and 4.3% (6/140) of total cases. None of the patients had simultaneous culture positivity in all the three types of specimens. Only two (1.42%) patients had simultaneous positivity in pelvic urine culture and stone culture. The organisms obtained in pelvic urine culture and stone culture were same i.e. Klebsiella and Escherichia coli respectively. Only two (1.42%) patients developed SIRS post PCNL, where in both the cases stone culture were positive but PMUC and RPUC were negative. Urosepsis was found in none of the patients. In the Fischer Exact test PMUC and RPUC were not statistically significant in the detection of SIRS post PCNL. Whereas only RSC showed statistical significance in the detection of SIRS.&#x0D; Conclusion: Stone culture has high prediction for SIRS and it might be considered for patients undergoing PCNL in order to prevent stone related infective complications.

A prospective Comparative Clinical Study on Bladder Urine, Pelvic Urine and Renal Stone Culture &amp; Sensitivity in Predicting Urosepsis Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Background: Urosepsis means a severe infection of urinary tract (UTI) and/or male genital tract (prostate) with features consistent with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. UTI may occur among all the age groups and produce a broad range of clinical syndromes ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to acute pyelonephritis with gram negative sepsis to septic shock. It is estimated that the mortality rate due to urosepsis ranges from 30 to 40 p.c respectively. Urosepsis may also cause multiple organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension. Urosepsis due to percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be catastrophic despite prophylactic antibiotic coverage and negative midstream urine culture and sensitivity testing (C&amp;S) and bacteria in the stone can be responsible for systemic infection. The aim of the study is to compare bladder urine (culture &amp; sensitivity) and collecting system urine and stone (culture and sensitivity) in predicting urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Subjects and Methods: A hospital-based, analytical prospective clinical study was conducted among thirty cases who were present during the study period and had undergone percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Cases were included irrespective of gender with renal calculi in whom percutaneous nephrolithotomy was about to be done at Narayana Medical College &amp; Hospital, Chintareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh during 1st February 2014 to 31st January 2015. Data collected was divided into three main groups Midstream urine (C&amp;S); Pelvic urine (C&amp;S); and Stone (C&amp;S) respectively. Data obtained was entered in Microsoft Excel-2013 and analyzed in SPSS version-22 trial. Appropriate statistical tests were applied and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Bladder urine (C&amp;S) was positive in 3/30 (10.00%) patients, Pelvic urine (C&amp;S) in 5/30 (16.66 %) patients and Stone (C&amp;S) in 8/30 (26.66 %) patients. Most of the infected specimens grew Escherichia coli followed by pseudomonas, klebsiella, enterococcus. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) was reported among 26.7 p.c (8) of the patients. In one patient (3.33%) septic shock developed but no deaths were reported. Conclusion: Stone (C&amp;S) and Pelvic urine (C&amp;S) are better predictors of urosepsis than Bladder urine (C&amp;S).

The evaluation of early predictive factors for urosepsis in patients with negative preoperative urine culture following mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

To identify early predictive factors for urosepsis secondary to mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) in patients with negative preoperative urine culture (UC). A total of 786 patients with baseline negative UC who underwent MPCNL between January 2017 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Urosepsis was defined according to the Sepsis-3 definition. Subsequently, perioperative potential risk factors were compared between non-urosepsis and urosepsis groups. Despite negative UC in all patients, the rate of positive stone culture (SC) was 16.0%; the rate of pelvic urine culture (PUC) was 7.5%; 23 cases (2.9%) developed urosepsis after MPCNL. Univariate analysis showed that urosepsis was associated with the female gender, BMI, stone burden, diabetes mellitus and preoperative urine test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that urine test with positive nitrite and white blood cells and leukocyte esterase (N+WBC+LE+) (OR 17.51, 95% CI 6.75-45.38, P < 0.001) and operative time > 120min (OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.41-8.85, P = 0.007) were independent risk factors for urosepsis. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of N+WBC+LE+ showed that the area under the curve was 0.785 for predicting the occurrence of urosepsis. Further analysis showed that N+WBC+LE+ provided an efficient prediction of SC+/PUC+ (SC+ or PUC+) with 61.7% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity. In spite of the baseline negative preoperative UC, 2.9% of patients developed urosepsis after MPCNL. N+WBC+LE + was determined to be an early and efficient prediction of intraoperative bacterial status and urosepsis following MPCNL. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm the results.

UP038 - Microbiological landscape of preoperative bladder urine, renal pelvic urine and stone cultures during endourological procedures

UP038 - Microbiological landscape of preoperative bladder urine, renal pelvic urine and stone cultures during endourological procedures

408 - The significance of intraoperative renal pelvic urine and stone culture for patients at high risk of post-ureteroscopy systemic inflammatory response syndrome

408 - The significance of intraoperative renal pelvic urine and stone culture for patients at high risk of post-ureteroscopy systemic inflammatory response syndrome

The significance of intraoperative renal pelvic urine and stone cultures for patients at a high risk of post-ureteroscopy systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

We examined the renal pelvic urine culture (RPUC) and stone culture (SC) during ureteroscopy and evaluated their associations with postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). We prospectively collected data of 224 patients who underwent ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy from March 2015 to December 2017. We examined the bladder urine culture pre-operatively. If the patients had positive culture results, we treated them with antibiotics for 5-7days before surgery based on the sensitivity profile. We collected RPUC and SC samples during surgery. After ureteroscopy, patients were closely monitored for any signs of SIRS. Using a logistic regression model, we analyzed how the clinical factors affected the incidence of SIRS. Pre-operative bladder urine culture (PBUC) was positive in 111 patients (49.6%). Intraoperative RPUC was positive in 43 patients (19.2%), and SC was positive in 34 patients (15.2%). Postoperatively, 23 patients (10.3%) were diagnosed with SIRS. A multivariate analysis revealed that female gender, struvite calculi and positive intraoperative RPUC results were significantly associated with postoperative SIRS. Among the 31 patients who were positive for both PBUC and intraoperative RPUC, the pathogens were not consistent in 11 patients (35.5%). Among the 25 patients who were positive for both PBUC and intraoperative SC, the pathogens were not consistent in 13 patients (52.0%). We recommend collecting RPUC and SC samples during ureteroscopy, especially for patients with high risk factors, including female gender, expected struvite calculi and positive PBUC results.

P37 - Concordance of preoperative bladder urine, renal pelvic urine and stone cultures after endourological procedures and risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Results from a cross-sectional study

P37 - Concordance of preoperative bladder urine, renal pelvic urine and stone cultures after endourological procedures and risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Results from a cross-sectional study

Does leaving residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with positive stone culture and/or renal pelvic urine culture increase the risk of infectious complications?

The residual fragments in patients with preoperative and intraoperative culture positivity may serve as an infection focus. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of residual fragments for developing SIRS in patients with stone culture and/or RPUC positivity. After obtaining institutional review board approval, a total of 729 patients who undergone PCNL for renal stones were included in this study. Residual fragments accepted to be positive if any fragment was detected irrespective of size. All patients were followed-up postoperatively for SIRS criteria. The patients were then followed-up for residual stone-related events and infectious complications. 94 of the 729 patients have developed SIRS postoperatively. SIRS positivity was more common among males and found to be associated with higher stone burden and presence of staghorn stone. Patients with residual fragments after PCNL also had higher rates of SIRS. In the subgroup analysis of 203 patients who had post-PCNL residual fragments, the peroperative stone and/or RPUC positivity was not found to be associated with the development of the SIRS. Although presence of residual fragments after PCNL is associated with SIRS development, stone culture and/or RPUC positivity has no additional risk for development of post-PCNL infectious complications in patients with residual fragments.

Significance of renal pelvic urine culture and stone culture for high-risk patients of post-ureteroscopic lithotripsy SIRS

Significance of renal pelvic urine culture and stone culture for high-risk patients of post-ureteroscopic lithotripsy SIRS

MP96-20 CHALLENGING THE PARADIGM OF MANDATORY OVERNIGHT OBSERVATION AFTER ELECTIVE PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Quality Improvement & Patient Safety III1 Apr 2017MP96-20 CHALLENGING THE PARADIGM OF MANDATORY OVERNIGHT OBSERVATION AFTER ELECTIVE PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT Jennifer Robles and Nicole Miller Jennifer RoblesJennifer Robles More articles by this author and Nicole MillerNicole Miller More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3043AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The typical paradigm for patients who undergo elective percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement (PCN) is 23-hr observation to monitor for post-procedure complications such as sepsis or bleeding. However, many similar Interventional Radiology (IR) procedures such as biopsies or abscess drainage are done on an outpatient basis. This maximizes patient and provider satisfaction while reducing medical costs and resource utilization. Our objective is to evaluate the safety of elective PCN placement and to identify which groups should be considered for outpatient PCN placement. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 374 patients at our institution who underwent PCN or nephroureteral tube placement by IR from 1/2014 - 1/2016. We excluded inpatients, patients with suspected urosepsis, pregnancy, age <18 yrs or pelvic kidneys. All patients were admitted for observation. We collected data on demographics, clinical characteristics, procedural details and post-PCN clinical course. T-test and Chi-squared analysis were used to assess risk factors for statistical significance. RESULTS We identified 94 patients who underwent electively scheduled PCN placement (see Table 1). There were no major (Clavien Gr III-IV) complications, episodes of sepsis or hemorrhage. There were 8 patients (9%) with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): tachycardia (6), fevers (5) and chills (2). Excluding a patient with pancytopenia due to chemotherapy, 100% of patients with SIRS had stones, 6/7 had staghorn stones (p=0.001) and 5/7 had been treated for positive cultures pre-PCN. They were also statistically more likely to have had difficult procedures & positive PCN cultures. Neither chronically colonized or purulent-appearing urine were associated with complications. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that most patients do not require admission for observation after elective PCN placement. Risk factors for post-PCN complications include large stone burden, longer fluoroscopy time, and difficult PCN access. One-third of patients with staghorn stones developed SIRS and they accounted for the majority of complications despite pre-PCN antibiotic treatment, highlighting the importance of renal pelvic urine cultures and close post-procedural observation for this high-risk group. © 2017FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 4SApril 2017Page: e1302 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017MetricsAuthor Information Jennifer Robles More articles by this author Nicole Miller More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Assessment of Risk Factors and Their Impact on Patient Outcomes

Objectives: To identify perioperative risk factors for postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and suggest possible modifications to reduce morbidity. Material and Methods: We prospectively analysed perioperative data such as history of pervious stone surgery, number and configuration of stones, presence of stent or nephrostomy, any previous positive urine culture, intraoperative renal pelvic urine and stone culture, aspiration of turbid urine on initial puncture, number of tracts required and clearance of stones, operative time and intraoperative hypotension and tachycardia of all patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy over a period of 15 months. Results: A total of 182 patients were included, average stone size was 2.8 cm, 36.2% had staghorn stones and 15.9% had an indwelling stent or nephrostomy. Despite sterile preoperative urine culture, renal pelvic urine culture (RPUC) was positive in 14.8% (27 patients) and stone culture was positive in 21.9% (40 patients). SIRS developed in 17.5% (32 patients) and septic shock in 1.09% (2 patients). On analysis younger age, positive RPUC and stone culture, longer operative time and intraoperative tachycardia correlated significantly with the development of SIRS. Conclusion: Intra-operative cultures are only therapy-guiding cultures during SIRS, as preoperative urine cultures seldom accurately depict bacteriological status of upper tracts and thus should be obtained in all patients.

Predictors of systemic inflammatory response syndrome following percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Introduction and Objectives:Sepsis remains one of the dreaded complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). To analyze prospectively the preoperative and intraoperative factors that predict the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in patients undergoing PCNL so that we can aggressively manage those patients from the preoperative period itself and avert the dangerous complications.Materials and Methods:A prospective study was carried out between August 2012 and March 2013 including all patients who underwent PCNL. Patients with infected collecting system, synchronous ureteric stones, stents, or percutaneous nephrostomy drainage were excluded from the study. Patients were evaluated with physical examination, urine analysis, urine culture and sensitivity, complete blood count, renal function test, X-ray kidney, ureter, and bladder (KUB), and plain and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography KUB. Patients who developed any two or above of the following in the postoperative period were considered to have developed SIRS. (1) Temperature >100.4°F (38°C) or <96.8°F (36°C). (2) Pulse rate >90/min. (3) Respiratory rate >20/min. (4) White blood cell count >12,000/ml or <4000/ml.Results:Of the 120 patients who underwent PCNL 29 (24.1%) developed features of SIRS. On univariate analysis, gender, diabetes mellitus, bladder urine culture, and serum creatinine were found to be statistically insignificant. Blood transfusion (P = 0.009), no of access tracts (P = 0.001), pelvic urine culture (P = 0.04), stone culture (P = 0.003), stone size (P = 0.001), age (P = 0.019), and operative time (P = 0.004) were found to be statistically significant. On multivariate regression analysis stone size, no of access tracts, operative time, and stone culture were found to be statistically significant with regard to the occurrence of SIRS.Conclusion:Patients with above-identified risk factors must be aggressively treated to prevent the occurrence of sepsis postoperatively.

Renal stone culture and sensitivity is a better predictor of potential urosepsis than pelvic or midstream urine culture and sensitivity

Background and Aim: Septicemia is a serious complication following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and can occur in spite of sterile preoperative urine culture and prophylactic antibiotics. The aim of the study was to analyze the utility of cultures of midstream urine (MSU), renal pelvic urine, and crushed stones for prediction of urosepsis. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective clinical study in consecutive patients undergoing PCNL between April 2015 and October 2015. The samples collected for culture and sensitivity (C and S) were (1) MSU one day before surgery, (2) Urine from pelvicaliceal system during percutaneous puncture, and (3) Stone fragments collected during the procedure. All the patients were monitored during the postoperative period for symptoms and signs of urosepsis. The data collected were divided into 3 main groups, i.e., MSU C and S, pelvic urine C and S, and stone C and S, and were analyzed to determine association with urosepsis. Results: A total of 83 patients were included. The MSU C and S was positive in 10.8%, pelvic C and S in 13.7%, and stone C and S in 30.1% patients. Twenty patients had systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and 3 patients had septic shock. Out of the 20 with SIRS, 17 cases were stone C and S positive, 6 were pelvic urine C and S positive, and 2 patients had positive MSU C and S. Conclusion: Stone C and S is a better predictor of potential urosepsis than pelvic urine and MSU C and S, which often fail to grow stone colonizing bacteria. We recommend routine collection of stone for C and S for the diagnosis and management of urosepsis after PCNL.