Pelletizing Pressure Research Articles

Influence of Microwave Sintering and Pellet Pressure on the Phase Formation, Microstructure and Lithium-Ion Conductivity of the Li6.28Al0.24La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte

Influence of Microwave Sintering and Pellet Pressure on the Phase Formation, Microstructure and Lithium-Ion Conductivity of the Li6.28Al0.24La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte

In-situ torrefaction-densification approach for pelletizing of rice hull/rice stalk and the combustion behavior analysis

The utilization of biomass resources could optimize the energy consumption structure and achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. Torrefaction and densification pretreatment could improve the defects of high oxygen content, low energy density, and low bulk density of biomass. In this work, high-density and hardness pellets were prepared by torrefaction coupling densification (in-situ torrefaction-densification without binders). In-situ torrefaction-densification significantly reduced the pressure required for the densification process. In-situ torrefaction-densification lowered the pressure required to prepare RH pellets with a bulk density of 1000 kg/m3 from 88.23 MPa to 30.95 MPa. The effects of the in-situ torrefaction-densification method and pelletizing pressure on the pellet combustion process were investigated by non-isothermal and isothermal combustion. The volatile and carbon of TCDP could be burned intensively during combustion, and the emissions of CO and CxHy were reduced during combustion. The original structural strength of TCDP was still maintained in the combustion process. The alkali metal K in TCDP was difficult to escape, effectively reducing the emission of K in the flue gas. In-situ torrefaction-densification could not only improve the quality of biomass solid fuel but also facilitate the storage and transportation of biomass solid fuel.

Hydrogen storage and ignition properties of pelletized catalyzed magnesium

Catalyzed magnesium (MgH2+1mol%Nb2O5) can quickly absorb hydrogen even at room temperature, but there is a risk of ignition due to reaction with oxygen when handled in the atmosphere. In this study, we attempted to suppress ignition by pelletizing catalyzed magnesium powder. In addition, the effect of pelletizing conditions on the hydrogen storage properties of catalyzed magnesium was investigated. The pellets were formed at a forming pressure from 140 MPa to 1400 MPa. The higher the pelletizing pressure, the more the particles adhered to each other, and it was confirmed that an adhered layer of about 5 μm was formed on the pellet surface. This is thought to have reduced the pathway for gas molecules to penetrate from the pellet surface to the interior, resulting in a decrease in the hydrogen absorption rate and ignitability.

Ionic Conductivity of the Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 Argyrodite Electrolyte at Different Operating and Pelletizing Pressures and Temperatures

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) using argyrodite electrolyte materials have shown promise for applications in electric vehicles (EVs). However, understanding the effects of processing parameters on the ionic conductivity of these electrolytes is crucial for optimizing battery performance and manufacturing methods. This study investigates the influence of electrolyte operating temperature, electrolyte operating pressure, electrolyte pelletization pressure, and electrolyte pelletizing temperature on the ionic conductivity of the Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 argyrodite electrolyte (AmpceraTM, D50 = 10 µm). A specially designed test cell is employed for the experimental measurements, allowing for controlled pelletization and testing within the same tooling. The results demonstrate the significant impact of the four parameters on the ionic conductivity of the argyrodite electrolyte. The electrolyte operating temperature has a more pronounced effect than operating pressure, and pelletizing temperature exerts a greater influence than pelletizing pressure. This study provides graphs that aid in understanding the interplay between these parameters and achieving desired conductivity values. It also establishes a baseline for the maximum pelletizing temperature before undesirable degradation of the electrolyte occurs. By manipulating the pelletizing pressure, operating pressure, and pelletizing temperature, battery engineers can achieve the desired conductivity for specific applications. The findings emphasize the need to consider operating conditions to ensure satisfactory low-temperature performance, particularly for EVs. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into processing and operating conditions for ASSLBs utilizing the Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5 argyrodite electrolyte.

Effect of Particle Size and Pressure on the Transport Properties of the Fast Ion Conductor t‐Li7SiPS8

AbstractAll‐solid‐state batteries promise higher energy and power densities as well as increased safety compared to lithium‐ion batteries by using non‐flammable solid electrolytes and metallic lithium as the anode. Ensuring permanent and close contact between the components and individual particles is crucial for long‐term operation of a solid‐state cell. This study investigates the particle size dependent compression mechanics and ionic conductivity of the mechanically soft thiophosphate solid electrolyte tetragonal Li7SiPS8 (t‐LiSiPS) under pressure. The effect of stack and pelletizing pressure is demonstrated as a powerful tool to influence the microstructure and, hence, ionic conductivity of t‐LiSiPS. Heckel analysis for granular powder compression reveals distinct pressure regimes, which differently impact the Li ion conductivity. The pelletizing process is simulated using the discrete element method followed by finite volume analysis to disentangle the effects of pressure‐dependent microstructure evolution from atomistic activation volume effects. Furthermore, it is found that the relative density of a tablet is a weaker descriptor for the sample's impedance compared to the particle size distribution. The multiscale experimental and theoretical study thus captures both atomistic and microstructural effects of pressure on the ionic conductivity, thus emphasizing the importance of microstructure, particle size distribution and pressure control in solid electrolytes.

Experimental process and kinetic behavior of carbothermal reduction of lithium cobaltate as a cathode for waste lithium batteries

Lithium cobaltate as a cathode material has great recycling value in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries, To promote the thermal reduction process of lithium cobaltate and recover high-value cobalt and lithium metals, we studied the process of lithium cobaltate reduction by carbon under different conditions and its thermal reaction kinetics. The effects of calcination temperature, raw material ratio, pelletizing pressure and holding time on the reduction rate of lithium cobaltate were investigated by controlling variables. The results showed that the optimum experimental conditions were as follows: mass ratio of carbon and lithium cobaltate was 1:1, pelletizing pressure was 45 MPa, calcination temperature was 800 °C, and calcination time was 6 h. Under these conditions, lithium cobaltate could be converted into cobalt and lithium carbonate, and the recovery rate of cobalt and lithium was 97% and 95%, respectively. A kinetic study on the carbothermal reduction reaction of LiCoO2 showed that the average activation energy of the carbothermal reaction of LiCoO2 under nitrogen protection was 280.6851 kJ/mol, and the mechanism model of the thermal decomposition reaction of LiCoO2 was controlled by chemicals, showing a deceleration curve. The corresponding process conforms to the threedimensional diffusion mechanism of the inverse Jander equation, which lays a theoretical foundation for the high-efficiency separation and recovery of LiCoO2 cathode material for waste lithium-ion batteries.

Analysis of the Gaseous Reduction of Porous Wustite Pellets by Response Surface Methodology

In the present study, numerical simulation, regression modeling, sensitivity analysis, and optimization are implemented to analyze how the reduction rates of wustite pellets are affected by the operational variables. Overall reduction time as a function of temperature, pellet diameter, porosity, gas ratio, tortuosity, gas utility, and pressure was computed by the numerical solution of the time‐dependent governing differential equations describing the gas concentrations and temperature variation within a porous pellet of wustite. Bulk temperature, pressure, and pellet size were selected based on the screening analysis, which were then used for the main regression modeling to quantify and evaluate their effects on the overall reduction time. The resulting correlation equation gives the reduction time as a function of the important reaction conditions, within their selected ranges, without having to numerically solve the complex partial differential equations. The pellet diameter and pressure were the two most influential factors, followed by other ones. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the higher the temperature and pressure, the less influential their variations in the reduction time, especially at small pellet diameters. On the other hand, the reduction time displayed the highest sensitivity to the aforementioned variables for large pellets and at low pressures and temperatures.

Effect of sample preparation procedure on standardless wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of plant samples

XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis) has been applied as the method for analysis of plant samples, but not in its full potential. This method would be highly suitable for monitoring programs and screening studies. A simple sample preparation procedure makes this technique time and cost-effective, although the absence of adequate calibration standards for some analyzed matrices can be a significant limiting factor. Nevertheless, this obstacle can be overcome by the development of the so-called “standardless method” approach. It is important to explore the possibilities and limitations of such method applied to an analysis of plant materials. The accuracy of XRF analysis is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the sample, which can be significantly affected by the sample preparation procedure. Variations of 3 crucial sample preparation parameters: the mass of the samples (from 1 to 5 g), binder ratio (from 0 to 25% of wax), and pressing pressure (from 10 to 25 t) were tested on needles obtained from two widespread conifer species: Pinus nigra and Abies alba. For most elements, the correlation between the concentration and the change of the binder ratio was statistically significant, while there was no statistically significant correlation between the concentration and the change of the pellet mass and applied pressure. For both types of needles, an estimated systematic error was always higher than a random error. The difference between two types of errors has been higher among samples with different wax content than in samples with different pellet mass, while the variation of applied pressure did not introduce any significant systematic error. On average the change of wax content inflated the value of systematic error by 18 and 13% for the pine and fir needle samples (respectively), while the change of the sample mass has introduced systematic error in lesser extent, on average it was 11% for pine needles and 10% for fir needle samples. The change of pelletizing pressure affected the results by only 3.9% for both conifer needles.

Preparation of Red Phosphor Sr2Si5N8: Eu2+ by Pellet Method and Its Optical Characteristics

Red Sr2Si5N8: Eu2+ phosphor with excellent properties was successfully synthesized by pellet method, an effective synthesis technology presented in this work. The influence of reactive conditions such as pellet pressure, position of samples in carbon powder, and Eu2+ ion concentration on the properties of crystallinity, particle size, and the photoluminescence properties of Sr2Si5N8: Eu2+ phosphor were studied in detail. Our results show that the optimum preparation condition is 1500, 5 MPa pellet pressure, and the middle position in carbon powder. The phosphor has improved its efficiency under excitation of near UV and blue LEDs, and it emits red light at around 620 nm. In addition, red LEDs were successfully prepared by using Sr2Si5N8: Eu2+ phosphor combined with UV-chips with maximum luminous efficiency at 9.443 lm/W, when the molar concentration of Eu2+ ion reached 0.001.

Biopellet properties of agathis wood fortified with its peeled-off bark

The agathis bark is expected to increase the energy content and durability of the resulting biopellet. The present research was aimed to analyze chemical components of agathis and to determine the quality of agathis wood biopellet fortified with it loosen bark. The klason lignin, extractives, holocellulose and α-cellulose content of wood and bark of the agathis were determined following the standard procedures of TAPPI T 222 0m-88, TAPPI T 204 0m-88, and Browning (1967), respectively. Biopellets of 15 mm diameter were prepared with pelletizing pressure of 1500 psi. The moisture content, ash content, density, durability, and calorific value of the resulting biopellet were compared to those required by DIN EN 14961-2 and 51731 standards. The α-cellulose and holocellulose content of the agathis bark were found lower than these of its wood. However, its klason lignin, extractive, and ash content were higher than these of its wood. The resulting biopellet retained the density of 0.61-0.71 g/cm3, moisture content of 0.42-4.52%, ash content of 0.79-2.73%, durability of 21.26-44.59%, and calorific value of 4,524-4,628 kcal/kg. Except for that of the biopellet density and durability, all parameters satisfied the requirements of DIN EN standards. Thermal analysis of biopellet showed that water loss occurred at 36-100°C and significant mass decomposition between 100 up to 475°C with the weight loss of 77.34-80.51%. No further decomposition was found at above 480°C.

Study on the Estimation of Proper Compression Ratios for Korean Domestic Wood Species by Single Pellet Press

Single pellet press technology allows for fast, low-cost, and small-scale tests to investigate pelletizing characteristics. We estimated proper compression ratios for five Korean domestic wood species through predicted relationships between pelletizing pressure Px and compression ratio based on experimental data obtained from a single pellet press unit. The pressures required to obtain a 6-mm-diam pellet of density 1200 kg/m3 were estimated as 111 MPa for Populus davidiana, 133 MPa for Robinia pseudoacacia, 136 MPa for Quercus mongolica, 97 MPa for Pinus densiflora, and 127 MPa for Pinus rigida. On the basis of these pressures, we estimated proper compression ratios to be within the range 7.676–8.410 for these species, and we found the compression ratios needed for hardwood species to be somewhat higher than those needed for softwood species to obtain the pellet density of 1200 kg/m3.

Effect of pressure on pressed pellets in XRS

In this study, the absorption experiments which are an application area in XRS are discussed. The effect on the absorption parameters of the pressure applied to make pellet powder samples was investigated. The mass attenuation coefficients ( μ m), mean free paths and half‐value layers of samples prepared at different pressures were experimentally determined. C6H10O5, VF4, CaO and Y2O3 samples were pressed at 1.91, 3.82, 5.72 and 7.63 tons/cm2. A variable energy x‐ray source from Amersham (AMC.2084) was used in order to irradiate the samples at energies 13.39, 19.63, 24.90, 32.06, 36.39, 44.48, 51.70 and 59.54 keV. The photon intensities were measured by using an HPGe detector with a resolution of 182 eV at 5.9 keV. The theoretical radiation absorption parameters were calculated by WinXCOM program. The calculated values were compared with the experimental values. Good agreement has been observed within experimental uncertainties for low pellet pressure. The obtained results show that the radiation absorption parameters change with the amount of pressure applied to the sample.

Effects of pelletizing conditions on the structure of rice straw-pellet pyrolysis char

The pyrolysis char structure affects gasification reactivity. In this study, the effects of pelletizing conditions on the structural characteristics of straw-biomass-pellet fast pyrolysis char were investigated. Agricultural rice straw was used to prepare cylindrical pellets having a diameter of 8 mm. Pyrolysis at 600 °C was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The porosity, pore structure, and carbon crystalline structure of the pyrolysis char were analyzed using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated yield of pellet pyrolysis char is significantly greater than that of raw biomass, with more mesopores and fewer macropores present in the pellet pyrolysis char. Additionally, the char yield of the pellets made of <88 μm straw particles was higher than that of the pellets with other particle size ranges. The pellet char had the largest specific surface area and showed greater carbon disorder when the biomass particle size was 150–250 μm. Moreover, the effects of pelletizing pressure on char yield, porosity, and carbon structure were insignificant.

Waste to Carbon: Densification of Torrefied Refuse-Derived Fuel

In this work, for the first time, the feasibility of obtaining carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) pelletization from municipal solid waste (MSW) was shown. Production of CRDF by torrefaction of MSW could be the future of recycling technology. The objective was to determine the applied pressure needed to produce CRDF pellets with compressive strength (CS) comparable to conventional biomass pellets. Also, the hypothesis that a binder (water glass (WG)) applied to CRDF as a coating can improve CS was tested. The pelletizing was based on the lab-scale production of CRDF pellets with pressure ranging from 8.5 MPa to 76.2 MPa. The resulting CS pellets increased from 0.06 MPa to 3.44 MPa with applied pelletizing pressure up to the threshold of 50.8 MPa, above which it did not significantly improve (p &lt; 0.05). It was found that the addition of 10% WG to 50.8 MPa CRDF pellets or coating them with WG did not significantly improve the CS (p &lt; 0.05). It was possible to produce durable pellets from CRDF. The CS was comparable to pine pellets. This research advances the concept of energy recovery from MSW, particularly by providing practical information on densification of CRDF originating from the torrefaction of the flammable fraction of MSW–refuse-derived fuel. Modification of CRDF through pelletization is proposed as preparation of lower volume fuel with projected lower costs of its storage and transportation and for a wider adoption of this technology.

SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND INITIAL ELECTRIC SCRATCHING ON PbZrXTi(1-X)O3 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND INITIAL ELECTRIC SCRATCHING ON PbZrXTi(1-X)O3 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL . PbZrTi(1-x)O3(PZT) material is currently one of the highest- quality piezoelectric materials and has been widely used in various applications, including as sensors in the observation system in nuclear reactor cores. In this study, a solid state reaction method was used to synthesize PbZrTi(1-x)O3(PZT) material with variations in compaction pressure of 7000 and 5000 psi. The sample synthesized was analyzed by the crystal structure system using Rietveld method of X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The fitting results from Highscore program showed compounds with perovskite crystals system of tetragonal (PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3) and rhombohedral (PbZr0,58Ti0,42O3) and PbTiO3 (tetragonal). The electrifying process using an electrical voltage of kv DC has been successfully carried out on synthesis products. The voltage source used is from the electronic circuit Television (TV) 14-21 inches which has a flyback component and then continues with a voltage drop by making a voltage divider. The polling results can be identified by measuring the piezoelectric constant with the d33 meter device. Optimization of polling parameters to the material temperature was obtained at 100 oC, then applied polling sample of PbZrTi(1-x)O3(PZT) material added by PVDF (1.5, 2.5 and 5% weight percent) to samples with the compaction of 7000 and 5000 psi. Maximum d33 measurement (61 x 10-12 C/N) was obtained on PZT material with a pellet pressure of 7000 psi. Increasing the addition of PVDF results in a reduction of d33.

Effect of Bark Content and Densification Temperature on The Properties of Oil Palm Trunk-Based Pellets

Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a potential source of biomass for the production of biopellet. In the present research, biopellet were prepared from the meristem part of 25 years old OPT with various percentages of its bark (0, 10, and 30%). The highest biopellet durability was found for biopellet produced at 130°C of pelletizing temperature with 30% bark content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of biopellet showed the weak of particle bonding due to the low pelletizing pressure. The moisture content, unit density, ash content, and caloric value of OPT-based pellets were 3.55-5.35%, 525.56-855.23 kg/m3, 2.76-3.44%, and 17.89-19.14 MJ/kg, respectively. The combustion profiles obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) seemed to be unaffected by the bark content on. Differential thermal analysis of TGA curve indicated different pyrolysis characteristic of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.

Predictive temperature modeling and experimental investigation of ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting of wheat straw

Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass is an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. However, large-scale manufacturing of cellulosic ethanol is hindered by several factors. The main factor driving this hindrance is the low density of cellulosic biomass. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting can effectively increase cellulosic biomass density by compressing raw biomass into pellets, reducing transportation and storage costs. Pelleting temperature has also been identified as a key parameter influencing pellet quality. In this paper, a predictive mathematical model of pelleting temperature using spatio-temporal dynamics was developed to study multiple factors affecting temperature rise through pelleting. The mathematical model was then validated with experimental data along with high goodness of fit (average R2>0.83). Effects of three input variables (ultrasonic power, pelleting pressure, and pellet weight) on temperature ranges (highest temperature point and lowest temperature point) were investigated using a 23 (two levels and three variables) factorial design. Our results indicated that friction between mold and biomass has a marginal effect on the temperature profiles, and demonstrated the highest and lowest temperature points are significantly correlated to the input variables (ultrasonic power, pellet weight, and pellet pressure) and their interaction effects. The proposed mathematical model delivers a new guideline by avoiding unnecessary experiments and provides a systematic understanding of temperature profiles during the biomass pelleting process. Knowledge transferred from the current study fulfills the literature gap between mathematical modeling research and an optimal, ultrasonic, vibration-assisted pelleting process; and, therefore, provides insight into improving biomass quality in energy-related ultrasonic manufacturing.

Effects of pelletizing pressure and the addition of woody bulking agents on the physical and mechanical properties of pellets made from composted pig solid fraction

This study reports the effects of the addition of different woody bulking agents and pelletizing pressure on the final bulk density, durability and compression resistance of pellets manufactured from composted pig solid fraction. Two pressure levels (3.5 and 5.0MPa) and three different types of compost (SFC - pig solid fraction, BC - pig solid fraction mixed with woody biochar, and WC - pig solid fraction mixed with wood chips) were investigated.The study shows that the different pressures adopted - in the range of 3.5 to 5.0MPa - and the addition of woody bulking agents did not significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of the pellets. However, according to the results of the study, the particle dimension of the woody bulking agents plays a key role in the mechanical properties of the pellets; the smaller the particles, the higher the pellet mechanical properties. The pelletizing process increased the bulk density of the investigated composts, and pellet durability was always high (>80%). Nevertheless, when comparing the two bulking agents, the best results in terms of final quality were observed for pellets made from pig solid fraction mixed with woody biochar.

Direct Determination of Contaminants and Major and Minor Nutrients in Solid Fertilizers Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).

Contaminants (Cd, Cr, and Pb) as well as minor (B, Cu, Mn, Na, and Zn) and major (Ca and Mg) elements were directly determined in solid fertilizer samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Factorial designs were used to define the most appropriate LIBS parameters and pellet pressure on solid fertilizers. Emission lines for all of the analytes were collected and employed 12 signal normalization modes. The best results were obtained using a laser energy of 75 mJ, a spot size of 50 μm, a pressure of 10 t/in., and a delay of 2.0 μs. Good correlation was obtained between the calibration model's prediction using the proposed LIBS method and the reference values obtained with ICP-OES. The limits of detection (LOD) for the proposed method varied from 2 mg/kg (for Cd) to 1% (for Zn).

A Study on the Pyrolysis of Peanut Shells at Different Isothermal Conditions and Determination of the Kinetic Parameters

The pyrolysis process, which is applied for the aim of producing energy and raw materials which are implemented for the chemical industry from biomass sources, is a thermal conversion process. Determination of the pyrolysis kinetic parameters are important In order to suitable equipment and process design. In this target, in the study the pyrolysis of peanut shells was conducted in a muffle furnace at static atmosphere with temperatures ranging from 300-700 °C. The effects of various parameters on the rate of thermal decomposition rate and the solid yield were determined. The parameters of interest were temperature 300-700 °C, particle size 4-50 mesh, pelletizing, and pelletizing pressure 1.103-5.103 kgf/cm2. Regression coefficients for the total decomposition step were obtained using the thermographs were obtained as a result of the pyrolysis of the peanut shells, and 20 different theoretical model equations that represented the degradation by the Coast-Redfern method. According to regression coefficients of the theoretical model equations, we determined the kinetic model that best represented the degradation. Using this model to represent the degradation, the activation energy (Ea) and Arhenius frequency factor ln(A) for the total reaction were calculated to be 38.245 kJ/mol and 8.124, respectively.