Pellet Technology Research Articles

Poređenje parametara kvaliteta nepiliranog i novostvorenog piliranog semena zelene salate

Lettuce is one of the most common types of leafy vegetables in human diet that is grown worldwide. Narrow and very small seeds make its sowing very difficult, requiring a lot of time and labour. Also, plants produced by manual sowing are often characterized by uneven germination. Those problems could be prevented by sowing pelleted seeds which require the development of adequate pelleting technology. Absence of quality lettuce seeds in the Serbian market results in large amounts of imported pelleted seeds every year. The aim of this study was to develop a domestic pelleting procedure and examine its effects on seeds quality parameters, in order to provide seeds to local farmers at a more affordable price compared to imported commercial pelleted seeds. Pelleted and non-pelleted seeds of the Panukia F1 hybrid were compared in several quality characteristics (1000 seed weight, germination energy, germination percentage, seedling length) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. There was no loss in seed quality with the pelleting process, although the seed weight increased 12-19 times. Pelleted lettuce seeds had very high germination energy and seed germination (97-98%). In greenhouse conditions, non-pelleted seeds sprouted unevenly in relation to pelleted seeds. These results confirm the advantages of sowing pelleted seeds in terms of uniform germination and development of lettuce plants, primarily due to the precision of mechanical sowing. By offering domestic pelleting lettuce seeds to the growers, the production process would be significantly improved and accelerated with the reduction of manual labour, and therefore the overall production cost.

Safety assessment of the process NOVAPET, based on the Polymetrix pellet technology, used to recycle post-consumer PET into food contact materials.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process NOVAPET (EU register number RECYC216), which uses the Polymetrix pellet technology. The input material is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, e.g. bottles, including no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are extruded into pellets, crystallised, preheated and subsequently decontaminated in a solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) reactor under high temperature and gas flow. Having examined the challenge tests provided, the Panel concluded that the fifth step, the decontamination in the SSP reactor, is critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of this critical step are temperature, gas speed and residence time. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure a level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not considered to be of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long‐term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave or conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

Safety assessment of the process LuxPET, based on the Polymetrix pellet technology, used to recycle post-consumer PET into food contact materials.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process LuxPET (EU register number RECYC209), which uses the Polymetrix pellet technology. The input material is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, e.g. bottles, including no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are extruded into pellets, crystallised, preheated and subsequently decontaminated in a solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) reactor under high temperature and gas flow. Having examined the challenge tests provided, the Panel concluded that the fourth step, the decontamination in the SSP reactor, is critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of this critical step are temperature, gas speed and residence time. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure a level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not considered to be of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long‐term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave or conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

Safety assessment of the process MOPET, based on the Polymetrix pellet technology, used to recycle post-consumer PET into food contact materials.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process MOPET (EU register number RECYC211), which uses the Polymetrix pellet technology. The input material is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, e.g. bottles, including no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are extruded into pellets, crystallised, preheated and subsequently decontaminated in a solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) reactor under high temperature and gas flow. Having examined the challenge tests provided, the Panel concluded that the fourth step, the decontamination in the SSP reactor, is critical in determining the decontamination efficiency of the process. The operating parameters to control the performance of this critical step are temperature, gas speed and residence time. It was demonstrated that this recycling process is able to ensure a level of migration of potential unknown contaminants into food below the conservatively modelled migration of 0.1 μg/kg food. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the recycled PET obtained from this process is not considered to be of safety concern, when used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long‐term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The final articles made of this recycled PET are not intended to be used in microwave or conventional ovens and such uses are not covered by this evaluation.

Design of pressing tools for pelleting machines

The growing global demand for energy, as well as the global demand for a higher share of the use of renewable energy sources, is leading to intensive development of the production of solid biofuels in the form of pellets. Biomass pelleting technology is successfully used to produce solid high-grade biofuel in the form of pellets. This biofuel is currently an important trade item in the energy markets. The development of pelleting technology also brings higher demands on pelleting machines and tools. Pressing tools are the powerful core of the entire technological line for the production of solid biofuels. The paper deals with biomass pelleting technology and describes the requirements and limits of this technology. It focuses in great detail on the pressing tools of pelleting machines. The work examines in detail the design of pressing dies and pressing rolls. The above knowledge are based on the personal experience of the authors as designers of pelleting machines and tools. The published information is of great practical importance for the development of pelleting technology and for moving forward in the design of pressing tools

Dry filtration technology application with activated carbon media to remove odor ammonia emissions from production process feed mill industry

A pilot project research has been conducted to eliminate odor pollution from the feed mill industry. The feed industry in Indonesia has grown, especially in poultry feed production produced in modern feed mills equipped with pelleting technology. This industry is also having an environmental impact in the form of air pollution of its production activities. The laboratory analysis showed that ammonia has emitted, and it was the dominant parameter as the cause of odor in air pollution. This research aims to remove ammonia emissions using dry filtration technology with activated carbon as the filter media in the upright reactor. The reactor is designed from stainless steel material, consisting of 3 trays. The distance between trays is 300 mm, the dimensions of the tray are L.2430 mm, W.1815 mm, H.600 mm, the tray hole diameter is 3 mm. The average gas flow rate is 200-300 Nm3/min. Activated carbon used granules, size 6-8 mm, 200 mm thick in the tray. The results showed that the efficiency of ammonia removal was 81.96%-94.40% and had met the quality standards. This technology is feasible to control ammonia as an odor pollutant in the feed mill industry.

Influence of organic binders on the pyrolysis performance of rice straw pellets

Organic additives, which are generally used as binders, play an important role in pelletization technology. However, they influence the pyrolysis performance of pellets. In this study, pea starch (PS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were added to rice straw pellets (RS) to investigate their influence on the pyrolysis performance. The results demonstrated that when PS was added, the yield of bio-oil and the proportion of CO were higher. When the temperature was higher than 600 °C, the pyrolysis of PS was complete, and the pyrolysis behavior of the pellets with PS was similar to that of the straw pellets without binders. CMC had no obvious effects on the pyrolysis of RS, but introducing Na (in form of Na2CO3 in the bio-char) had apparently positive synergistic effects on the gasification of bio-char. This study could serve as a reference for selecting binders and for the industrial gasification of pellets from biomass.

A Comprehensive Review On Pelletization Technology: A Novel Strategy For Formulation Development

Pelletization technology is gaining very much attention in present times as it has provided a competent pathway for the oral drug delivery system manufacturing. Pellets offers many biopharmaceuticals as well as technological recompenses over the conventional dosage forms. Pellets offer required strength for dose which can be blended for the delivery of incompatible bioactive agents and helps in providing different release profiles. In this review we will be discussing the extensively used techniques of pelletization, extrusion and spheronization in detail with their methods and applications in the field of pharmacy as a competent pathway for the novel drug delivery systems.

Effects of different pelleting technologies and parameters on pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass

Densification of lignocellulosic biomass is beneficial for its logistics, and in some situations, also for its application in biorefineries. In this study, industrial pellets and laboratory-made pellets produced at different die temperatures (90, 125 °C) from wheat straw, beech, and pine were pretreated (by dilute acid and alkali) and enzymatically hydrolyzed to study the effects of pelleting on pretreatment and sugar yield. The results showed that industrial pelleting positively affected sugar yield of the three biomasses for both acid and alkaline pretreatments, while laboratory pelleting affected sugar yield differently related to pretreatment types and biomass species. Pelleting disturbed biomass cell wall structure and affected the stability of hemicellulose and β-O-4′ linkages in lignin. The extent of hemicellulose solubility during acid pretreatment and the amount of lignin β-O-4′ ether linkages present in acid pretreated substrates could serve as indicators of the effect of pelleting on sugar yield. The structural modifications caused by pelleting and their effects on the enzymatic sugar yield correlate tightly to pelleting technology, pretreatment method, and biomass species. The discrepant effects between industrial and laboratory pelleting on sugar yield observed in this study should be considered when designing future studies.

Pyrolysis of furfural residue pellets: Physicochemical characteristics of pyrolytic pellets and pyrolysis kinetics

Biomass pelletization technology has recently gained significant interest, where pyrolyzed pellets have a very wide range of applications (e.g., as pellet fuels and adsorbents). In this study, furfural residue pellets (FRPs) were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 200–850 °C in a tube furnace. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolyzed FRPs (PFRPs) obtained at various temperatures were compared, and the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process were calculated using the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The PFRPs prepared at 450, 650, and 850 °C had higher volumetric energy densities than coal, whereas other properties (e.g., H/C and O/C ratios) were found to be similar to those of coal. The maximum iodine adsorption value (i.e. 317.8 mg/g) and methylene blue adsorption value (i.e. 96.4 mg/g) were achieved by pyrolysis at 650 °C and 450 °C, respectively, indicating that pyrolysis promoted the formation of micropore structures at 650 °C. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) was employed to explore the temperature-sensitivity of the surface functional groups of the PFRPs. Based on comparison of the volumetric energy density, hydrophobicity, particle density, and strength, the PFRPs prepared at 250–300 °C afforded the best overall performance, where the sample prepared at 300 °C exhibited the maximum hydrophobicity.

Mechanical Characteristics and Energy Consumption of Solid and Hollow Biomass Pellet Production Using a Statistical Analysis of Operating Parameters

Biomass pelletization technology overcame the poor utilization and handling properties of loose materials. The quality of pellets is sensitive to the pelletization conditions. In this work the impact of the operating parameters as pressure, temperature, and moisture content on the mechanical characteristics as the compression strength ( $${\sigma }_{max}$$ ) and durability ( $$Du$$ ) and energy consumption for both production ( $${E}_{c,p}$$ ) and ejection ( $${E}_{c,ej}$$ ) of rice straw (RS) pellets was studied. Furthermore, the synergic effect of these parameters on the pellet characteristics was evaluated at the optimum conditions. The operating parameters were optimized using a multi-objective optimization approach of Response Surface Method (RSM) based on the predicted significant models that describe the physical characteristics of the pellets. The optimization results showed that high quality pellets could be produced at a pressure of 68.4 MPa, temperature of 110.0 °C, and moisture of 8.2% for solid pellets and 63.6 MPa, 110.0 °C, and 8.7% for hollow pellets. Significant individual and interaction effects of all independent parameters on the pellets characteristics were investigated using statistical analysis results, main plot curves and 2D interaction contour plots. New significant empirical dimensionless relationships that correlate the characteristics of pellets were proposed. These relationships can be generalized for any type of pellets that produced under various operating conditions. Hollow pellets are recommended to be used in the industrial sector due to their enhanced heat transfer which resulted from the high surface to volume ratio besides their ease production at normal operating condition similar to that required for solid pellets.

Pemberdayaan Peternak Pada Suku Akit Melalui Pemanfaatan Bahan Baku Pakan Lokal Tepung Biji Karet Fermentasi Sebagai Ransum Pellet Puyuh Petelur

The Akit tribe is the original tribe of Rupat Island who is used to living hunting and gathering. The Akit tribe is one of the remote indigenous communities (KAT) in Riau Province. This service aims to utilize and process rubber seeds with pellet technology as animal feed for laying quail rations as an effort to improve the welfare of the community. The service method is the Community Based Research (CBR) method, which is a method where the community takes part in this research and service process. The results show that community service activities generate 80 - 90% feedback from the community, even though most people have low levels of education but still easily understand the material. Furthermore, the ration consumption during quail maintenance was 19.65 - 22.01%, the weight of quail eggs was 6.66 - 8.35% and the ration conversion was 2.36 - 3.43. The conclusion of this service is that fermented pellet ration up to 6% of rubber seed flour be used as laying quail feed with the community based research (CBR) service model to motivate breeders to increase their business in raising quail in a sustainable

Industry Leaders’ Perceptions of Residential Wood Pellet Technology Diffusion in the Northeastern U.S.

Within a shifting climate of renewable energy options, technology innovations in the energy sector are vital in combating fossil-fuel-driven climate change and economic growth. To enter this market dominated by fossil fuels, renewable energy innovations need to overcome significant barriers related to cost, relative advantages compared to fossil fuels, and policy incentive programs. A better understanding of the innovation diffusion of new technologies in establishing the renewable energy industry can aid policy makers in designing and implementing other renewable energy support programs and improving adoption rates within existing programs. This study assessed industry leaders’ perceptions through semi-structured interviews. We explored the innovation diffusion process of wood pellet residential heating technology, as well as policy needs and barriers within this industry that are hindering successful long-term diffusion and sustainability. We show that while there is high potential to the wood pellet industry in terms of local resources and overall advantages to fossil fuels, it can be difficult to achieve sustainable economic growth with current cost barriers and further policy programs and incentives are needed in addition to improved communication to reduce adoption barriers for wood pellet technology.

Safety assessment of the process Plastrec, based on Polymetrix pellet technology, used to recycle post-consumer PET into food contact materials.

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP) assessed the safety of the recycling process Plastrec (EU register number RECYC181), which uses the Polymetrix pellet technology. The input is hot washed and dried poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes originating from collected post‐consumer PET containers, mainly bottles, with no more than 5% PET from non‐food consumer applications. The flakes are extruded into pellets, crystallised and subsequently decontaminated in a ■■■■■ solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) reactor under high temperature and inert gas flow. The recycled pellets are intended to be used at up to 100% for the manufacture of materials and articles for contact with all types of foodstuffs for long‐term storage at room temperature, with or without hotfill. The Panel concluded that the dossier does not satisfy the requirements of the EFSA guidelines, because the data and clarifications provided by the applicant do not allow an adequate evaluation of the decontamination efficiency of the process. Consequently, the CEP Panel concluded that the applicant has not demonstrated that the recycling process is able to reduce contamination of the PET flake input to a concentration that does not pose a risk to human health.

Nutritional supplement for indigenous intestinal microflora: manufacturing, quality and effectiveness evaluation

The pharmaceutical composition of a nutritional supplement, which has a profound effect on the maintenance and development of the indigenous intestinal microflora, has been scientifically proven. The nutritional supplement is obtained by combining the encapsulation technology with the pellet technology to ensure that the pharmaceutical composition remains intact and the product appeals to consumers. The combination of encapsulation and pellet technology is highly beneficial to the manufacturing process as the delivery of the ingredients, which are very different in absorption and penetration rates, is improved, controlled and becomes very site-specific, while at the same time offering even distribution. The quality of the nutritional supplement has been proven and the product complies with the compulsory sanitary-hygienic and sanitarytoxicological regulations for dietary supplements. Clinical trials for the new nutritional supplement were performed to ensure the safety and the effectiveness of the product. Sixty volunteers aged from 33 to 72 were involved in the clinical trials. All of the volunteers were diagnosed with different intestinal microbiota disorders, among them a decreased number of microbial symbionts (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, Escherichia coli (Lac +), the presence of Klebsiella pnenmoniae and opportunistic pathogens like Candida alticans. Patients with intestinal microbiota disorders were prescribed to take 1 capsule of the nutritional supplement twice a day for a period of 30 days together with other medicine prescribed to improve the biocenosis. Having taken part in the clinical trials, nearly 90% of patients, who had previously experienced such symptoms as bloating, gas, different abdominal pains, cramping, diarrhoea and constipation, demonstrated microbiota restoration, along with the overall health improvement. Considering the findings of the clinical trials, it should be noted that the use of ‘Panbiom’ nutritional supplement can play an important role in keeping the immune system healthy, with short chain fatty acids becoming the main focus of attention. Short chain fatty acids are the key to stimulating the immune response, as they support the regulatory T cells, prevent pathological changes and lessen the symptoms. The nutritional supplement composition and the manufacturing process were developed and tested at the scientific research-to-production facilities of Art-Life Scientific Production Association in Tomsk. All the mandatory documentation was obtained and fully complies with the requirements for nutritional supplements.

Seed Pelleting Technology to Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)] Improvements and Its Importance for Agronomic Practice: A Review

Tef in Ethiopia, among the cultivated food crops grown it ranks first, with an estimated production area of 3,023,283.5 ha and a mean productivity of 1.75 t ha -1 . However, despite its importance in Ethiopia, tef yields are low. In the production year 2017-2018, yields were 1.7 t ha -1 significantly lower than other cereals, such as: maize (3.95 t ha -1 ), sorghum and wheat (both 2.72 t ha -1 ). A knowledge on the use of pelleted seeds in improving the productivity of the tef crop by seed sowing with a minimum time wastage, reduce labor costs, for the use of planting machine to boost the yield of the crop in the country particularly tef grower farmers, investors and other stake holders. From this, to review seed pelleting technology and its importance for agronomic practices and to generate information on seed pelleting for future research direction. The small size of tef seed possess problems during sowing, and indirectly during weeding and threshing. Seed pelleting is the process of enclosing a seed inside a small quantity of inert material just large enough to produce a globular unit of standard size to facilitate planting. Small and irregularly shaped seed can now be treated as larger and round-shaped. Many crop seeds are small and irregular in shape which does not permit the accurate metering by mechanical planting equipments. Pelleting improves the chances of successful germination and seedling establishment under field condition. The pelleting technique increases and homogenizes seed size, but it is essential to determine the physical and physiological characteristics of pelleted seeds. Pellet improvements over the last 10 years include increased O 2 penetration/availability, wider pellet density range, pellet loading, better field visibility. Because of the large increase in volume obtained when seeds are pelleted, pellets have been shown to be effective carriers of plant Protects. Generally application seed pelleting technology for small seed size crops particularly, tef it important for proper planting and maintain planting density of the crop. To this end, research for scientific evident is needed to this technology in the future. Keywords : pelleting technology, Seed pelleting, enclosing a seed DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-24-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

Novel Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Steroids: Overview and Recent Updates

This review summarises the oral route of drug delivery of steroids. Oral drug delivery is widespread owing to its non- nvasive nature which complements high patient compliance.This article summarises the problems associated with oral delivery of steroids including bioavailability. In this review, a brief description of the novel types of drug delivery systems of steroids such as microspheres, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, multimatrix tablets, pellet technology, liposomes are presented. The review also presents the latest innovations and advances that have been achieved in recent years

Gerakan Pakan Mandiri (Gepari)

The agrocomplex business unit at Bahrul Maghfiroh Islamic Boarding School began to be pioneered for development in the freshwater aquaculture sector from spawning, making pellets / independent feed to processing processed fish products (catfish and tilapia). The potential for higher market demand to meet the needs of fish (catfish and tilapia) in the Malang area is an opportunity for Islamic boarding schools to participate in this section, socially and culturally, students' representations are important exponents in the reality of empowerment, the provision of an entrepreneurial spirit is very much needed in industrial era 4.0, the balance between spiritual and entrepreneurial spirit is a good provision for community application. The cultivation of freshwater fish is emerging developing throughout Indonesia, there are fundamental problems faced by all farmers, one of the drawbacks formulation of fish feed less to optimize the potential of local materials, especially waste and lack of knowledge to formulate feed containing protein, fat, fiber ash and vitamins. At this time, the price of feed used by farmers soared and began to burden the sustainability of the cultivation system. Increasing feed prices and reducing profits or net profits can affect the sustainability of aquaculture, therefore we need a new innovation independent feed movement that has better nutritional and nutritional content at a price that is much more affordable and grows tangible profits. The problems experienced by Bahrul Maghfiroh Islamic boarding school regarding the formula of independent feed in freshwater fish farming can be overcome through the independent feed movement (GEPARI) the application of fish pellet technology by utilizing livestock waste, vegetable waste that has not been optimized. The maximum utilization of this waste can provide significant results because the nutritional and nutrient contents that meet the innovative completed multiple waste concept are solutive, then this problem will be resolved.

Liquisolid Pellets and Liqui-Pellets Are Not Different.

Our research group has pioneered the development of liquisolid pellets as a new drug delivery system targeting at the improvement of the dissolution rates of poorly water-soluble drugs, combining the technological and biopharmaceutical advantages of both multiparticulate and liquisolid systems. Recently, Lam and collaborators claimed the invention of "liqui-pellets" as "the emerging next-generation oral dosage form which stems from liquisolid concept in combination with pelletization technology". However, the concept of liqui-pellet is not novel. As we demonstrate in this commentary, liqui-pellets are the same type of preparation as our previously and extensively reported liquisolid pellets. Liquisolid pellets have been disclosed in a patent application and public peer-reviewed articles covering the concept, preparation and challenges associated with these systems. There are no technical differences that justify excluding our previous reports as the first reports on liquisolid pellets or liqui-pellets. This commentary highlights the similarities between liquisolid pellets and liqui-pellets, focusing on the anteriority of liquisolid pellets as disclosed by our group.

Aqueous leaching of ADOPT and standard UO2 spent nuclear fuel under H2 atmosphere

ABSTRACTLeaching results to compare the dissolution behavior of a new type of fuel with additives (Advanced Doped Pellet Technology, ADOPT) with standard UO2 fuel are presented. Both fuels were irradiated in the same assembly of a commercial boiling water reactor to a local burnup of ∼58 MWd/kgU. Fuel fragments are leached in simplified groundwater in two autoclaves under hydrogen atmosphere, representing conditions in a canister failure scenario resulting in water intrusion for a spent nuclear fuel repository. Preliminary results indicate the uranium concentration decreased to 3-4x10-8 M after 421 days, slightly above the solubility of amorphous UO2. Xe has been detected in the gas phase of both autoclaves. The concentration of Cs and I seems to gradually approach constant values, yet the redox sensitive elements continue to slowly increase with time. The preliminary data obtained supports the hypothesis that there is no major difference in leaching behavior between the two fuels.