Pelargonium Graveolens Research Articles

The alien vascular flora of Stromboli and Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy)

The updated censuses of the alien flora of the islands of Stromboli and Vulcano, Aeolian Islands in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea, are presented here. They currently consist of 40 and 57 specific and subspecific taxa respectively. As many as 16 and 18 taxa respectively are new in comparison with the last censuses in 2016. Mesembryanthemum × vascosilvae, commonly cultivated in both islands, is reported for the first time as naturalized alien to Italy. Passiflora incarnata from Stromboli and Pelargonium graveolens from Vulcano are reported for the first time as casual aliens to Sicily. The evolution over time of these florulas, as inferred from the main floristic works published on these islands, is commented on. Biology, ecology and possible causes of settlement of these plants are discussed briefly.

Phytochemicals and Volatiles in Developing Pelargonium ‘Endsleigh’ Flowers

Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) have been the subject of many studies concerning essential oil, unlike the edible flowers of scent Pelargonium despite the beneficial properties of chemical compounds present in such organ and the fragrances produced. Therefore, we investigated organic compounds, total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the flowers with particular attention to the volatile compounds emitted by flowers of Pelargonium ‘Endsleigh’ at three stages of development. We identified several major phenols and organic compounds that revealed significative difference compared with other Pelargonium flowers, and employing the solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) methodology we determined that the production of volatile compounds decreases during the flower development. In addition, the emission of volatiles is accomplished mainly by the sepals. In conclusion, to use Pelargonium ‘Endsleigh’ flowers, it is important in ensuring that they have not yet opened and that the sepals are in place.

Genome-mining for stress-responsive genes, profiling of antioxidants and radical scavenging metabolism in hyperaccumulator medicinal and aromatic plants

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) possess phytoremediation potential owing to antioxidants, secondary metabolites, and morphological features. Moringa oleifera, Pelargonium graveolens, Tagetes patula, and Calotropis gigantea are known for their phytoremediation properties in heavy metals polluted soil. These plants with phytoremediation properties due to antioxidants, specific secondary metabolites synthesis, and distinctive morphological characteristics ultimately become the ideal choice for effective remediation. The main aim of the current study is to provide a genetic evaluation using bioinformatics techniques, antioxidant compounds, metabolites, and their activity. Genomic and transcriptomic studies endorsed genes related to hyperaccumulation in these plant species having essential domains as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD_Cu, SOD_Fe_C, and SOD_Fe_N). The phylogenetic study showed its close evolutionary relationship to other plant species. The accumulation of total photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, non-enzymatic antioxidants, and enzymatic antioxidants determined spectrophotometrically, involved in stress tolerance and ROS homeostasis maintenance mechanisms. Tagetes leaves showed the highest proline, flavonoids, and phenolics content, while Moringa showed higher CAT, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Results also revealed that plants accumulated more primary and secondary metabolites in young tissue to tackle pathogens, herbivores, attract pollinators, and in mature tissues to develop strong physiology. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power, and radical scavenging activities were observed. These MAPs have intriguing antioxidant characteristics and a phytochemical composition that might give scientific support for their stress tolerance and ROS management activities. The study establishes the groundwork for using MAPs as phytoremediators; further confirmatory research is required for their use in sustainable phytoremediation.

Catalytic and synthesis of new compound based on geranium oil

Clays, natural resources find applications in various fields: cosmetics, pottery, industry, building materials. Their use in organic chemistry as catalysts has shown their efficiency and contributed to the development of environmentally friendly chemical processes. However, it is necessary to characterize this materials to know its chemical composition and its physicochemical properties. Kaolin is widely used in pharmaceutical and medical applications.The date palm is the main crop of the oases of the Sahara. This culture is threatened by Bayoud, a date palm disease caused by Fusariumoxysporumalbedinis (Foa).

Potentiation of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of clarithromycin by Pelargonium graveolens oil

Background and study aimPeptic ulcer is one of the most serious diseases in Egypt, affecting more than one-third of the population. Helicobacter pylori is the main organism responsible for peptic ulcer formation. These ulcers can lead to chronic active gastritis and lymphoma. As such, in this study, we evaluate the efficacy of Pelargonium graveolens oil for the treatment of H pylori, as well as its synergistic effects with the antibiotic clarithromycin (CLR). Patients and methodsWe evaluated the chemical composition of P. graveolens volatile oil as well as its anti-Helicobacter activities. We assessed the volatile oil components using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We determined anti-H. pylori potential using a micro-well dilution method. ResultsWe identified 92 compounds from the oil. Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, and isolongifolan-7-α-ol were the predominant components (15.64%, 11.31%, 10.19%, and 7.84%, respectively). The oil exhibited a good activity against H. pylori at an minimal inhibitory concentration of 15.63 µg/ml. Once we combined the volatile oil with CLR, a significant synergistic effect appeared at an fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.38 µg/ml. ConclusionThe in-vitro interaction between the P. graveolens oil and CLR improved the antimicrobial activity of the latter, suggesting that further studies are needed to determine formulations for potential antimicrobial applications in food and pharmaceuticals.

Antidiabetic Property of Ethanol Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens with Constituents Chemical Screening

Antidiabetic Property of Ethanol Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens with Constituents Chemical Screening

Antidiabetic Property of Ethanol Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens with Constituents Chemical Screening

Antidiabetic Property of Ethanol Extract of Pelargonium Graveolens with Constituents Chemical Screening

Chemical Fingerprinting of the Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) Essential Oil by Using FTIR, Raman and GC-MS Techniques

Geranium oil is known as a floral substitute of rose essential oil with its pungent rose-like odor and is one of the most valuable essential oils. Favorable quality properties make the geranium essential oil exigible for food industry applications. This study determined the chemical fingerprint of geranium essential oil using robust vibrational spectroscopy techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy). The mid-infrared characterization was accomplished on the basis of functional chemical groups of geranium essential oil. GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) technique was used for the detection and quantification of the volatile constituents of geranium essential oil. 37 (thirty-seven) volatile compounds were determined by the GC-MS analysis. The most abundant compounds were determined as Citronellol (30.68 %), Geraniol (9.68%) and Citronelly formate (9.90%).

Copper Tolerance and Accumulation on Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Grown in Hydroponic Culture.

Heavy metal contamination is a major health issue concerning the commercial production of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) that are used for the extraction of bioactive molecules. Copper (Cu) is an anthropogenic contaminant that, at toxic levels, can accumulate in plant tissues, affecting plant growth and development. On the other hand, plant response to metal-induced stress may involve the synthesis and accumulation of beneficial secondary metabolites. In this study, hydroponically grown Pelargonium graveolens plants were exposed to different Cu concentrations in a nutrient solution (4, 25, 50, 100 μM) to evaluate the effects Cu toxicity on plant growth, mineral uptake and distribution in plants, some stress indicators, and the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites in leaf tissues. P. graveolens resulted in moderately tolerant Cu toxicity. At Cu concentrations up to 100 μM, biomass production was preserved and was accompanied by an increase in phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The metal contaminant was accumulated mainly in the roots. The leaf tissues of Cu-treated P. graveolens may be safely used for the extraction of bioactive molecules.

Essence aromatique du Géranium Odorant (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit.) d’Algérie : exploration des propriétés antioxydante, anti-inflammatoire et anticancéreuse (anti-angiogénique et cytotoxique), in vitro et in ovo, vis-à-vis de différentes lignées cellulaires cancéreuses métastasiques

The study of natural products is one of the strategies implemented for the discovery of new compounds that can be used in cancer therapy. Aromatic herbs and medicinal plants found in Algeria and their anti-angiogenesis and cytotoxic potentials against cancer have not been much explored. Our work aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of the essential oil (EO) extracted from rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and its major (citronellol) and characteristic (linalool) constituents. The chemical composition of EO was determined with chromatographic analysis and revealed the presence of citronellol as the major compound (25.84%). A strong chelating power of terpene alcohols (IC50=1.58±0.23mg/mL for citronellol) was found, with a significant difference (P<0.05) compared with the standard antioxidants used (L-ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole). The EO is distinguished by an interesting anti-inflammatory effect with the lowest IC50 (4.63±0.3mg/mL), and it constitutes a good stabilizer of the erythrocyte membrane. Citronellol also exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effect (IC50=0.74±0.09mg/mL). We also assessed the anticancer effect of EO on two main pathways involved in cancer development, angiogenesis and cell proliferation, using in ovo bioassays with a chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken eggs and in vitro assays of its cytotoxicity on different metastatic breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), gastric (AGS) and melanoma (MV3) cell lines. In the CAM model, the density of micro-vessels is 75±10in the group supplemented with EO compared to 140±9for the control group (b-FGF). In addition, the EO significantly reduced the number of newly formed vessels. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the cell proliferation inhibition method and cell viability was measured using the MTT test. Results revealed that the treatment of cancer lines with different concentrations of EO reduces the rate of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. EO showed the greatest cytotoxicity on the AGS line with an inhibition rate of 92.87±0.13% at the highest dose (4μL/mL), followed by the MV3line (88.76±0.96%). Data demonstrated that rose-scented geranium EO has an antitumor potential on metastatic cancer cell lines. It is distinguished by its antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Medicinal plants might contain new molecules, with new structures, which could become lead candidate among future anticancer drugs.

Chemical Characterization and Antidiabetic Activity of Essential Oils from Pelargonium graveolens Leaves

Pelargonium graveolens (Geranium) is a source of the finest quality of fragrance and its essential oils are used as antibacterial, and antifungal agents. The aim of the current research is to determine chemical constituents in the essential oil of P. graveolens by GC-MS and evaluate its antidiabetic activity via α-glucosidase inhibition assay. The chemical composition of P. graveolens essential oil was determined by GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme in in-vitro models. GC-MS analysis determines 36 chemical components in the essential oil of P. graveolens leaves, and citronellyl isovalerate (10.41 %), menthol (9.61 %), linalool (8.63 %), p-menthone (6.31 %), and geranyl tiglate (4.99 %) were recorded as major constituents. The essential oil of P. graveolens leaves showed concentration dependant inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme ranging from 28.13±1.41 to 74.24±2.53 µg/mL for concentration ranging from 31.25 to 1000 µg/mL. The IC50 values for of P. graveolens and acarbose were found as 93.72±4.76 and 80.4±2.17 µg/mL, respectively against the α-glucosidase enzyme. The study finding explores the chemical components of P. graveolens growing in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and scientifically supported its possible use in diabetic patients for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.

The effect of organic and chemical fertilization on vegetative and floral characteristics of Pelargonium graveolens L.

The experiment was carried out in the lathhouse the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University during the spring of 2020. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of humic acid and NPK fertilizers on the vegetative growth and flowering of Pelargonium graveolens L. Two factors including humic acid fertilizer (without, with addition at 3 g pot-1) and chemical fertilizer NPK (without addition, addition at 1g L-1, or at 2 g L-1) were used. The experiment was implemented according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that addition of humic acid had the highest percentage of phosphorus in the leaves (0.447%). On the other hand, the treatment of 1g liter-1 NPK was superior in plant height (42.330 cm plant -1) and number of flowers (34.718) while the treatment of 2g L-1 had the highest number of leaves (217.08) and leaf area (189.06 cm2).

CYTOKININ, GIBBERELLIC ACID AND DEFOLIATION ON DENSITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF TRICHOME OF Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér FOR ESSENTIAL OIL BIOSYNTHESIS

The density and morphology of glandular trichomes in rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Her.) are often correlated to the essential oil biosynthesis. However, whether the different organs in the same rose geranium plant are affected by hail damage, or if they recover similarly following hail damage is still unknown concerning the essential oil biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of split-applying cytokinin (CK), gibberellic acid (GA) and defoliation on rose geranium trichome morphology and density, and essential oil biosynthesis. The experiment was carried out in a hail-net covered tunnel structure during 2017-2018 growing season. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks with a 3x3 factorial arrangement of treatments: three defoliation levels (0, 50, and 100%), two levels of split-application of CK and GA (0.32 mg L-1 CK + 150 mg L-1 GA; and 0.64 mg L-1 CK + 300 mg L-1 GA), and a control. The attenuate, peltate, and capitate trichome groups were identified in the leaf. Morphologically, the attenuate trichome group was less dense on both recovered and new plant leaves, despite split-applied CK and GA treatment. With the peltate group, brevicollate trichome density declined in all plant leaves treated with 0.64 mg L-1 CK + 300 mg L-1 GA on both leaf surfaces. Application of 0.64 mg L-1 CK + 300 mg L-1 GA led to high density of the elongated-capitate type on leaves recovered from 50 and 100% defoliation. The essential oil yield was not affected by density and morphological changes of the trichomes. However, the application of 0.32 mg L-1 CK + 150 mg L-1 GA increased the citronellol content where plants endured 100% defoliation. Results demonstrated that the effects of hail damage stress and subsequent split-applied CK and GA could transform the morphology of trichomes, subsequently increasing the density.

Performance of Hydroponically Cultivated Geranium and Common Verbena under Salinity and High Electrical Conductivity Levels

Abiotic factors in nutrient solutions (NSs), such as salinity and high electrical conductivity (EC), may adversely alter plant growth and crop performance. However, there are medicinal/aromatic plants which can not only withstand these adverse conditions, but which can also increase their productivity or even enhance their quality in such conditions. As fresh water sources suitable for irrigation are becoming more and more limited, the use of low-quality water sources and hydroponic growing systems have been suggested as the main alternatives. Towards that direction, this study aims to evaluate the effect of high EC levels in NSs on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) and common verbena (Verbena officinallis L.) plants cultivated in a soilless (perlite) hydroponics system. Plants were irrigated with a full nutrient solution of EC 2.1 dS m−1 and pH 5.8 until they reached a uniform size. Then, three treatments were applied, namely: (a) a control treatment with an EC of 2.1 dS m−1 in the NS, (b) a high-salinity NS created by adding 75 mM of NaCl (EC under 8.5 dS m−1) and (c) a concentrated NS with an EC of 8.5 dS m−1. In pelargonium, high salinity decreased the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents; antioxidant capacity; N, K, Mg and P content; as well as chlorophyll fluorescence, compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, increased salinity levels increased the Na and Ca content and stomatal resistance. In common verbena, salinity decreased total phenolic content and chlorophyll fluorescence but increased total flavonoid content; antioxidants; leaf K, P, Na, Cu and Zn content; and stomatal resistance, compared to the control. In both species, high EC did not affect polyphenols, flavonoids or antioxidants, whereas it increased stomatal resistance and nutrient accumulation in the leaves, and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence compared to the control treatment. Damage indices, indicated by lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production and the elevation of enzymes’ antioxidant activities, were evidenced in both saline- and high-EC-treated plants. In conclusion, despite having the same EC levels in the nutrient solution, it seems that ionic stress caused by high mineral concentrations in the nutrient solution had less severe effects on the tested plants than the relevant osmotic stress caused by high salinity due to the addition of NaCl in the nutrient solution.

Antimicrobial synergism and antibiofilm activities of Pelargonium graveolens, Rosemary officinalis, and Mentha piperita essential oils against extreme drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates.

Rosemary officinalis L., Pelargonium graveolens L., and Mentha piperita L., essential oils are used by complementary medicine specialists simultaneously with traditional antibiotics for treatment purposes. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the essential oils were tested against extreme drug-resistant (XDR) colistin-resistant and colistin susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. The synergistic activities between essential oils and colistin antibiotics were investigated by the checkerboard method. The highest antibacterial effect was detected in mint essential oil (2.5-5μl/ml), followed by pelargonium essential oil (5-20μl/ml) and rosemary essential oil (5-20μl/ml). The combination of rosemary essential oil or pelargonium essential oil with colistin showed strong synergistic activity in most of the bacterial strains tested (fractional inhibitory concentration index≤0.5; synergy). As a result of the combination of mint essential oil and colistin, an indifferent effect was observed in only two bacterial strains, and other strains could not be evaluated. No antagonistic effects were observed in any of the tested essential oils. As a result of the effectiveness of the combination, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of colistin in XDR-A.baumannii clinical isolates decreased 2-32 fold. Additionally, the sub-MIC concentration of essential oils exhibited an inhibitory effect (48-90%) against the biofilm layer of tested A.baumannii strains.

Quantifying the boron demand of Pelargonium graveolens for optimum biomass yield and quality of essential oil under field conditions

Deficiency and toxicity of micronutrient boron (B) play a critical role in plant productivity. In this study, the evaluation of B supplementation on biomass and essential oil (EO) yield of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) and its distribution at different application rates (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg ha−1) was performed in a field trial during the growing season of two consecutive years 2017–18 and 2018–19. Boron uptake, plant biomass, and EO yield along with EO constituent in leaves were determined at different time scales. Application of B significantly improved the biomass yield of P. graveolens and at B-II treatment (5.0 kg ha−1 dose) highest biomass and EO yield was recorded, however, B-III treatment (7.5 kg ha−1) demonstrated toxicity symptoms like the decline in protein and chlorophyll content and an increase in proline and stress enzymes (SOD, CAT) in plant leaves. The effects of B on EO constituents varied with the different developmental stages of P. graveolens. Furthermore, the application of B at 5.0 kg ha−1 acts as a stimulant in upgrading the quality and quantity of EO with improved main aroma constituent’s P. graveolens than the control without modulating odor quality i.e., citronellol:geraniol (C:G) ratio. Hence, the study revealed a balanced level of B as a crucial parameter for the enhanced productivity with the improved economic return of P. graveolens.

Salt and drought stress tolerance with increased biomass in transgenic Pelargonium graveolens through heterologous expression of ACC deaminase gene from Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Salt and drought stress tolerance with increased biomass in transgenic Pelargonium graveolens through heterologous expression of ACC deaminase gene from Achromobacter xylosoxidans

Synergistic Activity of New Diclofenac and Essential Oils Combinations against Different Candida spp.

According to recent studies, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have shown a good antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Their association with essential oils (EOs) could be useful for the treatment of infections caused by Candida spp. The aim of this studyis to evaluate the synergistic antifungal activity of new combinations between Diclofenac Sodium Salt (DSS), a widely used NSAID, with EOs of Mentha × piperita, Pelargonium graveolens and Melaleuca alternifolia. The in-vitro antifungal activity was determined on different Candida strains. The determination of the chemical composition of EOs was carried out by gaschromatography-massspectrometry (GC-MS). Susceptibility testing of planktonic cells was performed by using the broth microdilution assay and checkerboard methods. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of DSS was in a range from 1.02 to 2.05 μg/mL reaching a MIC value of 0.05 μg/mL when combined with Pelargonium graveolens (FICI = 0.23–0.35) or Menthapiperita (FICI = 0.22–0.30) EOs. These preliminary results show thatthe combination of the EOs with DSS improves the antifungal activity on all the tested Candida strains.

Cytosolic geraniol and citronellol biosynthesis require a Nudix hydrolase in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens).

Geraniol, citronellol and their esters are high-value acyclic monoterpenes used in food technology, perfumery and cosmetics. A major source of these compounds is the essential oil of rose-scented geraniums of the genus Pelargonium. We provide evidence that their biosynthesis mainly takes place in the cytosol of glandular trichomes via geranyl monophosphate (GP) through the action of a Nudix hydrolase. Protein preparations could convert geranyl diphosphate (GDP) to geraniol in invitro assays, a process which could be blocked by inorganic phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting a two-step conversion of GDP to geraniol. Pelargonium graveolens chemotypes enriched in either geraniol or (-)-citronellol accumulate GP or citronellyl monophosphate (CP), respectively, the presumed precursors to their monoterpenoid end products. Geranyl monophosphate was highly enriched in isolated glandular trichomes of lines producing high amounts of geraniol. In contrast, (-)-isomenthone-rich lines are depleted in these prenyl monophosphates and monoterpene alcohols and instead feature high levels of GDP, the precursor to plastidic p-menthane biosynthesis. A Nudix hydrolase cDNA from Pelargonium glandular trichomes, dubbed PgNdx1, encoded a cytosolic protein capable of hydrolyzing GDP to GP with a KM of about 750nm but is only weakly active towards farnesyl diphosphate. In citronellol-rich lines, GDP, GP and CP were detected in nearly equimolar amounts, while citronellyl diphosphate was absent, suggesting that citronellol biosynthesis may proceed by reduction of GP to CP in this species. These findings highlight the cytosol as a compartment that supports monoterpene biosynthesis and expands the roles of Nudix hydrolases in the biosynthesis of plant volatiles.

Antifungal activity screening for 32 essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer

In order to screen out essential oils with better inhibitory effects on Rhizopus stolonifera and their appropriate concentrations, an in vitro antibacterial and drug susceptibility tests was conducted to determine the effects of 32 essential oils on the growth of grape R. stolonifera. The results showed that 1000 μl/L of clove, geranium, agilawood and lovage essential oils could completely inhibit the growth of R. stolonifera within 48 hours. Through follow-up verification, it was found that 1000 μl/L of clove, geranium and lovage essential oils had a continuous inhibitory effect on the growth of R. stolonifera, and the inhibition rate was continuing to 100% from 2 to 8 days. When the concentration was 250 μl/L, only lovage essential oil had high inhibition rate. Therefore, lovage essential oil can effectively inhibit the growth of R. Stolonifer on grape, and the appropriate concentration should not be less than 250 μL/L.