PEG 400 Research Articles

Formulation of Buccal Strips using PEG 400 and Honey as a Plasticizers

Formulation of Buccal Strips using PEG 400 and Honey as a Plasticizers

A useful way to develop effective in vivo skin optical clearing agents.

Skin optical clearing has shown tremendous potential in improving various optical imaging performances, but there is some certain blindness in screening out high-efficiency in vivo optical clearing methods. In this work, three optical clearing agents: sucrose (Suc), fructose (Fruc) and PEG-400 (PEG), and two chemical penetration enhancers: propylene glycol (PG) and thiazone (Thiaz) were used. PEG was firstly mixed with the two penetration enhancers, respectively, and then mixed with Fruc and Suc, respectively, to obtain six kinds of skin optical clearing agents (SOCAs). Optical coherence tomography angiography was applied to monitor SOCAs-induced changes in imaging performances, skin optical properties, refractive index mismatching extent, and permeability rate. Experimental results demonstrated that PEG+Thiaz+Suc has the optimal capacity in enhancing the imaging performances, decreasing the scattering and the refractive index mismatching since Thiaz is superior to PG, and Suc is superior to Fruc. This study indicates that the optimal SOCA can be obtained directly by means of additionally adding or replacing the similar category substance in preexisting SOCAs with some more effective reagents. It not only provides an optimal SOCA, but also provides a useful way to develop more effective SOCAs. Cross-section skin structural texture (a), reconstructed blood flow distribution information (b), before or after treated with different SOCAs.

OPTIMIZATION OF COCONUT OIL BASED SELF MICRO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL BY SIMPLEX CENTROID DESIGN

Objective: To develop and optimize self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems of Olmesartan Medoxomil using formulation by design approach for improvement of solubility and dissolution rate. Methods: A simplex centroid design was employed as statistical tools to optimize the formulation variables, X 1 (Coconut oil), X 2 (Kolliphor RH) and X 3 (PEG 400). The high and low levels of these factors were selected according the micro-emulsion region obtained from the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The response variables studied were mean globule size (Y 1 ) and average absorbance (Y 2 ). Results: The optimized formulation consisted of 21.54% of coconut oil, 36.04% of Kolliphor RH and 42.42% of PEG 400 which could provide a globule size of 125.94 nm and an average absorbance of 0.85. Dissolution studies revealed a marked increase in dissolution of the optimized formulation when compared with the pure drug. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) provided a promising formulation approach for the solubility and dissolution enhancement of the poorly soluble drug, Olmesartan Medoxomil.

Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation of a polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate based orodispersible film containing sildenafil citrate.

In this work, we developed a sildenafil citrate (SC)-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium alginate (ALG-Na) based orodispersible film (ODF) using a solvent casting method. Formulation factors such as the type and amount of plasticizers and disintegrants were optimized on the basis of characteristics of blank ODF, including the disintegration time, elastic modulus (EM) and percentage of elongation (E%). SC-loaded ODF with a loading capacity up to 25 mg in an area of 6 cm2 was prepared and evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, disintegration time and dissolution rate. The surface morphology of ODF was visualized under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The physicochemical properties of ODF were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The blank ODF composed of PVA, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and ALG-Na (20:5:2, w/w) had a remarkably short disintegration time of about 20 s. However, the loading of drug extended the disintegration time (100 s) of ODF, while it still maintained satisfactory mechanical properties. SC was homogenously dispersed throughout the films and the crystalline form of drug changed, with strong hydrogen bonding between the drug and carriers. The PVA/ALG-Na based ODF containing SC prepared by the simple solvent casting method might be an alternative to conventional SC tablets for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.

ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Nitroarenes to Azoxybenzenes by NaOH—PEG 400.

AbstractOn refluxing nitroarenes with NaOH and PEG 400 in benzene varying yields of the corresponding azoxybenzenes are obtained.

Partition Coefficients of Active Ingredients between Plant Cuticle and Adjuvants As Related to Rates of Foliar Uptake

After spraying, water evaporates and foliar penetration proceeds from a formulation residue of active ingredients and adjuvants which may contain water depending on relative humidity and hygroscopic compounds present. Rates of uptake depend on solute mobility in and driving force across cuticles, which are proportional to the cuticle/formulation residue partition coefficient. Partition coefficients cuticle/glycerol (K CGly ) and cuticle/poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG400) (K CPEG ) for seven organic compounds differing 6 orders of magnitude in octanol/water (K OW ) or cuticle/water (K CW ) partition coefficients have been measured. KC Gly can be estimated from K CW and K OW values (r 2 = 0.95). A plot of log K CGly versus log K CW had a slope of 0.69, indicating that glycerol is a better solvent for lipophilic solutes than water. In contrast, PEG400 (PEG) was a good solvent for polar and nonpolar solutes. All K CPEG values were below 1, differing <10-fold without correlation with lipophilicity. PEG400 sorbs water from air, and log K of the lipophilic compound, bifenox, increased linearly toward the value of log K CW with decreasing mass fraction of PEG400. Rates of penetration of bifenox differed drastically if K CPEG was modified by different humidities in the ambient air.

Nonanol Tested on Skin; undiluted and 50% in PEG 400

Nonanol Tested on Skin; undiluted and 50% in PEG 400