Peer Services Research Articles

Understanding the Barriers of HIV Testing Services for Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study.

Coverage of HIV testing services (HTS) is generally low among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (hijra) in Bangladesh, thus impeding the national goal of attaining the 90-90-90 target. In this context, this article delineates HTS uptake barriers among these populations. This qualitative study entailed 30 in-depth interviews, six focus groups and seven key-informant interviews with purposively selected MSM and hijra, alongside service providers. Participants cited individual and interpersonal barriers such as low risk perception and misconceptions about HIV testing, programmatic barriers such as knowledge gaps among peer service providers, as well as community and structural barriers such as the criminalization and stigmatization of male-to-male sex. Considering these contexts, it is essential for stakeholders to improve the HTS modality using multipronged approaches to address the multifaceted barriers of HTS uptake.

Emergency Department Peer Support Specialist Program.

Emergency Department Peer Support Specialist Program.

Enabling Reliable Keyword Search in Encrypted Decentralized Storage with Fairness

Blockchain has led the trend of decentralized applications and shown great use beyond cryptocurrencies. Decentralized storage such as Storj and Sia leverages blockchain to establish an open platform for sharing economy, which provides private and reliable file-outsourcing services. However, the ubiquitous keyword search function over encrypted files is yet to be supported. To enable this function, we first apply searchable encryption techniques to the decentralized setting. But this primitive can hardly ensure the service integrity. The reason is that decentralized storage commonly faces severe threats from both clients and service peers. Service peers may return partial or incorrect results, while clients may intentionally slander the service peers to avoid payments. To address these threats, we utilize the smart contract to record the logs of encrypted search (aka evidence) on the blockchain, and devise a fair protocol to handle disputes and issue fair payments. Using a dynamic-efficient searchable encryption scheme as an instantiation, we craft a concrete scheme that preserves encrypted search capability and enforces ecosystem healthiness, so that service peers are incentivized to make real efforts and jointly guarantee service reliability. We implement our scheme in Python and Solidity, and test its search performance and transaction costs on Ethereum.

The Role of Peer Specialists in Engaging Aging Adults in Recovery and Wellness Behaviors

Peer specialists are individuals who have a lived experience with a mental health condition and who have received formal training to provide peer support and services to others. This symposium will examine the role of peer specialists in supporting aging adults’ recovery, quality of life, health behaviors, and health outcomes. Peer specialists have increasingly been integrated as formal service providers in health care systems in a wide variety of settings. In the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), over 1,110 Veterans work as peer specialists across the country. Findings from both VHA and community studies will be presented. First, Amanda Peeples will present findings from a mixed-methods evaluation study on the implementation of peer specialists to primary care teams in the VHA. Next, Anjana Muralidharan will present on the role of peer specialists in promoting health and wellness among aging veterans with serious mental illness using data from three VHA studies on peer-led interventions. Finally, Karen Fortuna will present on PeerTECH, a digital peer support self-management intervention that teaches older adults with mental health conditions how to co-manage psychiatric illness and chronic health conditions. Together, these three presentations will explore the ways in which “peerness” is defined in different populations and in diverse contexts. Laura Wray, geropsychologist and Executive Director of the VHA Center for Integrated Healthcare, will serve as discussant. She will comment on the role of peer specialists in supporting the recovery and wellness of aging persons in VHA and beyond.

An explorative study of beliefs in two groups of community health promoters of adolescent reproductive health in Indonesia: informed by theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACT Objective To explore beliefs in specific social context and potential individual-level behavioral strategies used by two groups of community health promoters to foster their participation of promoting ARH. Design Two phases of formative studies based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was conducted with community health promoters in the integrated service center (pos pelayanan terpadu/posyandu), posyandu cadres and peer educators of three villages in Tengger, East Java, Indonesia. Result The phase one, conducted with posyandu cadres (n = 20) and peer educators (n = 21). A survey using open-ended questions and focus group discussion was carry out to elicit accessible behavioral (advantages and disadvantages), normative (references of who have significant roles for promoters) and control (personal or situational factors) beliefs related to ARH promotion. The content analysis, elicited 15 salient beliefs for posyandu cadre and 21 for the peer educators. In phase two, the participants who previously participated in phase 1 (posyandu cadres (n = 14 and peer educators (n = 21))), completed two questionnaires to measure the belief strength and evaluation of the beliefs. Conclusions The result showed that each group has different characteristic in the strength of their beliefs in promoting reproductive health. The findings highlight the social context underlying beliefs associated with ARH promotion and opportunities to enhance engagement with the different groups of community health promoters.

Soldiering on only goes so far: How a qualitative study on Veteran loneliness in New Zealand influenced that support during COVID-19 lockdown

Introduction: On April 25, 2020, Veterans’ Affairs in New Zealand (NZ) contacted approximately 3,000 of 8,000 known military Veterans by phone during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to ensure they were safe during the government-imposed lockdown. The impetus to this initiative were the findings of a cross-sectional quantitative survey of NZ Veterans, followed by the qualitative survey reported here, both carried out in 2019. The former report found 33% of 89 respondents were lonely and reported barriers to seeking support, and over half of Veterans felt uncomfortable accessing it. Methods: To understand the factors underlying loneliness, a qualitative survey was developed based on the barriers previously identified and a literature review. A purposeful sample based on gender, age, and ethnicity identified 20 respondents from the initial survey: 10 lonely and 10 non-lonely. Interviews were followed by an inductive thematic analysis, and themes and sub-themes were developed. Results: Ten of the 20 potential participants responded: 6 lonely and 4 non-lonely. Social and geographic isolation, problems with re-integration into the civilian community, and health problems were found to contribute to Veteran loneliness. Social connectedness, particularly to service peers, was the primary mitigating factor. Barriers included stoicism and perceptions of ineffective and inaccessible services. Inequity in the Veteran support system also emerged as a barrier for Veterans who had not deployed on operational missions. Discussion: During the pandemic, social connectedness will have decreased, and loneliness increased. Designing interventions with these factors in mind, and ensuring equity of access to support, should help combat Veteran loneliness.

Soldiering on only goes so far: How a qualitative study on Veteran loneliness in New Zealand influenced that support during COVID-19 lockdown

Introduction: On April 25, 2020, Veterans’ Affairs in New Zealand (NZ) contacted approximately 3,000 of 8,000 known military Veterans by phone during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to ensure they were safe during the government-imposed lockdown. The impetus to this initiative were the findings of a cross-sectional quantitative survey of NZ Veterans, followed by the qualitative survey reported here, both carried out in 2019. The former report found 33% of 89 respondents were lonely and reported barriers to seeking support, and over half of Veterans felt uncomfortable accessing it. Methods: To understand the factors underlying loneliness, a qualitative survey was developed based on the barriers previously identified and a literature review. A purposeful sample based on gender, age, and ethnicity identified 20 respondents from the initial survey: 10 lonely and 10 non-lonely. Interviews were followed by an inductive thematic analysis, and themes and sub-themes were developed. Results: Ten of the 20 potential participants responded: 6 lonely and 4 non-lonely. Social and geographic isolation, problems with re-integration into the civilian community, and health problems were found to contribute to Veteran loneliness. Social connectedness, particularly to service peers, was the primary mitigating factor. Barriers included stoicism and perceptions of ineffective and inaccessible services. Inequity in the Veteran support system also emerged as a barrier for Veterans who had not deployed on operational missions. Discussion: During the pandemic, social connectedness will have decreased, and loneliness increased. Designing interventions with these factors in mind, and ensuring equity of access to support, should help combat Veteran loneliness.

Roles of peer specialists and use of mental health services among youth with serious mental illness.

To examine whether roles of peer specialists affect service use among Black, Latinx and White youth ages 16-24 with serious mental illness (SMI) in Los Angeles and San Diego Counties. Administrative data from 2015 to 2018 was used to summarize service use among 6329 transition age youth age 16-24 with SMI who received services from 76 outpatient public mental health programs with peer specialists on staff. Roles of peer specialists were assessed via a program survey. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship between peer specialist characteristics and service use outcomes (ie, outpatient and inpatient). Having a transition age youth peer specialist on staff (vs older peer specialists) and having peer specialists that provide four or more services (vs fewer services) was associated with an increase in annual outpatient visits in both counties (P=<.001 each). In Los Angeles County, having three or more peer specialist trainings (vs fewer trainings) was associated with lower use of inpatient services (P < .001). In San Diego County, having a transition age youth peer specialist and peer specialists that provide four or more services was associated with lower use of inpatient services (P < .001 each). Types of peer support and number of types of peer services were associated with mental health service utilization. Detailed examination of the roles of peer specialists is merited to identify the specific pathways that improve outcomes.

The Importance of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The Importance of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The Effects of State Regulations and Medicaid Plans on the Peer Support Specialist Workforce

Peer support specialists have proven to be a cost‐effective and clinically effective workforce in improving patient quality of life and symptom management, while decreasing avoidable emergency room visits and care overutilization. This study used publicly available datasets to map and type locations where peer services are provided, and determine how state policies are associated with peer support provision.We transcoded the 2018 National Survey on Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N‐SSATS) and 2018 National Mental Health Services Survey (N‐MHSS) directories, yielding a list of street addresses and characteristics for substance use disorder treatment (SUDTx) and mental health treatment (MHTx) facilities nationwide. We then pulled all state regulations for peer provider licensing/certification, service authorization, and Medicaid reimbursement from public, online repositories. Stepwise regressions associated these regulations with the proportion of SUDTx and MHTx facilities in the state offering peer services to determine what effect, if any, state policies may have on the peer workforce.Behavioral health treatment facilities offering services in 2018, specifically such facilities offering peer support services.The transcoding uncovered 9,294 MHTx facilities and 12 074 SUDTx facilities, nationwide. Approximately 25% of MHTx facilities (2311/9294) and 56% of SUDTx facilities (6806/12 074) self‐reported offering peer support services in 2018. Most counties had at least one facility offering peer services, with more densely populated counties having more of such facilities. Facilities offering peer services were more concentrated in urban hubs, like Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles, etc., as opposed to rural or frontier areas.In MHTx facilities, peer services were included in the greatest proportion in community mental health centers (35%, 782/2194), multisetting health facilities (31%, 102/332), and residential treatment centers for adults (26%, 138/528). In SUDTx facilities, peer services were included in the greatest proportion in residential treatment (79%, 2203/2776), residential detoxification (76%, 618/817), and outpatient day treatment facilities (71%, 1145/1614).Stepwise regression found Medicaid reimbursement rates positively associated with peer service provision (P &lt; .05). To be reimbursed by Medicaid, many state Medicaid plans require peers to have a state‐recognized certification. Other positively associated policies were requiring education and supervision hours for a credential (P &lt; .05, each) and allowing applicants to apply college degrees toward requirements for a peer credential (P &lt; .05). These policies were more common in state‐regulated credentials than more informal registrations.Transcoding the N‐MHSS and N‐SSATS datasets allowed us to map where peer services were being offered nationwide, determine the types of facilities offering peer services, and see how their provision rates varied by state. Testing regulatory data for peer credentials and state Medicaid plans against these provision rates found Medicaid reimbursement rates and certain peer credential requirements were positively associated with peer service provision.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has approved peer services for Medicare reimbursement, and states are increasingly adding peers to their lists of approved Medicaid providers. Our statistical analysis suggests that increasing the Medicaid reimbursement rate for peers and creating a state‐regulated peer credential (license or certification) could improve the rate at which MHTx and SUDTx facilities offer peer services within states.Health Resources and Services Administration.

U.S. Navy Bolsters Mental Health Services During Pandemic

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessU.S. Navy Bolsters Mental Health Services During PandemicNick ZagorskiNick ZagorskiSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:16 Jul 2020https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2020.6b28AbstractWith services ranging from peer counseling groups to psychiatrists embedded within deployed personnel, the Navy’s No Wrong Door program is striving to provide mental health services to all personnel.iStock/Avigator PhotographerAs highlighted by the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19 on the USS Theodore Roosevelt aircraft carrier that started in late March, the U.S. Navy is not immune to the virus. Given the existing stresses of military service and the close quarters many naval personnel operate in, the COVID-19 pandemic might be a recipe for significant psychological burden.“[S]o far, we have not seen a spike in demand for our mental health services,” said physician Capt. James Reeves, director for primary care and mental health at the Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, during a virtual roundtable event in late May discussing how the COVID-19 crisis has impacted the Navy. “Inpatient hospital admissions have even diminished during this time.”While it may still be some time before the mental health effects of COVID-19 emerge, Reeves said he is encouraged by these early trends.The lack of a significant mental health spike is due in part to some broad protective factors, according to Reeves. “As a group, our personnel are all still employed and have access to health care,” he said. As many personnel are accustomed to long periods on vessels, they may also be more resilient to the effects of self-isolation. “Some individuals might even appreciate the necessity of spending more time at home with family,” he said.Reeves also said he believes that the comprehensive mental health program developed by Navy Medicine known as No Wrong Door may be contributing to the positive early data. If Navy personnel experience mental health problems, they have a range of service options—from peer support to psychiatry specialists, Reeves said.In addition to having psychiatrists available at the large Navy hospitals and medical centers, the Navy provides behavioral services (generally psychologists and/or social workers) at many of their smaller on-base primary care clinics. In the last decade, the Navy and other military branches have also started embedding mental health professionals with specific units such as submarine crews, aviators, or special forces. “Each of our units is unique in what it does and has its own culture,” Reeves said, noting that currently about one-third of mental health professionals in the Navy are embedded. “These embedded staff know how the units operate, they deploy with them, and can provide concierge-level care.”Due in part to a multifaceted strategy of peer and professional behavioral services, Navy personnel have not experienced significant mental distress during the COVID-19 outbreak, says Capt. James Reeves.Additionally, a referral program known as Military OneSource can help U.S. servicemembers to connect with non-military counselors if they feel more comfortable going to someone outside their base.Supporting the long-term mental health of Navy personnel requires tending to stressors that were likely around before and will extend beyond the pandemic.“This is especially concerning now since the extra time needed to manage a crisis situation prevents personnel from caring for their personal health,” said Joshua Morganstein, M.D., an associate professor of psychiatry at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) and chair of APA’s Committee on the Psychiatric Dimensions of Disasters.Fleet and Family Support Centers on bases and deployment resiliency counselors on ships offer counseling for issues including family illness, marriage problems, or sexual harassment. Additionally, Navy chaplains play a key role in supporting personnel, Reeves said. “People may think of chaplains purely as spiritual help, but they are trained in counseling on issues like grief and loss,” he said.In response to COVID-19, the Navy has been quick to increase virtual mental health services. Reeves noted that most services being offered are telephone-based, though they are ramping up their video-conferencing abilities. Several Navy hospitals have also developed virtual programs to help both patients and caregivers during this crisis.“We know that this pandemic is straining the health care system and creating excess operational stress on caregivers,” Reeves said. “We want our staff to be able to recognize stress symptoms early and ensure they can get the support needed.”Morganstein added that the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress at USUHS has created numerous resource sheets on how caregivers, patients, and families can mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. ■The Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress pandemic resources are posted here. ISSUES NewArchived

Access to and use of health and social services among people who inject drugs in two urban areas of Mozambique, 2014: qualitative results from a formative assessment

BackgroundPrior to 2014, data about health seeking behaviors or service uptake for People who inject drugs (PWID) in Mozambique did not exist. We present the results from the formative assessment component of the Biological and Behavioral Survey (BBS).MethodsStandardized interview guides were used during key informant interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGD) in Maputo and Nampula/Nacala to discuss issues related to risk behaviors and access to and utilization of health and social services by PWID. The target sample size was not defined a priori, but instead KII and FGD were conducted until responses reached saturation. Data analysis was based on the principles of grounded theory related to qualitative research.ResultsEighty-eight respondents, ages 15 to 60, participated in KIIs and FGDs. Participants were majority male from diverse income and education levels and included current and former PWID, non-injection drug users, health and social service providers, peer educators, and community health workers. Respondents reported that PWID engage in high-risk behaviors such as needle and syringe sharing, exchange of sex for drugs or money, and low condom use. According to participants, PWID would rather rent, share or borrow injection equipment at shooting galleries than purchase them due to stigma, fear of criminalization, transportation and purchase costs, restricted pharmacy hours, personal preference for needle sharing, and immediacy of drug need. Barriers to access and utilization of health and social services include distance, the limited availability of programs for PWID, lack of knowledge of the few programs that exist, concerns about the quality of care provided by health providers, lack of readiness as a result of addiction and perceived stigma related to the use of mental health services offering treatment to PWID.ConclusionsMozambique urgently needs to establish specialized harm reduction programs for PWID and improve awareness of available resources. Services should be located in hot spot areas to address issues related to distance, transportation and the planning required for safe injection. Specific attention should go to the creation of PWID-focused health and social services outside of state-sponsored psychiatric treatment centers.

Making the long and adventurous journey from quality to loyalty

This paper analyses the antecedents of loyalty in a collaborative consumption (CC) setting, taking into account the mediating role of satisfaction and the fulfilment of expectations between perceived quality and loyalty. The methodological approach uses structural equation modelling, with a sample of 301 customers collected in Spain in June 2018. The CC-Qual scale of 21 items gathered under five dimensions assesses perceived quality, which is composed of three dimensions related to the platform (‘site organisation’, ‘platform responsiveness and agility’ and ‘legal protection and trustworthiness’), and two related to the service provided by the peer (‘peer service provider’ and ‘social interaction’). Both sets affect loyalty in the same way, through the mediation of the fulfilment of expectations and satisfaction. The model is useful for academics because it explains how the fulfilment of expectations and satisfaction mediate between quality and loyalty. This is also interesting for practitioners in a CC setting, where it is very easy for customers to change provider.

Family Organizations in Children's Mental Health Systems of Care: the Challenge of Maintaining Financial Sustainability.

Family-run organizations are an important source of support for families of children with serious emotional disturbance, yet little work has explored how these organizations sustain their work. The National Evaluation Team (NET) for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Children's Mental Health Initiative grant program interviewed 20 family organizations in Grant Year 2 and 22 organizations in Year 4 to assess their main funding sources, the adequacy of this funding to support the organization, and changes in their funding and financial sustainability over time. Family organizations were supported mainly by mental health authority and other state agency funding and were in early stages of accessing Medicaid funding for peer services. However, many did not have sufficient or sustainable funding to maintain their functions by the grant's end. This work discusses factors that may relate to sustainability and the development of more sustainable funding for these important organizations.

Towards a new model to understand quality in collaborative consumption services

The collaborative consumption industry, which is based on the idea of providing more sustainable uses for resources, has experienced high growth rates since it was introduced a few years ago. As an alternative to traditional businesses, some of the management models that apply to regular companies must be reviewed and adapted for collaborative consumption organisations. However, none of the existing conceptual quality management models has been adapted to suit the particularities of this new kind of service.The goal of the present study is to introduce a model to conceptualise how quality is perceived and managed in the collaborative consumption setting. The proposed model is based on the Service Quality GAP Model designed by Parasuraman and his team in the 1980s.The new model contributes with two novelties that enable its updating and adaptation to this particular collaborative consumption setting: (i) its cyclical shape, and (ii) including the interactions between the consumer and the peer service provider, and those that occur between the consumer and the digital platform.Service quality has been proven to have a relevant impact on overall business performance, client satisfaction, loyalty and profitability. This new model will be a useful contribution for both academics and managers in collaborative consumption companies.

Sharing economy: a review of the literature and a framework for future research

Purpose As sharing economy has become increasingly popular, researchers from various disciplines begin to pay more attention to this important phenomenon. However, the current literature is fragmented and lacks a framework to integrate previous studies and guide future research. This study aims to systematically review the literature to better understand what one knows and what one need to know about sharing economy and provide a road map for future research in the context of sharing economy. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review was conducted with EBSCO and science direct database. In total, 91 studies were identified. Findings The review shows that previous studies focus on different stakeholders, including consumers, peer service providers, platform providers, and competitors. The authors further identify the main topics and limitations of the literature (integrated into a framework) and provide possible directions for future studies. For example, the authors find that few studies have examined individual and technical factors. The findings also show that consumers’ other activities and outcomes have received little attention. To address these limitations, future studies that examine how individual and technical characteristics influence sharing economy’s usage intention/behaviors are suggested. The authors also suggest future studies to explore other activities during the process of sharing economy services. Research limitations/implications The framework and directions provided can further the sharing economy research by addressing important gaps in the current literature. Originality/value This review identifies many opportunities for researchers to better understand the phenomenon of sharing economy.

Why customers and peer service providers do not participate in collaborative consumption

PurposeTechnological innovations such as smart mobile devices and mobile applications gave rise to a new business model: collaborative consumption. This business model, which is receiving significant attention from researchers and practitioners, is characterized by an intermediating digital platform that facilitates exchanges between customers and peer service providers. However, many digital platform providers still fail to build a critical mass of demand and supply. Accordingly, the aim of this research is to develop a better understanding of the barriers perceived by both customers and peer service providers.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a mixed-method qualitative approach to develop a comprehensive understanding of the factors that explain the rejection of collaborative consumption. In particular, six focus groups and 14 in-depth interviews were conducted, totaling 50 Belgian participants (with a mean age of 33 years). In addition, 375 online critical incidents—retrieved from various sources, such as review websites and social networks—were used for triangulation purposes. All data were analyzed using a thematic analytic approach.FindingsCustomers and peer service providers reject collaborative consumption because of a complex set of multidimensional functional and psychological barriers. In particular, actors may perceive barriers related to complexity, value, risk, compatibility, contamination, image, and responsibility, which prevent them from participating in collaborative consumption.Originality/valueThis paper builds theory on the reasons why both customers and peer service providers reject collaborative consumption. The research identifies several barriers that were not captured in prior research. Digital platform providers can use the research findings to more fully understand actors' decision-making processes in collaborative consumption.

Developing a model of long-term social rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: the case of the head forward centre

Background Social isolation and inactivity are highly problematic long-term consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury. They are rarely addressed by rehabilitation programmes, which focus on early phases of recovery. Day centres, or “drop-in” peer support groups, have emerged as an informal solution to social rehabilitation needs. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the therapeutic ingredients of these services. Methods Twelve survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury that attended a social rehabilitation service (Head Forward Centre, UK; HFC), were interviewed to explore the meanings attached to the service and its activities. Thematic analysis was used to describe emerging themes and build a model of social rehabilitation. Results Four therapeutic functions were attached to HFC: (a) HFC as a safe and predictable milieu; (b) HFC as a space where identity can be reconstructed; (c) HFC as a place where survivors can remain cognitive and socially active; (d) HFC as a network of continuous support. Conclusion A model of long-term social rehabilitation should consider both psychological and practical/functional ingredients. Such a model can help informal rehabilitation services reflect upon their goals and activities, as well as articulate therapeutic actions along the rehabilitation path. The conceptualization of these four therapeutic ingredients in holistic rehabilitation models is described, and contrasted with its use in long-term social rehabilitation. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Social isolation and inactivity are important problems in the long-term rehabilitation of people with TBI. Both problems can be addressed by social rehabilitation services (day centres and peer support groups). Participation in social rehabilitation can promote a sense of normality and belongingness, which contribute to the long-term process of identity reconstruction. Social rehabilitation can help maintaining people with TBI cognitive and socially active, as well as developing a network of continuous support.

Winning strategies for customer loyalty in the sharing economy: A mixed-methods study

Loyalty is key for sharing economy (SE) platforms, as their success depends on gaining and retaining a critical mass of users. Using a sequential design of quantitative (exploratory factor analysis) and mixed methods (qualitative comparative analysis), a sample of 208 users of SE platforms was analysed. The results indicate that loyalty is achieved at the intersection of website (app) organisation, platform responsiveness and reliability, and customer interaction with the peer service provider. Three strategies are proposed to achieve loyalty, each comprising two out of the three mentioned antecedents. Sensitivity analysis of the loyalty antecedents suggests specific customer segments (millennials versus baby boomers and males versus females).

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI INDIVIDU DALAM MENGGUNAKAN PEER TO PEER LENDING DAN EQUITY CROWD FUNDING DI DKI JAKARTA

Financial Technology (Fintech) is rife in finance. Fintech giving advantages to users such as efficiency, and also capable to increase financial inclusion in Indonesia. Peer to Peer Lending service, and Equity Crowdfunding are currently becomeing a trend. The research purpose is to find out what factors influencing individuals in using these digital financial services. This research was conducted in DKI Jakarta by collecting 349 respondents consisting of various demographic characteristics and using the Purposive Random Sampling sampling method. The variables used in research are adaptations of the UTAUT (The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) theory. The results obtained in the form of Performance Expectant Variables and Effort Expectancy have a positive and significant effect on Behavioral Intention of Peer to Peer Lending Services, while Social Influence, Trust, Reputation, and Self Efficacy variables have no positive and significant influence on Behavioral Intention of Services Peer to Peer Lending. Then for Equity Crowdfunding Services the results obtained in the form of Performance Expectancy Variables have a positive and significant effect, while the other 5 variables namely Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Trust, Reputation, and Self Efficacy do not have a positive and significant effect on Behavioral IntentionKey Words : Fintech, UTAUT, Peer to Peer Lending, Equity Crowdfunding, Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Trust, Reputation, Self Efficacy, Behavioral Intention.