Peer Support Workers Research Articles

The supervision gap in peer support workforce: implications for developing effective peer support programs in Native American communities

The article addresses the critical role of peer support programs in the delivery of behavioral health services. Peer support is instrumental in fostering mental health and overall wellness. Its efficacy is widely recognized in the broader population, including minority groups and communities. Peer support programs also offer distinct benefits for the health of Native American communities. When specifically tailored to these communities' needs, they address individuals' unique cultural, historical, and social challenges during their recovery journey. However, the persistent supervision gap in the peer support workforce poses a significant challenge to implementing these programs. This gap not only hampers the effectiveness of the programs but also limits their potential benefits. The paper conducts a comprehensive exploration of the causes and consequences of this supervision gap, underscoring the urgent need to address it and its implications for the mental health of Native American communities. The urgency of addressing this supervision gap is paramount, as it directly impacts the mental health and wellness of Native American communities. Also, it identifies and advocates for best practices in supervising peer support workers, explicitly focusing on Native American individuals and communities. In this vein, it raises awareness for more culturally sensitive, effective, and impactful peer support programs for Native American communities. The main objective is to improve Native communities' mental health and wellness by harnessing the power of peer support and ensuring its effective implementation through adequate supervision.

When you can't find the words: Using body mapping to communicate patients' experiences of Long Covid

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the value of body mapping in supporting patients to communicate their everyday experiences of Long Covid. Body maps are life-sized drawings of bodies and body mapping is used to discuss experiences through guided questions and answering those questions using colours, images and other prompts. This short paper focuses on the first of four body mapping workshops of this study, which was conducted in June 2023 in London with 4 participants in collaboration with Long Covid Support. Our preliminary results suggest i) body mapping can offer novel insights into patients’ experiences of Long Covid, ii) the method may be effectively applied as a tool for patients to communicate their symptoms and overall experiences to practitioners, friends, and family members, and iii) body mapping may be adapted to offer peer support as part of Long Covid advocacy. This has significant potential application as a resource for healthcare professionals and patient-led peer support and Long Covid advocacy work.

Examining the experiences of student peer support workers delivering care within post-secondary institutions

Objective: Despite experiencing exacerbation of mental health issues, post-secondary students may not seek help due to perceived stigma, overreliance on the self, or preference for nonprofessional supports – including peer support. This study aimed to understand peer support workers’ (PSWs) perspectives regarding providing support for mental health concerns in post-secondary institutions. Methods: 41 PSWs were recruited from two post-secondary institutions. 17 semi-structured interviews and three focus groups were conducted. Themes were identified using a qualitative descriptive approach. Results: Three themes emerged: (1) diverse presentations and approaches to operationalizing peer support for mental health issues on campus exist; (2) peer support has core ingredients; (3) reasons why students access peer support extend beyond mental health crisis. Conclusions: An inclusive peer support approach to mental health is needed for post-secondary students. Considerations for implementation hinge on providing standardized, foundational training to prepare PSWs for the complex mental health issues that present across services.

Connection, disconnection and reconnection in peer support: a summary of the case of “Christopher”

Purpose The purpose of this service user paper and narrative is to highlight that peer support is not a continuous, easy or uniform process but given to disruption, fragmentation, breakdowns in relationships and hurdles. This is illustrated in a summary of the case of “Christopher”. Design/methodology/approach A reflective journal was kept, and participant observation was conducted for just under a year on the ward where Christopher was under Section. Findings Peer support can be given to fissure, breakages in relationships and discontinuity. This can negatively impact the mental health of peer support workers. With this in mind, it is vitally important to ensure that the people who take up this role are appropriately trained, supported and supervised. There needs to be a focus on “restorative” supervision and supervision by someone with experience of the peer support role as well as buddying between peer workers. Originality/value There is an abundance of literature and research on peer support in the community but little in the inpatient setting, making this paper novel and a contribution to understanding peer support on mental health wards.

A balancing act: integrating the expertise of youth peer workers in child and adolescent mental health services.

The socio-relational focus of youth peer support workers (YPSWs) poses a challenge when YPSWs are embedded in medical oriented contexts common to child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS); as it requires YPSWs to find a balance between being a peer on one hand, and adhering to professional boundaries and medical standards set out by CAMHS on the other. To create a suitable position for YPSWs in CAMHS, this study investigated the unique socio-relational contributions YPSWs can make to CAMHS in addition to clinicians, and identified how these contributions can be embedded within CAMHS. This study reports on 37 semi-structured interviews conducted in the Netherlands with youth (n = 10), YPSWs (n = 10), and clinicians (n = 17). Overall, the unique socio-relational contributions YPSWs can make include: their ability to build authentic trusting relationships with youth by providing empowerment, promoting autonomy, valuing stillness in recovery, reducing isolation, recognizing strengths, and navigating life inside and outside of (residential) mental healthcare and beyond classification. Moreover, prerequisites to safeguard the integration of YPSWs and these socio-relational contributions were also identified, including YPSWs achieving stability in recovery, recent lived experiences with mental health challenges, and organizational support in terms of suitable treatment climate, resources to enhance flexibility of YPSWs, and shared goals regarding youth peer support work. Overall, YPSWs view youth holistically and foster a connection with youth based on youthfulness and recent lived experience. Involving YPSWs is an important step forward to drive positive transformation in CAMHS.

Implementing a Hospital Call Center Service for Mental Health in Uganda: User-Centered Design Approach.

Mental health conditions are a significant public health problem globally, responsible for >8 million deaths per year. In addition, they lead to lost productivity, exacerbate physical illness, and are associated with stigma and human rights violations. Uganda, like many low- and middle-income countries, faces a massive treatment gap for mental health conditions, and numerous sociocultural challenges exacerbate the burden of mental health conditions. This study aims to describe the development and formative evaluation of a digital health intervention for improving access to mental health care in Uganda. This qualitative study used user-centered design and design science research principles. Stakeholders, including patients, caregivers, mental health care providers, and implementation experts (N=65), participated in focus group discussions in which we explored participants' experience of mental illness and mental health care, experience with digital interventions, and opinions about a proposed digital mental health service. Data were analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to derive requirements for the digital solution, which was iteratively cocreated with users and piloted. Several challenges were identified, including a severe shortage of mental health facilities, unmet mental health information needs, heavy burden of caregiving, financial challenges, stigma, and negative beliefs related to mental health. Participants' enthusiasm about digital solutions as a feasible, acceptable, and convenient method for accessing mental health services was also revealed, along with recommendations to make the service user-friendly, affordable, and available 24×7 and to ensure anonymity. A hospital call center service was developed to provide mental health information and advice in 2 languages through interactive voice response and live calls with health care professionals and peer support workers (recovering patients). In the 4 months after launch, 456 calls, from 236 unique numbers, were made to the system, of which 99 (21.7%) calls went to voicemails (out-of-office hours). Of the remaining 357 calls, 80 (22.4%) calls stopped at the interactive voice response, 231 (64.7%) calls were answered by call agents, and 22 (6.2%) calls were not answered. User feedback was positive, with callers appreciating the inclusion of peer support workers who share their recovery journeys. However, some participant recommendations (eg, adding video call options) or individualized needs (eg, prescriptions) could not be accommodated due to resource limitations or technical feasibility. This study demonstrates a systematic and theory-driven approach to developing contextually appropriate digital solutions for improving mental health care in Uganda and similar contexts. The positive reception of the implemented service underscores its potential impact. Future research should address the identified limitations and evaluate clinical outcomes of long-term adoption.

Early experiences of peer support workers starting employment in a mental health charity: a case study

In recent years a plethora of job roles has emerged across the voluntary and community sector (VCS) and public sector that explicitly request lived experience (LE) of mental health challenges. These roles are often situated in the ‘frontline’ workforce providing direct support to people accessing services. This article shares early learning about the experiences of people who have lived experience of mental health challenges employed as paid peer support workers (PSWs) within a mental health charity. The findings are drawn from fieldwork conducted over a three-month period with five recently employed PSWs, conducted as a component of the author’s doctoral study. The data corpus included interviews, fieldwork observation notes from ‘walk the frontline’ (WTF) activities, and the collation of WhatsApp voice notes sent by the PSWs to the researcher. The article presents nine key themes that emerged from the data and categorises these into three areas: Firm up – those that were broadly positive denoting good practice; Fine tune – those that require further refinement; and Focus – those which signal a need for concentrated attention and further exploration. Taking these findings into account, a tentative schematic model is offered which suggests sequential ‘conditions’ to be considered when developing PSW programmes. This has relevance to voluntary sector organisations (VSOs) who are considering recruiting and deploying PSWs to support frontline service delivery.

Are Mental Health "Peer Support Workers" Experts by Experience?

Are Mental Health "Peer Support Workers" Experts by Experience?

Effectiveness of a peer-supported crisis intervention to reduce the proportion of compulsory admissions in acute psychiatric crisis interventions in an outreach and outpatient setting: study protocol for an exploratory cluster randomised trial combined with qualitative methods

IntroductionCompulsory admissions are associated with feelings of fear, humiliation and powerlessness. The number of compulsory admissions in Germany and other high-income countries has increased in recent years. Peer support has...

Peer support for people living with hepatitis B virus-A foundation for treatment expansion.

Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) affects 300 million people worldwide and is being targeted by the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), working towards elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a public health threat. In this piece, we explore the evidence and potential impact of peer support to enhance and promote interventions for people living with CHB. Peer support workers (PSWs) are those with lived experience of an infection, condition or situation who work to provide support for others, aiming to improve education, prevention, treatment and other clinical interventions and to reduce the physical, psychological and social impacts of disease. Peer support has been shown to be a valuable tool for improving health outcomes for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), but to date has not been widely available for communities affected by HBV. HBV disproportionately affects vulnerable and marginalised populations, who could benefit from PSWs to help them navigate complicated systems and provide advocacy, tackle stigma, improve education and representation, and optimise access to treatment and continuity of care. The scale up of peer support must provide structured and supportive career pathways for PSWs, account for social and cultural needs of different communities, adapt to differing healthcare systems and provide flexibility in approaches to care. Investment in peer support for people living with CHB could increase diagnosis, improve retention in care, and support design and roll out of interventions that can contribute to global elimination goals.

Non-peer professionals' understanding of recovery and attitudes towards peer support workers joining existing community mental health teams in the North Denmark Region: A qualitative study.

Peer support is a collaborative practice where people with lived experience of mental health conditions engage in supporting like-minded. Peer support impacts on personal recovery and empowerment and creates value at an organisational level. However, the implementation of peer support into existing mental health services is often impeded by barriers embedded in organisational culture and support in role expectations. Non-peer professionals' recovery orientation and attitudes towards peer support workers (PSWs) are essential factors in the implementation of peer support, and this study explored non-peer professionals' understanding of recovery and their attitudes towards PSWs joining existing community mental health teams in one region of Denmark. In total, 17 non-peer professionals participated in three focus groups. Thematic analysis led to three themes: (1) Recovery is a process of "getting better" and balancing personal and clinical perspectives; (2) Realising recovery-oriented practice: a challenging task with conflicting values; and (3) Expectations and concerns about peer support workers joining the team. Recovery-oriented practice faces challenging conditions in contemporary mental health services due to a dominant focus on biomedical aspects in care and treatment. Implementation facilitators and barriers in the employment of PSWs point towards fundamental aspects that must be present when employing PSWs in an organisation. The issues described leading up to the employment of PSWs reflected in this study underpin the importance of preparing an organisation for the employment of PSWs based on the available knowledge.

A combined intervention strategy to increase linkage to and retention in substance use treatment for individuals accessing hospital-based services: study protocol

BackgroundIn 2020, New Mexico had the highest alcohol related death and the 11th highest drug overdose rate in the U.S. Towards the long-term goal of addressing this public health problem, we are implementing and evaluating an multi-level intervention designed to identify adults at risk of substance use disorder (SUD) and encourage linkage to and retention in treatment. The first level includes equipping the ED and medical inpatient units of a safety-net hospital with a method to screen individuals at risk of a SUD. The second level includes Seeking Safety (SS), a trauma-specific treatment for PTSD and SUD; and pharmacotherapy for SUD. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is used throughout both levels. Using the SPIRIT guidelines and checklist, this study protocol describes the multi-level intervention and the methodology we are using to assess feasibility and effectiveness.MethodsWe are using a Type 1 hybrid implementation design with a non-randomized approach (ISRCTN registration # ISRCTN33100750). We aim to enroll 110 adults (≧18) who screen positive for unhealthy use of alcohol, prescription medications (used nonmedically) and/or illicit drugs. Peer support workers are responsible for screening, using MI to increase engagement in screening and treatment and delivery of SS. Pharmacotherapy is provided by addiction clinical specialists. Treatment is provided post hospital discharge via telehealth to increase access to care. Participants are identified through (1) review of electronic health records for individuals with a chief or secondary complaint or mental health condition relating to alcohol and/or other drug use, (2) referrals from clinical staff and (3) screening in the ED and medical inpatient units. Feasibility is being measured through process data. Effectiveness will be determined by changes in two primary outcomes: (i) PTSD symptom severity; and (ii) substance use.DiscussionOur study will expand on research related to the implementation of treatment strategies for patients presenting at EDs and admitted to medical inpatients units wherein there is a significant window of opportunity to link patients with follow-up behavioral and clinical services for alcohol and/or drug misuse. The challenges associated with implementation and strategies that have been helpful to address these challenges will further inform the field.

Mental health workers’ perspectives on the implementation of a peer support intervention in five countries: qualitative findings from the UPSIDES study

ObjectiveThe introduction of peer support in mental health teams creates opportunities and challenges for both peer and non-peer staff. However, the majority of research on mental health workers’ (MHWs) experiences...

Experiences of Help-Seeking for Severe Mental Health Problems in Young Pakistani Women: A Preliminary Qualitative Study.

Almost three quarters of mental illnesses start by the age of 25, yet youth (18-25-year-olds) are often underrepresented in U.K. services. This is particularly true for those of ethnic minorities. In this study, we aimed to understand how young Pakistani women and their parents make decisions to seek help for severe mental health problems, and the barriers and facilitators to accessing professional help. Young Pakistani women with experience of severe mental health problems and their parents were recruited from a community sample. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six young people and two parents. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Pakistani culture and its interplay with British culture strongly influenced the decisions and ability of young Pakistani women and their parents to help-seek, largely through the role of stigma. Low mental health literacy, stigma, and a lack of culturally informed services were identified as the most common barriers to accessing care. These barriers fed into the internalized stigma these young women experienced which, through fear of damaged reputation and personal prejudices, posed further barriers to seeking help. Participants highlighted recommendations for both individual-level (e.g., increased education and awareness) and service-level (e.g., greater choice over care) change to facilitate accessibility of professional help. Young Pakistani women face multiple culturally related challenges to accessing care for severe mental health problems at both the individual- and service-level. Novel suggestions to address these challenges, such as including youth peer support workers in services, may facilitate more inclusive and accessible services.

"A Feeling of Safeness and Freedom": The Promotion of Mental Health Recovery Through Co-Production in an Italian Community Organization.

In mental health promotion, recovery is a process that leads to personal strengthening, control over crucial life decisions, and participation in communities through relevant professional, educational, or family social roles. Co-production, a key aspect of the recovery-oriented approach, emphasizes collaboration and active participation of people with mental health first-hand experience, family members, and citizens. Even though studies on co-production are limited and fragmented, there is evidence that co-production leads to positive outcomes, including improved well-being, empowerment, social connectedness, inclusion, and personal competencies. This study aimed to contribute to the limited literature on co-production in mental health by evaluating the co-production process in a non-profit mental health organization and its impact on empowerment processes and personal recovery outcomes. The research team adopted a collaborative approach and conducted qualitative research, including 13 individual semi-structured interviews and four focus groups. Results showed how the different dimensions of empowerment are promoted in and by the organization: (a) co-production processes supported empowered outcomes on an individual level, such as self-awareness; (b) the organization was perceived to promote empowering processes, such as a sense of safeness and protection; (c) co-production was a mean to build and maintain a network with mental health services that acknowledges the dignity and value of each subjectivity and promotes participation and recovery. Peer support workers were seen as facilitators of mental illness management, and the organization as a place for sharing mental health experiences and fostering individual recovery journeys.

Transcending technology boundaries and maintaining sense of community in virtual mental health peer support: a qualitative study with service providers and users

BackgroundThis qualitative study explores the experiences of peer support workers (PSWs) and service users (or peers) during transition from in-person to virtual mental health services. During and following the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for accessible and community-based mental health support has become increasingly important. This research aims to understand how technological factors act as bridges and boundaries to mental health peer support services. In addition, the study explores whether and how a sense of community can be built or maintained among PSWs and peers in a virtual space when connections are mediated by technology. This research fills a gap in the literature by incorporating the perspectives of service users and underscores the potential of virtual peer support beyond pandemic conditions.MethodsData collection was conducted from a community organization that offers mental health peer support services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 employees and 27 service users. Thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes and synthesize a comprehensive understanding.ResultsThe findings highlight the mental health peer support needs that were met through virtual services, the manifestation of technology-based boundaries and the steps taken to remove some of these boundaries, and the strategies employed by the organization and its members to establish and maintain a sense of community in a virtual environment marked by physical distancing and technology-mediated interrelations. The findings also reveal the importance of providing hybrid services consisting of a mixture of in person and virtual mental health support to reach a broad spectrum of service users.ConclusionsThe study contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance community mental health services and support in the virtual realm. It shows the importance of virtual peer support in situations where in-person support is not accessible. A hybrid model combining virtual and in-person mental health support services is recommended for better accessibility to mental health support services. Moreover, the importance of organizational support and of equitable resource allocation to overcome service boundaries are discussed.

Experience of naturally occurring peer support among people using psychiatric day-care in China: an interpretative phenomenology approach.

China presently does not have an established peer support system, and the efforts of peer support workers are not acknowledged in the context of the growing global trend of community-based mental rehabilitation. This study aims to examine the first-hand experiences of persons who participate in psychiatric day-care facilities in Shanghai, China, and receive support from their peers. The goal is to gain a better understanding of how these informal peer support programs function and provide valuable knowledge for the establishment of more structured peer support programs that align with Chinese social culture. A total of 14 participants attending psychiatric day-care centres were selected for face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews using snowball sampling. The interviews took place between July 2021 and February 2022. The text data of the interview were acquired through transcription and then augmented using the interview scripts and additional resources. The data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis until the themes reached saturation. A total of three overarching themes and eight corresponding sub-themes were produced: 1. reconstructing a social network: an ordinary interpersonal connection, becoming and conducting oneself, proceeding the process of adaptation in the company of peers; 2. balance and multiple roles within the relationship: selective self-exposure, managing proximity and distance; 3. sense of meaning and sense of community: supporting others while empowering oneself, love as expanding consciousness, advocating for the notion of group identity. This study is the initial examination of the contact and naturally occurring peer support that takes place among individuals in psychiatric day-care centres in China. The study's findings revealed that participants interact with others who have undergone similar conditions in the day-care setting, enabling them to rebuild an important social network. It is crucial to consider the possible benefits of peer support, assess the obstacles, and facilitate the personal recovery of individuals with mental disorders using the theory of recovery.

Changing the Game? Increasing the Impact of Peer-Run Organizations.

Employment and deployment of peer support specialists in both clinical and non-clinical mental health settings has increased substantially since the 1990's. Peer-run organizations are defined as those led and managed by individuals with self-disclosed lived experience of mental health conditions. Many peer-run organizations promoting advocacy and offering services have been established during the past 30 years. Some adherents assert the effectiveness of peer-run organizations over hybrid mental health service providers in which peer support workers are integrated or partnered with existing community mental health agency multidisciplinary clinical and treatment teams. Although research has indicated the positive contributions of peer-run organizations to service user recovery, the impact of peer-run organizations on system transformation is not well documented. This concept paper explores benefits, accomplishments, and challenges faced by a peer-run organization during its 30-year evolution in offering self-help groups, supported housing, peer support services, peer specialist training, and systems change projects in Los Angeles County, California. Future research topics and policy options are suggested, along with recommendations for the SAMHSA Office of Recovery.

Providing peer support on a men’s mental health ward: a service user narrative

Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe peer support work in a men’s mental health unit from a lived experience and service user’s perspective. The intertwining of process (a lived experience perspective) and subject (the therapeutic value of peer support) leads to greater knowledge and insight into peer support for people with mental health problems. Design/methodology/approach This service user narrative draws on the extracts from a reflective journal of interactions and conversations with people with mental health problems as well as feedback from service users and staff about the value of peer support. These methods allow a first-person, service user’s, reflective and narrative account of peer support work. Findings Peer support work, particularly hearing voices sessions, are found to be highly therapeutic and worthwhile. They promote insight and create feelings of safety and hope in what can sometimes be a frightening and hostile ward environment. Peer support provides emotional and practical support. Sharing stories and experiences of mental illness with people leads to trust, feelings of being valued, heard and accepted as well as better experiences of care and being seen as a person first. Due to their shared experiences, peer support workers are able to befriend people with mental health problems on the ward. Peer support work bridges the gap and vacuum of care between people with mental health problems and staff. It compensates for understaffing to provide more holistic and person-centred care and support. Originality/value Lived experience/ service user perspectives and narratives on peer support are rare, particularly in a hospital setting. This article provides a rich, perhaps overlooked and hidden narrative on the nature of peer support work. People with mental health problems, like Ben, are often excluded from society, health and social care, education, employment and research. This narrative opens up a pathway to understanding peer support from a service user perspective.

What effects does peer support work have and how to implement it into forensic hospitals? A Review of Reviews

IntroductionDespite promising research there is still hesitation in implementing peer support work in some hospitals. Especially in forensic hospitals reservations are held against peer support workers.ObjectivesWe aim to give an overview of reviews about the effects of peer support work in psychiatric settings and its implementation. Special emphasis on implications for forensic psychiatric settings shall be given.MethodsFive electronic databases and archives of four relevant journals were searched in December 2019 and updated in April 2022. In addition, references of articles were searched and relevant authors were contacted for unpublished data. Results of reviews were clustered by one author and checked by another.Results22 reviews were identified of which 15 reported on effects of peer support work and six on factors influencing its implementation and one review on both. Several effects of peer support work on clinical, psychosocial, organizational and other outcomes (e.g., cost savings) were described. Psychosocial outcomes were the most promising ones whereas no effects were described in most reviews for clinical, organizational and other outcomes. Factors influencing the implementation of peer support work were described during preparation, recruitment, early employment and further development of the peer support worker’s roles. Most factors, beneficial and challenging, were described for the preparation stage of the implementation process.ConclusionsThe authors of the reviews often reported concerns about the low quality of the included studies. Therefore, the present results have to be considered as preliminary. Nevertheless, it is clear that peer support has a positive influence on psychosocial factors and thus complements classic therapeutic approaches. To achieve the best possible effect, the implementation of peer support needs to be carefully planned. Further studies are necessary in order to be able to consider the effect of recovery support in a more differentiated way.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared