Peer-reported Data Research Articles

SOCIAL ANXIETY AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE AS DETERMINANTS OF BULLYING BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD, SINDH, PAKISTAN

This study investigated the social anxiety and social competence as determinants of bullying student’s behavior of among college students in Pakistan. To define the level of social anxiety and bullying behavior of students which self, peers, regard fatalities as having poorer social skills through 20 behavior’s/competences. A convenience sample of 230 pupils aged between 12 to 14 years (130 girls and 100 boys) provided self-report and peer-report data. They were taken from four colleges of Hyderabad city Sindh Pakistan, like as I mentioned zubaida government degree Girls College Hyderabad, Hayat Girls College Hyderabad, Government Boys degree College Qasimabad, Government degree College kohsar Hyderabad. Furthermore the researcher has used quantitative method survey questionnaire distribute to the respondents for data collection. Analysis through SPSS version 26 Post hoc multiple comparisons of social anxiety and social competence of bullying behavior of students experiences with social anxiety in college students. Study situations using Mann–Whitney U tests demographic information of respondent’s, analysis reliability analysis. In results researcher has found some of the main cause behind this study social anxiety and bullying behavior of students playing negative role in the society. This research will be fruitful for the scholars and policy makers.
 
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False Positives Using Social Cognitive Mapping to Identify Children’s Peer Groups

Children and adolescents interact in peer groups, which are known to influence a range of psychological and behavioral outcomes. In developmental psychology and related disciplines, social cognitive mapping (SCM), as implemented with the SCM 4.0 software, is the most commonly used method for identifying peer groups from peer report data. However, in a series of four studies, we demonstrate that SCM has an unacceptably high risk of false positives. Specifically, we show that SCM will identify peer groups even when applied to random data. We introduce backbone extraction and community detection as one promising alternative to SCM, and offer several recommendations for researchers seeking to identify peer groups from peer report data.

Being an other-sex crush during early adolescence in India: Investigating socio-behavioral and psychological concomitants

IntroductionAfter years of neglect, there is now strong empirical interest in adolescents' romantic experiences. Most studies, however, focus on adolescents’ romantic relationships in Western societies and fail to consider other-types of romantic experiences and adolescents who reside in non-Western societies. MethodsThe present study begins to address these research gaps by examining the social-behavioral and psychological concomitants of being viewed by many other-sex peers as a crush, or having high crush status, in a large (N = 445; 56% male; Mage = 13.77 years, SD = 0.43) longitudinal sample of young adolescents in urban India. ResultsUtilizing self- and peer-report data, results provide the first evidence that being viewed by many peers as an other-sex crush in India is related to some of the same (i.e., physical attractiveness), but also different (i.e., shyness) social-behavioral characteristics relative to what has been found in studies of young adolescents from the United States. Further analysis revealed new evidence regarding the unique social-behavioral (i.e., decreased physical aggression) and psychological (i.e., decreased social anxiety) outcomes associated with high crush status in urban India. ConclusionsTaken as a whole, results underscore the importance of considering the larger cultural context in studies of young adolescents’ crush experiences.

Do narcissistic boys and girls differ in their aggression?

ABSTRACTNarcissistic individuals harbor self-views that are grandiose yet fragile. Evidence suggests that adult narcissists lash out when their highly inflated self-views are challenged. The present study sought to investigate whether being rejected or victimized accounts for increased aggression among adolescent narcissists. Cross-sectional self- and peer-reported data were obtained from a sample of 372 adolescents (mean age 14.4 years). Aggression measure combined self- and peer-reported aggression. Being rejected was associated with elevated aggression in narcissistic males. Being rejected or victimized was associated with having less aggression in narcissistic females. We conclude that rejection and victimization are possibly dealt with differently by narcissistic adolescent males and females.

Is the Dark Triad common factor distinct from low Honesty-Humility?

There is interest in the psychological meaning of the variance shared among the “Dark Triad” variables (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy). Unknown is the degree to which this common variance is distinct from that of the basic personality dimensions. We test the extent to which the latent Dark Triad overlaps with the low pole of the HEXACO Honesty-Humility factor (traits of sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty). Using meta-analytic estimates from self-report data (N = 1402, k = 4) we find a near-complete overlap (latent correlation −0.95). Peer report data show a similar pattern. The latent Dark Triad corresponds almost completely with the opposite pole of Honesty-Humility, contrary to assertions that the common Dark Triad variance is distinct from other personality constructs.

Developmental continuity and change in physical, verbal, and relational aggression and peer victimization from childhood to adolescence.

To investigate the developmental course of aggression and peer victimization in childhood and adolescence, distinct subgroups of children were identified based on similarities and differences in their physical, verbal and relational aggression, and victimization. Developmental continuity and change were assessed by examining transitions within and between subgroups from Grades 1 to 11. This longitudinal study consisted of 482 children (50% females) and was based on peer report data on multiple forms of aggression and peer victimization. Using person-centered methods including latent profile and latent transition analyses, most of the identified subgroups were distinguishable by their frequencies (i.e., levels) of aggression and victimization, rather than forms (physical, verbal, and relational), with the exception of 1 group that appeared to be more form-specific. Across subgroups, multiple developmental patterns emerged characterized as early and late-onset, social interactional continuity, desistance, and heterotypic pathways. Collectively, these pathways support the perspective that the development of aggression and peer victimization in childhood and adolescence is characterized by heterogeneity. (PsycINFO Database Record

Soothing the Ego: Self-Compassion Improves Performance via Humility

An emerging body of research indicates that expressed humility is an adaptive quality that is positively related to organizationally-relevant outcomes. However, less is known about the antecedents to expressed humility. Across three mixed-methods studies, we draw from research on self-enhancement and ego threat to explore the relationship between self-compassion, expressed humility, and interpersonal organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBI). In Study 1, we show through cross-sectional self-report data that self-compassion is positively associated with OCBI, and that this relationship is mediated by expressed humility. In Study 2, we replicate this finding with peer-report data from a sample of managers attending an EMBA program. In Study 3, we use experimental methods to examine the conditions under which self-compassion is especially helpful for bolstering humility and show that it is more likely to do so in the presence of negative performance feedback (i.e., ego threatening information). These findings contribute to the nascent literature on humility in organizational settings and answer the call to better understand the antecedents to expressed humility as well as its relation with performance outcomes.

Parent and Peer Predictors of Change in Attachment Security From Adolescence to Adulthood.

Interview, self-report, peer report, and observational data were used to examine parent and peer relationship qualities as predictors of relative changes in attachment security in a community sample of adolescents followed from ages 14 to 24. Early maternal supportive behavior predicted relative increases in attachment security from adolescence to adulthood, whereas psychological control and interparental hostile conflict predicted relative decreases. Peer predictors of relative increases in security included collaborative and autonomous behaviors and lack of hostile interactions, with peer predictions growing stronger for relationships assessed at later ages. Overall, models accounted for sufficient variance as to suggest that attachment security across this period is well explained by a combination of stability plus theoretically predicted change linked to social relationship qualities.

Deviant employee behavior in the eyes of colleagues: the role of organizational support and self-efficacy

The present study investigates the influences of multifocal organizational support in the context of deviant employee behavior by examining the potential associations with employees’ self-efficacy characteristics. The study proposes that perceived multifocal support and self-efficacy have a direct relationship with deviant behavior, and that these two variables interact in their relationship with deviant workplace behavior. Using self- and peer-reported data from 225 academics, hypothesized relationships were investigated using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that two different forms of support (organizational and supervisory) strongly influenced two different forms of deviant behavior (organizational and interpersonal). Whereas perceived organizational support decreases organizationally relevant deviant behavior, supervisory support decreases deviant behavior toward colleagues. The results also showed that high self-efficacy moderates both the negative relationship between organizational support and deviant behavior toward the organization and that between supervisory support and deviant behavior toward colleagues. The study also discusses the implications of these findings for managers, along with recommendations for future research.

Idiosyncratic versus social consensus approaches to personality: Self-view, perceived, and peer-view similarity.

In the current studies, the authors examined how peers influence friendship choices through individuals' perceptions of similarity between their own and others' Big Five traits. Self-reported and peer-reported data were gathered from 3 independent samples using longitudinal round-robin designs. Peers' ratings of how similar 2 persons appeared in extraversion and agreeableness predicted friendship formation likelihood between these 2 persons in all samples. This association was mediated by perceived similarity. Furthermore, another mediation effect was found for similarity in interaction style: Persons who were viewed by peers as having similar extraversion and agreeableness levels became more similar in interaction styles. Thus, the current studies indicate that extraversion and agreeableness influence the emergence of social relationships through intrapersonal perceptions of similarity and interpersonal social interactions. We encourage researchers to look at specific similarity effects that influence interpersonal and intrapersonal processes to understand how relationships are formed.

Parszywa Dwunastka: Developing a Polish version of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen

In 5 studies (N = 1,274) we developed and validated a Polish translation of the Dirty Dozen measure of the Dark Triad—narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. We detail the presence and stability of the bifactor structure of the 12 items. Tests suggest the Polish Dirty Dozen has good internally consistency and test–retest reliability. We show that the subscales have acceptable construct, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity with measures of sociosexuality, criminality, aggression, Big Five personality, and longer measures of the Dark Triad. Using both self- and peer-report data, we provide evidence of how the Polish Dirty Dozen traits relate to indicators of a fast, agentic, selfish, and competitive life strategy versus a prosocial or communal one. Although concise measures have limitations, our results suggest that the Polish Dirty Dozen—Parszywa Dwunastka—is valid, stable, and useful.

Do you think I’m as kind as I do? The relation of adolescent narcissism with self- and peer-perceptions of prosocial and aggressive behavior

The association between narcissism and aggression has been empirically supported in adults and adolescents, but it is unclear whether narcissism might also be related to prosocial behavior. The present study investigated this issue using self- and peer-informants. Participants were 183 adolescents ages 16–19 (159 males, 24 females; 64.5% Caucasian). Of these participants, 126 (104 males, 22 females) also had peer-reported data available. Self-reported pathological narcissism was positively correlated with self-reports of both prosocial behavior and aggression, but it was not associated with peer nominations of either type of behavior. These findings indicate that adolescents with high levels of narcissism may attempt to bolster their social status by reporting engagement in both prosocial behavior and aggression. However, it appears that such individuals are ineffective at being perceived as prosocial by peers.

Interparental Conflict, Parenting Behavior, and Children’s Friendship Quality as Correlates of Peer Aggression and Peer Victimization Among Aggressor/Victim Subgroups in South Korea

The focus of this study was to examine whether interparental conflict, maternal parenting behaviors, and children's friendship quality varied as a function of peer aggression/victim subgroups among a sample of 227 elementary school children and their mothers in South Korea. Both self-report and peer-report data indicated that the majority of the students were uninvolved in peer aggression situations, and the number of participants in the subgroups (aggressors, victims, and aggressor-victims) varied depending on the source of report. According to the self-report data, victims and aggressor-victims reported a higher level of maternal rejection than uninvolved youth. Aggressors, victims, and aggressor-victims reported higher maternal neglect than uninvolved youth. The highest level of interparental conflict was reported by victims, followed by aggressors. Interestingly, no significant differences were found in positive functioning of friendship quality among the subgroups, although results indicated a significant difference among groups in negative friendship quality.

Retaliating against Customer Interpersonal Injustice in a Singaporean Context: Moderating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Social Support

Few studies have examined the relationship between customer injustice and employees' retaliatory counterproductive behaviors toward customers, and those that have done so have been conducted in a Western setting. We extend these studies by examining the relationship in a Singaporean context where retaliatory behaviors by employees might be culturally constrained. While the previously established positive relationship between customer injustice and counterproductive behaviors was not replicated using peer-reported data from employees across two hotels in Singapore, we found that individuals' self-efficacy and perceived social support moderated it. Specifically, the injustice-to-counterproductive behaviors relationship was positive for individuals with high self-efficacy, and for those who perceived high levels of supervisor social support. The findings offer insights into when Singaporean employees and, potentially, employees from other Confucian Asian societies will retaliate against customer injustice, and provide practical implications of how managers can help employees cope with customer injustice.

Individual differences in ideological attitudes and prejudice: Evidence from peer-report data.

Our knowledge on the personality basis of ideological attitudes and prejudice, while based on a substantial body of research, suffers from a potentially serious methodological limitation: an overreliance on the method of self-reports. Across 2 studies (Ns = 193, 424), we examined associations between the Big Five personality dimensions, Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), and generalized prejudice, using both self-report and peer-report data stemming from 1 (Study 1) or 2 (Study 2) peer rater/s. Correlational and regression analyses as well as structural equation modeling showed that (a) the associations between personality dimensions, ideological attitudes, and prejudice were largely similar to previous research for both data sources; (b) RWA and prejudice showed a similar level of self-peer agreement to personality dimensions; (c) most of the known associations between personality, ideological attitudes, and prejudice were replicated also when measured by independent methods; (d) peer reports had some incremental validity in predicting ideological attitudes and prejudice; and (e) there was evidence that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness predicted prejudice directly and not only indirectly via RWA and SDO, respectively. Implications for the status of RWA, SDO, and prejudice as individual-difference constructs and for their bases in personality dimensions are discussed.

The complex and elusive nature of religious prosociality: Reply to Myers (2012) and Saroglou (2012).

This reply explores issues raised in comments by Myers (2012) and Saroglou (2012) on Galen (2012) regarding whether religiosity has any influence on prosociality. Areas of contention include (a) the distinction between religious belief and other influences, mainly the socialization effects of group behavior; (b) whether behavior largely restricted to the ingroup is genuine prosociality; (c) methodological issues such as the validity of self-report and peer-reported data and effects of social desirability; (d) the often paradoxical relationships with different forms of religiosity; and (e) potential curvilinear effects. Recent work regarding these issues is highlighted, and future directions that may productively resolve these debates are suggested.

Relationships between Self- and Peer-reported Integrative Self-knowledge and the Big Five Factors in Iran

An Integrative Self-Knowledge (ISK) Scale measures tendencies to engage in a cognitive process of uniting past, present, and desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole. In the present project, 288 Iranian university students responded to the ISK and Big Five scales and rated their dormitory roommates on these characteristics as well. These procedures most importantly revealed a positive correlation between self- and peer-reported ISK. Self-reported ISK also predicted higher levels of self-reported Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience, and this pattern of relationships appeared with the peer-report data as well. In these results and also in correlations of the self- with peer-report scales, associations of ISK with greater Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience were especially noteworthy. This study confirmed the validity of the ISK scale and the adaptive behavioral significance of what it measures.

Putting a Good Face on Impression Management: Team Citizenship and Team Satisfaction

In this research, we examined self-promotion and ingratiation as correlates of citizenship behavior and desired outcomes in work teams. Results of a cross-sectional study using a combination of self- and peer-report data from student work teams suggested that two dimensions of citizenship behavior, i.e., altruism and conscientiousness, were partly a function of ingratiation and self-promotion. Further, ingratiation was found to be positively associated with individual satisfaction within teams and the extent to which individual members were perceived as likable among their peers. Peer perceptions of the motivation underlying ingratiation and selfpromotion also had a positive relationship with liking for team member such that the more sincere a motive is perceived to be, the more positive the perception of liking for team member.

The social skills problems of victims of bullying: Self, peer and teacher perceptions

A small number of prior studies have found that victims of school bullying tend to exhibit poor social skills. Few of these have examined this issue from multiple perspectives, and there has been a focus on a restricted range of social skills. To determine the extent to which self, peers, and teachers regard victims as having poorer social skills than non-victims across 20 behaviours/competencies. A convenience sample of 330 pupils aged between 9 and 11 years (162 girls and 168 boys) provided self-report and peer-report data. They were drawn from 12 classes from 6 junior schools in the UK. Additionally, 11 of the class teachers provided data. Three separate methods were employed and in each case, participants were provided with 20 short statements that described a different social skill: (1) participants who were classified as either 'victims' or 'non-victims' (using peer nominations) rated themselves on a 3-point scale in terms of how like them each description was, (2) participants were asked to think of a victim and a non-victim in their class and to rate both of these people on each description, and (3) teachers were asked to rate a previously identified victim and a non-victim from their class on each description. Using a direct discriminant function analysis of the self-ratings, six of the social skills items were found to discriminate between victims and non-victims, and the discriminant function was able to correctly classify 80% of the participants. For 18 of the items, peer ratings indicated significantly more pronounced social skills problems for victims than for non-victims. Teacher ratings were significant for eight of the social skill items, and in each case, victims were rated as having greater problems. The finding that victims are perceived by three different sources to have poor social skills has important implications for interventions to support victims of bullying.

Effect of Children's Perceived Rejection on Physical Aggression

This study investigated whether the perception of self as socially rejected might contribute to increased physical aggression among elementary-school children. It was hypothesized that physically aggressive children would become more physically aggressive over time if they perceived that they were rejected and tended to blame peers for social failure experiences. Third-grade boys and girls (n = 941) were assessed in the Fall and Spring of the school year. Peer-report data on physical aggression and social preference were collected, along with self-report data on perceived rejection and attributions for social failure experiences. Results for boys were consistent with hypotheses, whereas the results for girls revealed a different pattern of relations. These results constitute prospective evidence that children's self-perceptions of social rejection can uniquely influence externalizing behavior. Results are discussed in terms of mechanisms that might mediate the relation between perceived rejection and physical aggression.