Peer Behavior Research Articles

Behaviors of ADHD and Peer Relationship Difficulties in Chinese and American Youths: Role of Co-Occurring Behaviors of Depression and Anxiety

The co-occurrence of behaviors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with behaviors of anxiety or behaviors of depression is the norm, but little is known on how the co-occurrence accounted for youths’ peer relations. The authors report results on difficult peer relations in relation to behaviors of ADHD, co-occurring behaviors of depression, and behaviors of anxiety from three studies on 862 youths in China and in the United States. Study 1 included 313 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse American youths; Study 2 included 250 youths who were adopted out of Chinese orphanages by American parents; and Study 3 included 299 youths from Beijing, China. Data on difficult peer relations and behaviors of ADHD, depression, and anxiety were collected with the third edition of Behavior Assessment System for Children-Self Report of Personality. In all three studies, each type of problems alone significantly predicted difficult peer relations, but behaviors of ADHD were not significant when co-occurring behaviors of depression or co-occurring behaviors of anxiety were considered. Despite that the youths in our study had different cultural and personal backgrounds, there was no evidence that behaviors of ADHD were detrimental to youths’ peer relations when behaviors of depression or anxiety were considered. Implications for intervention were discussed.

Smoking behavior prevalence in one's personal social network and peer's popularity: A population-based study of middle-aged adults in Japan.

Although previous social network studies have consistently shown the social influence of peers' smoking on one's (ego's) smoking, few studies have examined how the influence differs according to peers' structural positions in the network. Investigations are also lacking on whether vulnerability to the influence varies by ego's socioeconomic position. Thus, the present study aimed to examine how the association between peers' smoking and ego's smoking differs by peers' popularity in ego's personal network and ego's educational attainment. We used data from the third-wave Japanese Study on Stratification, Health, Income, and Neighborhood (J-SHINE) conducted in 2017, which targeted middle-aged (32-58-year-old) residents in four municipalities within Japanese metropolitan areas. Information on four close peers' characteristics and behaviors and their mutual relationships was collected by the name generator and name interpreter methods. Data on 1989 respondents and 7956 peers were evaluated. Peers' eigenvector centrality was used as their popularity index in ego's personal network. We set ego's smoking as an outcome, regressed on each peer's smoking, each peer's popularity, and ego's educational attainment adjusting for ego's age, sex, working status, marital status, spouse's/partner's smoking status, as well as similarity in socioeconomic backgrounds between peer and ego, using a logistic regression model with robust standard errors. We then added a three-way interaction term for these three explanatory variables to the model. Results showed that peer's smoking status was related to ego's smoking even more strongly when the peer was popular but only in the case of ego with lower educational attainment. The results suggested that the disparity in smoking behavior across socioeconomic positions may be partly explained by susceptibility to social influence from one's personal network among the socioeconomically vulnerable. This study proposes a plausible method for pinpointing the peer influencer in one's personal social network to close the socioeconomic gap in smoking.

유아가 선호하는 놀이영역에 따른 또래 놀이행동에 관한 연구

본 연구는 우리나라의 유아들의 놀이행동 특성을 밝히기 위해 육아정책연구소 한국아동 패널자료를 활용하여 3세부터 5세까지 3년간 430명(남아, 225명, 여아, 205명)의 유아들의 놀이행동 변화를 종단적으로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 연령 및 성별에 따른 선호 놀이영역, 연령 증가에 따른 놀이행동, 선호놀이 영역에 따른 또래 놀이행동에 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 PASW 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 우선 유아의 일반적 특성 분석을 위해 빈도분석 및 평균과 표준편차, 유아의 선호 놀이영역을 분석을 위해 빈도와 퍼센트, 성별에 따른 놀이영역에서의 차이 분석을 위해 카이검증을 실시하였다. 그리고 성별 및 연령에 따른 또래 놀이행동에서의 변화를 알아보기 위해 이원반복변량분석을 실시하였고, 놀이영역에 따른 또래 놀이행동에 대한 일원분산분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 3세의 경우 쌓기영역과 역할영역에 대한 선호가 높았던 반면, 4세에서 5세에는 쌓기영역과 미술영역에 대한 선호가 높았다. 둘째, 성별 및 연령 증가에 따라 여아가 남아보다 놀이상호작용이 높았고 놀이방해는 남아가 더 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 연령별 선호 놀이 영역에 따라 놀이상호작용, 놀이방해에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 우리나라 유아의 놀이문화 이해와 유아의 놀이촉진을 위한 환경구성을 구축하는데 도움을 될 것으로 사료된다.

Masalah Emosi dan Perilaku pada Penderita TB Anak

Masalah emosi dan perilaku terhadap anak merupakan masalah yang cukup serius, salah satunya berdampak terhadap kesehatan jiwa, terlebih bagi anak yang menderita penyakit kronis, diantaranya penyakit TB (Tuberculosis) hingga dapat menyebabkan terganggunya produktivitas serta kualitas hidup termasuk pendidikan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui masalah emosi dan perilaku pada penderita TB anak di Wilayah Puskesmas Jakarta Pusat dan Puskesmas Jakarta Timur. 
 Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang pada 91 penderita TB anak di tahun 2019 yang diukur dengan menggunakan Strength and Dfficulties Questionary (SDQ).
 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sebanyak 44% dari seluruh subjek penelitian adalah usia sekolah dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki lebih banyak daripada perempuan. Skor SDQ untuk masalah dan perilaku penderita TB pada anak dengan 3 kelompok usia, yaitu : tingkah laku dengan proporsi abnormal sebesar 75 anak (yang tertinggi pada kelompok usia pra sekolah: 41,5%) dan teman sebaya didapatkan proporsi yang abnormal sebesar 75 anak ( dengan kelompok usia tertinggi pada kelompok usia sekolah: 44%), serta skor kesulitan, proporsi terbesar adalah pada kondisi abnormal, yaitu pada 39 anak (usia sekolah yang terbesar; yakni 40%) . Skor SDQ berdasarkan hubungan masalah dan perilaku penderita TB pada anak dengan jenis kelamin, yaitu : lelaki lebih banyak mengalami masalah hubungan dengan kesulitan (51,2%) , sedangkan anak perempuan lebih banyak mengalami masalah yang berhubungan dengan tingkah laku (57,6%), teman sebaya (53,3%) dan masalah kekuatan/prososial (54,5%). Analisis distribusi skor masalah dan perilaku penderita TB pada anak dengan kovariat ( Status Gizi, Riwayat kontak dan Status TB), yaitu : untuk masalah tingkah laku didapatkan proporsi abnormal terbesar baik terhadap status gizi normal (89,4%), riwayat kontak serumah (57,6%) dan status TB negatif (80,3%) dan untuk masalah hubungan dengan teman sebaya didapatkan proporsi yang abnormal terbesar baik terhadap status gizi normal (92%), riwayat kontak serumah (60%) dan status TB negatif (84%) serta masalah dan perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kesulitan didapatkan proporsi terbesar adalah pada kondisi abnormal baik terhadap status gizi normal (89,9%), riwayat kontak serumah (60%) dan status TB negatif (80%) 
 Kesimpulan:Penderita TB anak terbanyak adalah laki-laki namun berdasarkan skor SDQ yang abnormal terbesar adalah responden berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan proporsi abnormal terjadi kelompok usia pra sekolah – sekolah, yaitu untuk masalah tingkah laku, hubungan teman sebaya. dan prososial sedangkan laki-laki hanya pada masalah terkait dengan kesulitan dalam bersosialisasi saja. Proporsi terbesar abnormal pada analisis distribusi skor masalah dan perilaku penderita TB pada anak dengan kovariat ( Status Gizi, Riwayat kontak dan Status TB), yaitu : untuk masalah tingkah laku teman sebaya dan skor kesulitan

Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Real-Life Violence Exposure Among Chinese College Students.

This study aimed to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of violence exposure in real life among Chinese college students. A sample of 375 college students was randomly selected to complete three questionnaires. The results indicated that participants had higher scores as victims and witnesses on violence exposure in community than they did in family. Male students had higher scores than females in both family and community violence exposure. Subjects with lower father’s education level scored significantly higher than others in family violence exposure by victimization and community violence exposure by witnessing and victimization. Participants growing up in rural areas had significantly higher scores than others in family violence exposure by victimization and community violence exposure by witnessing. Finally, those subjects with siblings reported higher scores than those from only child families in family violence exposure by witnessing. Multiple regression analysis showed that deviant behaviors of peers, gender, and single-child status were significant influencing factors of respondent violence exposure. More efforts should be taken to effectively cope with existing violence exposure in college students and minimize the potential of future exposure.

Endogenous peer effects and level of informality: some evidence from micro and small firms in Cameroon

Standard economic theory assumes that individuals’ preferences are independent of their social environment. However, this basic assumption seems partly unrealistic because individual utility can be affected by a variety of social interactions. This paper assesses the role of peer effects on the informality of Micro and Small firms. We use the instrumental variable approach with fixed effects on survey data in the informal sector in Cameroon. Our results show a positive impact of informal behavior of peers of the firm on its level of informality. Thus, we find a social multiplier of 9.43 and 4.65 according to the nature of the reference group. These results show that, in reality, a policy leading one firm to formalize will lead at least nine (or four depending on the reference group) others to do so due to peer effects.

STUDY ON MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING OF CONFLICT-AFFECTED ADOLESCENTS AT EASTERN UKRAINE

Children and adolescents are one of the most vulnerable population groups suffered from the war. During adolescence, an individual’s psyche is being transformed and proved to be especially sensitive. This process of transformation becomes complicated and burdened with psychological trauma experienced in the situation of an armed conflict. Impact of everyday stress factors grows as combined with traumatic war events: watching military vehicles, shooting, killing, wounding, loss of family members and home, as well as general social, economic, and psychological problems. Not every psychological trauma results in mental disorder, however, those stresses often cause painful emotions and lead to maladjustment. The effective programs of psychosocial support to conflict-affected adolescents should take into account their individual characteristics and the specific situational context. For this purpose, we conducted psychodiagnostics study on mental health and emotional well-being of adolescents living near the front line in Eastern Ukraine. Totally, 222 high school students from Donetsk region aged 15 to 17 participated in the survey. The following questionnaires were used: Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS) assessing distress, emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents aged 8-18, and Mental Health Assessment Instrument (MHAI) screening mental health symptoms and disorders at conflict-affected populations. The study findings showed that the majority (94,7%) of the respondents experienced war traumatic events, having at least one symptom of psychological problems; 25,5% were experiencing depression, 34,9% did PTS, 7,8% had anxiety and 7,7% had problems with alcohol use. Women were more likely than males to experience stress and had mental health problems, while men had problems with prosocial behavior. Both genders had difficulties in peer relationships and behavior. The existing psychological problems were aggravated by hyperactivity, difficulties in behavior and relationships with peer and indicated worsened mental health and emotional well-being of conflict-affected adolescents in the Eastern Ukraine, risk of mental disorders and asocial behavior. These data should be taken into account for effective psychological support for this category of adolescents. &nbsp

Gendered Expectations: Strategies for Navigating Structural Challenges in Support of Transgender and Nonbinary Trainees in Academic Medicine.

Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community experience marginalization, bias, and discrimination, including in the world of academic medicine. People who are transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) experience further marginalization compared with individuals who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. According to a recent survey, more than half of medical students who are TGNB chose not to disclose their gender identities during training due to fears of discrimination, feeling a lack of support, and concerns about future career options. Academic medicine has historically pathologized TGNB individuals, perpetuating discrimination structurally and reinforcing discriminatory behaviors of peers and faculty. In this Perspective, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges that administrators and educators face in creating a learning environment that is inclusive of TGNB trainees. They outline opportunities for change and provide strategies to address administrative and educational challenges, including those related to institutional climate, policies, data collection, physical spaces, health care, curriculum, mentoring, and the evaluation of TGNB trainees. Finally, the authors issue a call to action for medical educators and administrators to create environments in which trainees who are TGNB can fulfill their educational mission: to learn the practice of medicine.

Analysis of planes of attacks on the Blockchain system

This paper presents a study of attack planessurfaces and possible ways of conducting various attacks on decentralized systems based on Blockchain technology. To accomplish the task, the effectiveness of the attack is studied relative to the plane of its application, namely, relatively: cryptographic designs of Blockchain technology, distributed architecture of systems based on Blockchain technology, Blockchain application context. Several attacks have been identified for each of these planes, including malicious mining strategies, coordinated peer behavior, 51% attacks, domain name attacks (DNS), distributed denial of service attacks, delayed consensus achieving, Blockchain branching, orphaned and obsolete blocks, digital wallet thefts and privacy attacks.An attack by malicious mining allows an attacker to increase rewards by intentionally keeping his blocks closed in order to obtain a longer version of the Blockchain register than the current main version of the register. A 51% attack occurs when a single attacker, a group of nodes, or a mining pool (a combination of miners) in a network reaches most of the total processing power of mining in the system and gets the ability to manipulate the functionality of the Blockchain system. In the plane of DNS attacks, an attacker can potentially isolate peers of the Blockchain system, distribute fake blocks with fraudulent transactions among new nodes, and invalidate transactions. Manifestations of DDoS attacks can vary, depending on the nature of the functionality of the Blockchain application, the features of its network architecture and the behavior of peer nodes. Measures to counter attacks on peer-to-peer peer-to-peer architecture are considered.

The Behavior of Same-Race Others and Its Effects on Black Patients’ Attention to Publicly Presented HIV-Prevention Information

ABSTRACT Black Americans make up 13% of the U.S. population, yet account for 54% of HIV deaths and 44% of new HIV diagnoses. Why do Black Americans die from HIV at such a disproportionate rate? In the current study, we asked whether the presence and behavior of in-group peers in public health settings may influence Black Americans’ attention to HIV information, given the racialized nature of HIV-stigma in Black American communities. In a quasi-experimental field study conducted in a public health clinic (N = 260), we found that Black patients were less likely to pay attention to HIV-prevention information in the presence of other Black patients, unless those patients were also paying attention to the information. In contrast, Black patients’ attention was unaffected by the presence of White patients. We end by discussing the implications of these findings for health communication theories and health practice geared toward reducing racial-health disparities in the United States.

Engagement norms buffer academic risks associated with peer rejection in middle school

The current study examined school variations in academic engagement norms and whether such norms affect those most susceptible to peer influence. We presumed that behaviors associated with perceived popularity make norms salient and are most likely to affect socially marginalized (rejected) youth. Focusing on differences across 26 middle schools, the main aim was to test whether academic engagement norms moderate the association between peer rejection and subsequent academic difficulties. The U.S. public school sample included 5,991 youth (52% girls): 32% Latino/a, 20% White, 14% East/Southeast Asian, 12% African American, and 22% from other specific ethnic groups. Multilevel models were used to examine whether engagement norms moderated the association between sixth-grade peer rejection and changes in grade point average (GPA) and academic engagement across middle school (i.e., from sixth to eighth grade). Consistent with our contextual moderator hypothesis, the association between peer rejection and academic engagement was attenuated—and in the case of GPA eliminated—in schools where higher engagement was a salient norm. The study findings suggest that the behaviors of popular peers affect those on social margins and that academic difficulties are not inevitable for rejected youth.

Violence exposure among Chinese middle school students: Characteristics and influencing factors

Abstract This study aims to investigate the current situation and influencing factors of violence exposure in lifetime among Chinese middle school students. A sample of 2959 middle school students (Mage = 15.92 years, SD = 1.89) were investigated by Community Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), Peer Group Questionnaire and the General Questionnaire. The results showed that participants had higher scores on violence exposure (both victimization and witnessing) in community than that in the family; participants from single parent family, with lower parent education level, with growing up in rural areas, with non-nuclear family or with siblings reported significantly higher scores; male students also scored significantly higher than female students in domestic and community violence exposure. The analysis of stepwise multiple regression indicated that gender and deviant behaviors of peers were significant influencing factors for the violence exposure of the subjects. Considering the huge negative effects of violence exposure on middle school students who are in their critical mental and physical development stage in their life, it is necessary for parents and society to offer forceful support in violence exposure prevention and effectively handle problems raised by existing violence exposure.

Effects of Academic dishonesty on research production in the light of Total Quality Management- an Empirical Study on Malaysian Educational Institutions – Malaysia: الانتحال المعرفي وأثره على الإنتاج البحثي في ضوء إدارة الجودة الشاملة – دراسة ميدانية على المؤسسات التعليمية الماليزية – ماليزيا

The field study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between the indicators of cognitive plagiarism represented by weak research skills, lack of deterrent punishment, different culture, certainty of impunity, peer behavior, feedback on the one hand, and the will to plagiarism on the other. It also aimed to examine the relationship between the will of plagiarism and plagiarism behavior and its role on overall quality in Malaysian educational institutions. The study followed the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of 768 students (males = 292, females = 476). They were appointed by way of random stratified. The result of the analysis showed that the indicators of cognitive plagiarism have a positive and strong statistical relationship with the will of plagiarism, and that plagiarism has a positive statistical relationship with the behavior of cognitive plagiarism. In addition, the study revealed that the behavior of cognitive plagiarism has a strong statistical relationship with total quality factors. This finding indicates that intentional or unintentional cognitive plagiarism affects overall quality at all levels. The study recommends amending university regulations on offenses of scientific plagiarism. In addition, the development of universal laws of regulations and procedures by global educational bodies.

Effects of peer versus expert exercise standards on exercise cognitions and behaviour

Objective: This experiment examined whether people respond differently to information about where they stand relative to peer behaviour or to expert behavioural recommendations, and whether responses depend on the attainability of these standards.Design: University students (N = 345) were randomly assigned to receive information about their exercise levels relative to peer behaviour or expert recommendations, both varying in attainability, or to a no-feedback control.Main Outcome Measures: Exercise-related cognitions were assessed immediately after feedback and exercise intentions and behaviour were assessed one month later.Results: Among those who received expert recommendations, immediate perceived comparative risk as well as exercise intentions one month later were higher if the standard was more attainable. Those who received peer information reported more exercise minutes in the past week if the standard was less attainable.Conclusion: These outcomes provide evidence that attainability of the standard should be a consideration for norm- and information-based health behaviour interventions.

Age-varying associations of parental knowledge and antisocial peer behavior with adolescent substance use.

Antisocial peer behavior and low parental knowledge of adolescents' activities are key interpersonal risk factors for adolescent substance use. However, how the magnitude of associations between these risk factors and substance use may vary across adolescence remains less well understood. The present study examined the age-varying associations of parental knowledge and antisocial peer behavior with adolescents' substance use (i.e., cigarette use, drunkenness, and marijuana use) using time-varying effect modeling. Using data from the Promoting School-Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience (PROSPER) study, the final sample consists of 8,222 adolescents, followed from Grade 6 to Grade 12 (age 11 to age 18.9), including those who newly joined the schools at the targeted grade levels. Results showed that low parental knowledge and antisocial peer behavior were significantly associated with the use of each of the three substances across the majority of adolescence. The magnitude of the associations between substance use and both risk factors decreased across age, except between peer risk and marijuana use. Further, there was a significant interaction between parent and peer risk factors such that low parental knowledge was less strongly associated with substance use at higher levels of antisocial peer behavior. Findings highlighted early adolescence as an important period to target parent and peer prevention and interventions for reducing early substance use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Initiation Age, Cumulative Prevalence, and Longitudinal Patterns of Handgun Carrying Among Rural Adolescents: A Multistate Study

Adolescent handgun carrying is a behavioral marker for youth interpersonal conflicts and an intervention point for violence prevention. Our knowledge about the epidemiology of adolescent handgun carrying mainly pertains to urban settings. Evidence on the initiation age, cumulative prevalence, and longitudinal patterns of this behavior and on handgun-related norms and peer behavior among male and female rural adolescents is scant. We used data from the control arm of the Community Youth Development Study, a community-randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care prevention system. Annually, 1,039 males and 963 females were surveyed from Grade 6 (2005) to age 19 years (2012) in 12 rural towns across seven U.S. states. In Grade 6, 11.5% of males and 2.8% of females reported past-year handgun carrying. Between Grade 6 and age 19 years, 33.7% of males and 9.6% of females reported handgun carrying at least once. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 34.0% of males and 29.3%of females did so for the first time in Grade 6. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 54.6% of males and 71.7% of females did so only one time over the seven study assessments. Greater proportions of participants who reported handgun carrying than those who did not do so endorsed prohandgun norms and had a peer who carried among both males (Grade 10: prevalence difference= 57%; 95% CI: 46%-67%) and females (Grade 10: prevalence difference=45%; 95% CI: 12%-78%). Rural adolescent handgun carrying is not uncommon and warrants etiologic research for developing culturally appropriate and setting-specific prevention programs.

Use of Evidence-Based Best Practices and Behavior Change Techniques in Breast Cancer Apps: Systematic Analysis.

BackgroundTheoretically designed mobile health (mHealth) breast cancer interventions are essential for achieving positive behavior change. In the case of breast cancer, they can improve the health outcomes of millions of women by increasing prevention and care efforts. However, little is known about the theoretical underpinnings of breast cancer apps available to the general public.ObjectiveGiven that theories may strengthen mHealth interventions, this study aimed to identify breast cancer apps designed to support behavior change, to assess the extent to which they address content along the cancer care continuum and contain behavior change techniques, and to assess the degree to which star rating is related to theory-based design.MethodsUsing a criteria-based screening process, we searched 2 major app stores for breast cancer apps designed to promote behavior change. Apps were coded for content along the cancer care continuum and analyzed for behavior change techniques. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the relationship between star ratings and the use of behavior change techniques in apps with star ratings compared to those without ratings.ResultsThe search resulted in a total of 302 apps, of which 133 were identified as containing breast cancer content. Only 9.9% (30/302) of apps supported behavior change and were further analyzed. These apps were disproportionally focused on behaviors to enhance early detection, whereas only a few apps supported care management, treatment, and posttreatment behaviors. Regarding theories, 63% (19/30) of apps customized content to users, 70% (21/30) established a health-behavior link, and 80% (24/30) provided behavior change instructions. Of the 30 apps, 15 (50%) prompted intention formation whereas less than half of the apps included goal setting (9/30, 30%) and goal reviewing (7/30, 23%). Most apps did not provide information on peer behavior (7/30, 23%) or allow for social comparison (6/30, 20%). None of the apps mobilized social norms. Only half of the apps (15/30, 50%) were user rated. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that apps with star ratings contained significantly more behavior change techniques (median 6.00) than apps without ratings. The analysis of behavior change techniques used in apps revealed their shortcomings in the use of goal setting and social influence features.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that commercially available breast cancer apps have not yet fully realized their potential to promote behavior change, with only a minority of apps focusing on behavior change, and even fewer including theoretical design to support behavior change along the cancer care continuum. These shortcomings are likely limiting the effectiveness of apps and their ability to improve public health. More attention needs to be paid to the involvement of professionals in app development and adherence to theories and best practices in app design to support individuals along the cancer care continuum.

PeerBFT: Making Hyperledger Fabric’s Ordering Service Withstand Byzantine Faults

In a blockchain system, there is an entity called an ordering service or miner that is responsible for ordering transactions, building a new block, and broadcasting the new block to all the blockchain peers. In a distributed system, the safety property is violated when an ordering service sends inconsistent blocks to peers and the liveness property is not guaranteed when the ordering service stops sending blocks to peers. Therefore, the ordering service must behave correctly to guarantee safety and liveness in blockchain operations. Hyperledger Fabric, a permissioned blockchain platform assumes the correct behavior of the ordering service. It also adopts an endorsement policy to deal with malicious behaviors of peers. However, a malicious ordering service can easily make the endorsement policy ineffective. Therefore, Hyperledger Fabric is not reliable in an environment where an ordering service may be hacked. In this paper, we propose PeerBFT that enables peers to handle Byzantine faults in the ordering service of Hyperledger Fabric, assuming that $n \geq 3f+1$ , where $n$ is the total number of peers and $f$ is the maximum number of malicious peers. In PeerBFT, each peer audits the behavior of the ordering service. When a group of peers detects any incorrect operations in the ordering service, they collectively migrate to a new ordering service. We have built a prototype of PeerBFT in Hyperledger Fabric 1.2. It is shown that PeerBFT can handle the Byzantine faults of the ordering service. The experimental evaluation shows that PeerBFT achieves approximately 90.8% of TPS (Transactions Per Second) of Hyperledger Fabric with Solo ordering service.

Asymmetric Intimacy Based Positive Emotions Contagion Peer Public Safety Evacuation Behavior

Behavioral simulation plays an important role in many scenarios, such as emergency evacuation and public safety. The importance of public security in modern life can be seen in the epidemic outbreak in 2020. In particular, the epidemic can affect people’s psychology and emotions and change people’s behavior. Therefore, how to effectively improve people’s positive emotions in a panic has become an urgent problem. In social relations, most behaviors are produced by peer interaction. To simulate the interactions among peers more realistically, this paper studies the diversity and efficiency of evacuation behaviors from the trust of peers, the strength of social relations and empathy. First, a general framework of peer relationships is constructed based on asymmetric intimacy, including the relationship between intimacy relationship modeling. Then, the problem of the dynamic formation of peer groups is studied by employing the calculation method of asymmetric intimacy. The effect of positive emotion transmission mechanism on peer interaction behaviors is explored through asymmetric intimacy. Finally, the companion behaviors of the peers in several scenarios are simulated. The proposed method is compared with different emotion contagion models and the behavioral simulation models. Experimental results show that the positive emotions contagion of the peer behavior simulation method can concrete the macro group behavior and effectively simulate the peer group in an evacuation. The simulation effects are diverse and efficient.

Learning Culture: First-Year Student Transition, Institutional Culture, and the Bubble of Trial Adulthood

The transition from high school to college involves a number of social, cultural, and psychological forces. Research rarely considers the ways in which institutional culture is transmitted to students during students’ first year of college. This qualitative research study fills this gap in the literature by reporting the findings of 62 one-on-one interviews that considered how students made sense of their transition to higher education. Using institutional culture as a framework, data was analyzed through interpretative thematic analysis strategies. Data analysis revealed several key themes that depict the techniques students employed during their first year that enabled their recreation and performance of the peer norms of the university’s culture. Through immersion, trial and error, and mimicking peer behavior, participants navigated what they called the bubble of trial adulthood. This paper draws several implications for practice and conclusions from the data.