Peer Affiliation Research Articles

Mother rejection/overprotection and adolescent deviant peer affiliation: Violence exposure and teacher–student relationship as mediators

Previous studies have found that mothers' use of a negative parenting style is a risk factor for adolescent deviant peer affiliation, but it is not clear if mother rejection and overprotection affect deviant peer affiliation similarly, or if the mechanism is different for these two parenting styles. Through a survey of 856 high school students in eastern China we measured mothers' rejection or overprotection and students' violence exposure, teacher–student relationship, and deviant peer affiliation. The results showed that in the link between mother's rejection and adolescents' deviant peer affiliation, the mediating effect of both violence exposure and the teacher–student relationship was significant, and the mediating effect of the teacher–student relationship was significantly greater than that of violence exposure. In the link between mother's overprotection and adolescent deviant peer affiliation, the mediating role of violence exposure was significant. These results show that mothers' rejection and overprotection each affect adolescent deviant peer affiliation via different mechanisms and suggest that targeted interventions in adolescents' deviant peer affiliation should distinguish between rejection and overprotection.

PENDEKATAN CLIENT CENTERED DENGAN TEKNIK PROBLEM SOLVING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERCAYA DIRI SISWA DARI PERGAULAN TEMAN SEBAYA

Lack of self-confidence in a person usually arises because of fear, anxiety, worry, and lack of confidence in the abilities that exist in themselves. Someone who has a lack of self-confidence will show different behavior from people in general, such as unable to do much, shy, inferior, and always doubtful in carrying out their duties, not daring to speak in public, so they need support from others. The problem in this research is how the BK teacher overcomes the lack of self-confidence from peer association in the VIII grade of SMP 4 Kudus. Self-confidence can be interpreted as a belief in one's own abilities that are adequate and aware of their abilities and can use them appropriately, so as not to harm others.On the other hand, people who lack self-confidence have a negative self-concept, lack confidence in their abilities, and therefore lack of self-confidence needs to be increased to become confident. This research uses a case study qualitative research method, which is a form of research based on human understanding and behavior based on human opinion, and the research subjects can be individuals or groups.Lack of self-confidence in a person usually arises because of fear, anxiety, worry, and lack of confidence in the abilities that exist in themselves. Someone who has a lack of self-confidence will show different behavior from people in general, such as unable to do much, shy, inferior, and always doubtful in carrying out their duties, not daring to speak in public, so they need support from others. The problem in this research is how the BK teacher overcomes the lack of self-confidence from peer association in the VIII grade of SMP 4 Kudus. Self-confidence can be interpreted as a belief in one's own abilities that are adequate and aware of their abilities and can use them appropriately, so as not to harm others.On the other hand, people who lack self-confidence have a negative self-concept, lack confidence in their abilities, and therefore lack of self-confidence needs to be increased to become confident. This research uses a case study qualitative research method, which is a form of research based on human understanding and behavior based on human opinion, and the research subjects can be individuals or groups.

Pathways linking ethnic discrimination and drug-using peer affiliation to underage drinking status among Mexican-origin adolescents.

Using a three-wave longitudinal data set of Mexican-origin adolescents (N = 602, Mage = 12.92, SD = 0.91 at Wave 1), this study examines parallel pathways from early exposure to ethnic discrimination and drug-using peers, separately, to underage drinking status by late adolescence. Negative affect was expected to mediate the link from ethnic discrimination to underage drinking status (the stress-induced pathway), whereas social alcohol expectancy was expected to mediate the link from drug-using peers to underage drinking status (the socialization pathway). Our findings lend support to the stress-induced pathway while controlling for the socialization pathway. For the stress-induced pathway, we found that early ethnic discrimination experiences were related to higher likelihood of having engaged in underage drinking by late adolescence through elevated negative affect sustained across adolescence. For the socialization pathway, we found no association between affiliation with drug-using peers in early adolescence and underage drinking status, either directly or indirectly. Present findings highlight the unique role of early ethnic discrimination experiences in underage drinking among Mexican-origin adolescents, over and above the effect of drug-using peers. Alcohol use interventions targeting ethnic minority adolescents should account for adolescents' ethnic discrimination experiences by helping adolescents develop adaptive coping strategies to handle negative affect induced by discrimination (e.g., reappraisal) rather than using alcohol to self-medicate. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Gratitude buffers the effects of stressful life events and deviant peer affiliation on adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury.

Although stressful life events have been shown to be a key risk factor for adolescent NSSI, the potential mediators and moderators of this relationship are unclear. Based on the social development theory and the organism-environment interaction model, we tested whether the link between stressful life events and adolescent NSSI was explained in part by deviant peer affiliation, and whether this process was buffered by gratitude. Chinese adolescents (N = 854; Mage = 16.35; 68.50% female) anonymously completed questionnaires to assess the study variables. The present study demonstrated that stressful life events was linked to NSSI in part because of deviant peer affiliation, and high gratitude was a key protective factor to buffer this indirect effect. Teaching gratitude may be a helpful component of prevention and intervention programs to reduce adolescent NSSI.

Deviant Peer Affiliation: A Newly Verified Mechanism by Which Violent Video Game Exposure Affect Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior.

Past research has provided abundant evidence that violent video game exposure (VVGE) increases aggressive behavior and decreases prosocial behavior. So far, these effects have been explained mainly as resulting from changes in the existing knowledge structures of cognition, affect, or personality, such as desensitization to violence, empathy deficits, or impulsivity deficits. Following the extended General Aggression Model (GAM), the present research examined the role of deviant peer affiliation in VVGE's effects on aggressive and prosocial behavior. A total of 2,152 (46.4 percent male) Chinese children and adolescents completed a self-reported scale for VVGE, deviant peer affiliation, trait aggression, and prosocial behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that deviant peer affiliation mediated the effects of VVGE, thus supporting the new paths of GAM and broadening the current understanding of the consequences of VVGE.

Mechanisms of Influence on Youth Substance Use for a Social-Emotional and Character Development Program: A Theory-Based Approach

Background: The Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) provides a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent substance use. Objectives: We examined mechanisms by which a TTI-guided social-emotional and character development program, Positive Action (PA), influences adolescent substance use. Study data come from the PA-Chicago, longitudinal matched-pairs cluster-randomized control trial. A diverse, dynamic cohort of approximately 1,200 students from 14 low-performing schools were assessed at eight points of time, between grades 3-8, across a six-year period. Students completed scales related to substance use, self-control, deviant peer affiliation, and school attachment, adapted from the Risk Behavior Survey, Social-Emotional and Character Development Scale, Conventional Friends Scale, and People in My Life Scale. After testing the overall effect of PA on substance use, we used latent growth modeling to assess whether effects on each outcome were mediated by longitudinal changes in three composite measures aligning with the TTIs three streams. Results: Students in PA schools reported fewer experiences with drinking, getting drunk, and overall substance use. In the multiple mediator models, significant indirect effects of PA on substance use via changes in self-control were evident. Conclusions/Importance: Findings are consistent with theory and past research suggesting the influence of self-control on youth substance use. Future studies should include implementation in different settings and additional theory-based measures. Trial RegistrationThis trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01025674.

Longitudinal relations between traditional bullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration in elementary school students: Deviant peer affiliation as a mediator.

Longitudinal relations between traditional bullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration in elementary school students: Deviant peer affiliation as a mediator.

Social Media Exposure and Left-behind Children's Tobacco and Alcohol Use: The Roles of Deviant Peer Affiliation and Parent-Child Contact.

The public has always been concerned about the problem behaviors of children and teenagers (such as cigarette and alcohol use), especially among disadvantaged groups (e.g., left-behind children in China); in the current information era, left-behind children’s use of social media also has increasingly expanded, which has diverse effects on their adaptation. Accordingly, the present study examined the association between exposure to relevant content on social media and left-behind children’s tobacco and alcohol use, as well as the underlying mechanisms—the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation and the moderating effect of parent–child contact, the gender differences were also investigated. A sample of 515 Chinese left-behind children (Mage = 13.39 ± 2.52 years, 45.0% girls) was recruited to complete a set of questionnaires assessing the main variables. The results show that social media exposure was positively associated with tobacco and alcohol use and that deviant peer affiliation significantly mediated this relationship. Furthermore, parent–child interaction attenuated the link between social media exposure and cigarette and alcohol use among left-behind girls, but this moderating effect was not statistically significant among left-behind boys. The moderating role of parent–child contact in the association between deviant peer affiliation and tobacco and alcohol use was insignificant in both boys and girls. These findings may have significance in several ways—theoretically, they not only deepen our understanding of the risk factors and mechanism of tobacco and alcohol use among left-behind children in the current information era and the influences of social media use; practically, they provide direction for the health improvement of left-behind children of different genders.

Examining Interactive Effects of PTSD and Deviant Peer Association for Predicting Violent Offending Risk

Post-traumatic stress disorder and deviant peer association have been identified as robust risk factors predicting violent offending. However, there is a dearth of research which has examined interactive effects of these constructs for predicting violence perpetration. The present study utilized data from the Pathways to Desistance study to test for effects. Logistic regression was utilized to examine relationships. Results indicated that there was a significant and positive interaction between post-traumatic stress disorder and deviant peer association for predicting violent offending. Further examination of this relationship indicated that the disorder was a “for better or worse” condition, with low violent offending risk at low levels of deviant peer association and high risk at high levels of deviant peer association.

How Does Parent-Adolescent Conflict and Deviant Peer Affiliation Affect Cyberbullying: Examining the Roles of Moral Disengagement and Gender

PurposeWith the widespread use of the Internet and mobile phone, cyberbullying has become a new type of bullying among adolescents. It is of great practical significance to explore the relevant factors affecting cyberbullying for prevention and intervention of adolescents’ cyberbullying. However, few studies have considered the effect of both the family and social factors on cyberbullying. Therefore, the current study examines whether the parent-adolescent conflict as a family factor and deviant peer affiliation as a social factor have an effect on adolescents’ cyberbullying, as well as the role of moral disengagement and gender.MethodsA total of 777 middle school students (females = 336; mean age = 13.57; SD = 0.98) were surveyed by using the Parent-child Relationship Questionnaire, Deviant Peer Affiliation Questionnaire, Moral Disengagement Questionnaire and Cyber Bullying Behavior Questionnaire. SPSS21.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and T-test, PROCESS were used to conduct significance test of moderated mediation effect on the data.ResultsParent-adolescent conflict does not directly predict cyberbullying. Moral disengagement played a complete mediating role between parent-adolescent conflict and cyberbullying, and gender played a moderating role between moral disengagement and cyberbullying. Deviant peer affiliation directly predict cyberbullying. Moral disengagement played a partially mediating role between parent-adolescent conflict and cyberbullying, and gender played a moderating role between moral disengagement and cyberbullying.ConclusionAttention should be paid to the effect of moral disengagement on cyberbullying in family and social factors, as well as the role of gender.

Personality and peer groups in adolescence: Reciprocal associations and shared genetic and environmental influences.

Peer groups represent a critical developmental context in adolescence, and there are many well-documented associations between personality and peer behavior at this age. However, the precise nature and direction of these associations are difficult to determine as youth both select into, and are influenced by, their peers. We thus examined the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental links between antisocial and prosocial peer characteristics and several personality traits from middle childhood to late adolescence (ages 11, 14, and 17 years) in a longitudinal twin sample (N = 3762) using teacher ratings of personality and self-reports of peer characteristics. Less adaptive trait profiles (i.e., high negative emotionality, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness) were associated with more antisocial and fewer prosocial peer characteristics across time. Associations between personality traits related to emotionality (negative emotionality and extraversion) and peer behavior were largely attributable to shared genetic influences, while associations between personality traits related to behavioral control (conscientiousness and agreeableness) and peer behavior were due to overlapping genetic and shared environmental influences. Overall, results suggest a set of environmental presses that push youth toward both behavioral undercontrol and antisocial peer affiliations, making the identification of such influences and their relative importance a critical avenue of future work.

Examining Deviant Peer Association as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Substance Use

Borderline personality disorder has been identified as a robust risk factor predicting substance use. There is a dearth of research examining how peer ties may condition this relationship. This study hypothesized that deviant peer association would amplify the relationship between Borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms and substance use. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed. Ordered logistic regression was used to analyze data. Results indicated that elevated levels of BPD symptoms predicted increased substance use frequency. Deviant peer association moderated the effects of BPD symptoms on marijuana use frequency and daily cigarette use. This moderation effect was in the opposite direction hypothesized, indicating that greater levels of deviant peer association dulled the effect on BPD symptoms on substance use. The unexpected effect indicated that youth reporting symptoms may be buffered against the impact of strain by having any peer relationships, even deviant ones.

Peer Discrimination, Deviant Peer Affiliation, and Latino/a Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: A Prospective Study

ABSTRACT Objective U.S. Latino/a adolescents experience high levels of ethnic discrimination, particularly in new immigrant destinations. Due to the salience of peers during adolescence, this study examined how peer discrimination related directly and indirectly, through deviant peer affiliation, to changes in Latino/a adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Culture-specific moderators hypothesized to buffer discrimination impacts on adolescent symptomology included Spanish language enculturation and adolescents’ social ties to relatives in the family’s country-of-origin. Method The sample of 547 Latino/a adolescent participants from the Caminos al Bienestar study (55.4% female; age M = 12.8, range = 11–16) was selected at random from middle schools in a large, suburban school district in Atlanta, Georgia. Three time points of survey data spaced roughly 6 months apart were collected during 2018 and 2019. Results Results from longitudinal structural equation models revealed that peer discrimination was associated indirectly with increased externalizing symptoms, through increases in affiliation with deviant peers (β = 0.05; SE = 0.02; B = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.09). We did not observe direct or indirect effects of peer discrimination on changes in internalizing symptoms, and we found no significant protective effects of either Spanish language enculturation or social ties with the country-of-origin. Conclusions Ethnic discrimination by peers may lead to deviant peer affiliation and, in turn, increased externalizing behaviors. Future research identifying protective factors that buffer discrimination impacts on deviant peer affiliation is needed to inform the development of interventions that can prevent Latino/a adolescents’ externalizing symptoms.

The influence of deviant peer association on dual systems model development: the protective role of resistance to peer influence

Little research has examined the relevance of peer influences for impacting development of dual systems model constructs and examined protective factors in these relationships among adolescents (Ages: 14-26; ∼86% male). This study examined the relevance of deviant peer association for predicting development of sensation-seeking and impulse control and the moderating role of resistance to peer influence. The Pathways to Desistance data were analyzed. Mixed effects models examined the direct effect of deviant peer association on impulse control and sensation-seeking and determine whether resistance to peer influence moderated these relationships. Findings indicated that greater deviant peer association was associated with increased sensation-seeking and lower impulse control. Resistance to peer influence buffered the effects of deviant peer association on impulse control, as indicated by a significant and negative coefficient. Additional analyses indicated that this moderation effect was only relevant at lower levels of deviant peer association. Moderation was not observed for sensation-seeking.

Examining Sexual Crime Severity in China: A General-specific Model on Sex Offending Against Adults.

Sexual violence severity has long been viewed as a critical factor of sex offending. However, the criminological viewpoints on sexual violence severity have not received much attention, especially in the Chinese context. By integrating general-criminogenic (inhibitory mechanisms) and specific sex offending (learning mechanisms and contextual factors) perspectives, the current study links the propositions of social control (bonds) theory, self-control theory, differential association theory, and the integrated theory of sex offending, proposing a general-specific model for sexual violence severity. Survey data was collected from 250 Chinese offenders who committed sexual offenses against adults. The mediation analysis found that deviant peer association fully mediates the effects of social control and low self-control on sexual violence severity. The moderation analysis showed that substance abuse exaggerates the impact of deviant peer association on sexual violence severity, while sex purchasing mitigates this relationship. This general-specific model may expand our current understanding of sexual violence severity from both criminological and psychological perspectives.

The relationship between peer association and interest in learning against student learning outcomes

This study is motivated by low student learning outcomes in learning mathematics. This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between peers and learning interests in student learning outcomes in mathematics. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The population in this study was 25 students from class VIIa and 30 students from class VIIb, while the sample in this study was 30 students from that class selected by a simple random sampling technique. This type of research is quantitative descriptive research. The data collection instruments used in this study were observations, interviews, response questionnaires from students to determine the effect of peer relations and student interest in learning outcomes, and documentation. The data collected were then analyzed using multiple correlations. The results showed that: (1) There was a significant relationship between peer association and learning outcomes in mathematics using Pearson correlation analysis. (2-tailed) variable X1 is 0.004 < Sig. variable Y of 0.005; (2) There is a significant relationship between learning interest and learning outcomes in mathematics with Pearson correlation analysis. The count value of the X2 variable is 0.471 >, the average value of the variable Y is 0.361, and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) variable X 2 is 0.009 < Sig. variable Y of 0.005; (3) There is a significant relationship between peer association and learning interest in student learning outcomes with simultaneous test results (F) obtained an F-count of 4.965 > F-table 3.34 and a significance value (Sig.) 0.15 < Probability value of 0.05.

Parenting Characteristics Protective Against Substance Use and Deviant Peer Involvement in High-Risk Neighborhoods

Robust research shows that poor parenting practices are related to adverse outcomes among adolescents; however, few have examined the interaction between parenting variables and adolescent outcomes within the context of exposure to relentless crime. The current study examined the combined effects of parental monitoring and discipline on marijuana involvement and deviant peer affiliation among adolescent males living in Los Angeles neighborhoods with concentrated crime. For this study, areas with higher-than-average crime rates were selected based on census data, published statistics, and law-enforcement data. The study included 349 males between 13 and 17 years of age, mostly Latino (70.2%) and African American (28.4%). Data were collected using questionnaires to interview participants and analyzed using logistic regression. Results suggest that among adolescent males in geographic areas of high violence and crime, the interaction between parental monitoring and discipline was significantly related to marijuana involvement and deviant peer affiliation. Follow-up analyses showed parental monitoring was only an effective tool at higher levels of consistent parental discipline. In the absence of consistent discipline, good parental monitoring was ineffective at preventing marijuana involvement and affiliation with deviant peers. Results suggest that if time and resources are limited, clinicians should consider focusing on the use of consistent discipline with parents residing in high-crime neighborhoods.

Understanding the Impact of Deviant Peer Association on Risk for Stimulant/Amphetamine Use: The Moderating Role of Exposure to Violence

Prior research has indicated that deviant peer association is associated with increased risk for stimulant/amphetamine use. However, there remain gaps in our understanding of the context under which this relationship occurs. This study examined two forms of exposure to violence (direct victimization, witnessed violence) as moderators of the relationship between deviant peer association and stimulant/amphetamine use risk. All 11 waves of the Pathways to Desistance longitudinal data were used in analyses. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to estimate relationships of interest while accounting for repeated measures nested within individual participants across time. Findings indicated that greater deviant peer association was associated with greater odds of stimulant/amphetamine use. Experiencing direct victimization significantly moderated this relationship, but in the opposite of the hypothesized direction, with individuals reporting direct victimization also reporting less reactivity to deviant peer association as it pertained to stimulant/amphetamine use. Witnessed violence did not moderate this relationship.

Imported cartoon films: Replacing African social-cultural values?


 
 
 
 This study, Imported Cartoon Films: Replacing African Social-Cultural Values, examined the impact of animation movies on the Nigerian child in the areas relating to association and cultural values and affiliation. To ascertain the impact, the study seeks parents’ and caregivers’ opinions. The sociologi- cal research method is used. A random oral interview was conducted with parents and caregivers of children between the ages of 0–14. A good number of the research population and sample size have representatives from the low, middle, and upper-class citizens residing in Sapele, Delta State, Nigeria. While most of the respondents have a television set, a phone that can access cartoon films from the internet, others have access to cable television in their homes. The study finds that children spend more time with cartoon films than with peers at school and in the neighborhood. Also, most of the cartoon films Nigeria children are exposed to; do not reflect the culture of host communities because they are foreign. The study recommends that parents should monitor children’s attachment to cartoon films and encourage more peer association. Children should be exposed more to cartoons that reflect the culture and values of the host community for cultural posterity and preservation.
 
 
 

Deviant peer affiliation as a mediating variable in the relationship between family cohesion and adaptability and internet addiction among adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation in the relationship between family functioning, specifically family cohesion and family adaptability, and internet addiction among Saudi adolescents. A sample of 946 Saudi Arabian adolescents with a mean age of 18.5 years (SD = 3.06) was obtained using snowball sampling. Path analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted. The results indicated significant negative relationships between family cohesion and internet addiction and between deviant peer affiliation and family cohesion, and a significant positive relationship between family adaptability and internet addiction. In accordance with prior research, we found a significant positive relationship between deviant peer affiliation and internet addiction, but in terms of mediation, deviant peer affiliation mediated only the relationship between family cohesion and internet addiction. In conclusion, it is important for the effectiveness of interventions and preventive programs that aim to address deviant peer affiliation and internet addiction in adolescents to enhance the well-being of their family systems.