Peel Oil Research Articles

Preparation of Poliblend Suweg Starch-Chitosan with Addition of Essential Oil from Sweet Orange Peel as Edible Coating on Malang’s Apples

Poliblend edible coating of suweg starch-chitosan (SSC) was prepared as a package with the addition of essential oil from sweet orange peel as antibacterial because of the high limonene content (95%) to increase the shelf life of malang’s apples. There are 6 variations formulation of the suweg starch: chitosan, namely 10: 0, 9: 1, 8: 2, 7: 3, 6: 4 and 5: 5 in total volume 60 mL. Essential oil of sweet orange peel was added with variations in the concentration of essential oil is 0%; 2%; 4%, and 6%.). Furthermore, characterization was carried out by mechanical testing, Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR), solubility, and swelling of the SSC polyblend edible film and the antibacterial activity test of the SSCO polyblend edible coating on Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria before it was applied on malang’s apples. Organoleptic tests and physical observations of malang’s apples were carried out after the application of edible coating SSCO. The result characterization of the functional groups of polyblend edible film SSCO showed the absorption of the wave number 3373.64 cm−1; 1646.32 cm−1; 1570.12 cm−1; 1416.78 cm−1 and 1337.69 cm−1; and 1040.64 cm−1 with functional groups-OH, N-H, C=C, CH3, and C-O. The variation composition affects on the physical properties of edible film SSC in the mechanical test, WVTR, and WVP with the optimum concentration edible film SSC 7: 3, while the solubility and swelling reach the optimum concentration edible film SSC of 5: 5. The addition of sweet orange peel as essential oil had an effect on the antibacterial activity of polyblend edible film SSCO with a maximum inhibition zone 16.55 mm on concentration 6% for S. aureus bacteria. Based on organoleptic test, consumers prefer edible coating SSC with the lowest essential oil content and malang’s apples can last 22 days on physical performance observations.

Anticancer activity of limonene: A systematic review of target signaling pathways.

Limonene (LIM) is a monoterpene, which is abundant in essential oils of Citrus fruits peels (Rutaceae). More recently, LIM, as a potential natural anticancer compound, has attracted major attention and exerted a chemopreventive activity, stimulating the detoxification of carcinogenic compounds and limiting tumor growth and angiogenesis in various cancer models. Twenty-six (26) articles were selected based on previously established criteria. Anticancer activity of LIM was related to the inhibition of tumor initiation, growth, and angiogenesis and the induction of cancer cells apoptosis. LIM was able to increase Bax expression, release cytochrome c, and activate the caspase pathway. In addition, LIM increased the expression of p53 and decreased the activity of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. LIM also decreased the expression of VEGF and increased the activities of the Man-6-P / IGF2R and TGF-βIIR receptors. These results highlight LIM as an abundant natural molecule with low toxicity and pleiotropic pharmacological activity in cancer cells, targeting various cell-signaling pathways critically involved in the initiation, growth, and chemoresistance of cancer cells.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Lemon (Citrus lemon) in Marrakech and Kenitra cities Morocco

Abstract T he main objective of this study is to evaluate antifungal activity by using fresh lemon peels in two cities: Marrakech and Kenitra, Morocco. This fungal activity was tested against seven pathogenic fungal strains which are saccharomyces cerivicae, candida albicans, candida spp1, candida spp2, candida spp3, candida spp4, and candida spp5. The study used, in this procedure, the extract of ethanol and methanol, besides the extraction of essential oils of lemon peels in the Marrakesh and Kenitra in order to obtain the yield, the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC), and the minimum concentrations of antifungals(MFC). As a result, the yield of essential oil, methanol, and ethanolextracts were0.78%; 9.8%; 10.05%, and 0.64%, 8.3%, 8.9% in Marrakech, Kenitra, respectively. the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) were tested at concentrations ranging from (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml) as wells as theirthe minimum concentrations of antifungals(MFC). Also, Zones of inhibition were recorded extend from 9 to 36 mm and from 8 to 18 mm in the concentrations of ethanolic extracts, the zones inhibition ranged from 10 to 26 mm and from 9 to 18 mm in the concentrations of methanolic extracts, and the zones inhibition ranged from 20 to 34 mm and 10 to 20in the concentrations of essential oil for Marrakech and Kenitra, successively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum antifungal concentrations (MFC) to the lower concentration, as opposed to saccharomyces cerevisiae, is 0.1 mg/ml), minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum antifungal, concentrations (MFC) to higher concentrate against candida spp1 are 2.5 mg/ml). The results showed a difference in yields due to the difference in solvents and also in regions. The highest antifungal potentiality was exhibited by the ethanol followed by the methanol followed by the essential oil. Therefore, increased yield offset by high fungal activity, because of the difference in environmental conditions, climate, lack of water, distance, proximity to the sea and elevation, genes, extraction and season. The activities of the extracted oils dependon the availability of the active constituent based on the use of a solvent

Virtual Screening of Citrus Flavonoid Tangeretin: A Promising Pharmacological Tool for the Treatment and Prevention of Zika fever and COVID-19

It is of great importance for the pharmaceutical industry to find therapeutic substances extracted from natural sources, which are abundant, obtained with low costs and presenting the antiviral potential for the treatment of Zika virus (ZIKV) and COVID-19. Tangeretin (TAN) is a citrus polymethoxyflavone from Citrus reticulata peel oil with known antiviral activities, whose physico-chemical properties are not reported. The present study aimed to investigate by a theoretical screening of electronic, structural properties and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters that characterize TAN as a therapeutic drug in the treatment and prevention of zika fever and COVID-19. The molecule reached its minimum energy-forming state of [Formula: see text]795.85747[Formula: see text]kJ/mol and the HOMO and LUMO boundary orbitals reactivity descriptors suggest that the compound is stable and does not tend to be reactive in intermolecular interactions. The ligand connects to the NS1 ZIKV receptor with strong H-bond interactions, also connects with the NS5 ZIKV receptor in a competitive effect with the SAM inhibitor and acts in a supplementary effect with the N3 inhibitor and the BRT drug in the Mpro SARS-CoV-2 receptor. The properties of ADMET shows that the compound suffers few amounts of drug alterations because it inhibits the metabolic enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 and penetrates the central nervous system, without accumulation of drug residues in the blood or in the lumen in the gastrointestinal tract, without risk of toxicity to the patient. With the results obtained, it is possible to identify TAN as a promising pharmacological tool for the treatment and prevention of Zika fever and COVID-19.

Huanglongbing and Foliar Spray Programs Affect the Chemical Profile of "Valencia" Orange Peel Oil.

Florida orange trees have been affected by huanglongbing (HLB) for more than a decade. To alleviate disease-caused tree decline, maintain fruit productivity, and reduce disease transmission, enhanced foliar spray programs combining vector control and nutritional supplementation have been applied to healthy and diseased trees. The aim of this research was to discover if the various foliar sprays affect fruit peel oil chemical components. In this study, “Valencia” orange trees, with or without HLB (HLB±), were treated with the grower standard program (control, C) or one of four proprietary enhanced foliar spray programs (N1, N2, N3, and N4) over 16 months. Compared with HLB−, HLB+ samples had lower concentrations of typical peel oil components, including valencene, octanal, and decanal, and were abundant in oxidative/dehydrogenated terpenes, such as carvone and limonene oxide. However, limonene, the dominant component, was not affected by any treatment. Control and three out of four enhanced foliar spray programs, N2, N3, and N4, had very little influence on the chemical profiles of both HLB− and HLB+ samples, while N1 treatment greatly altered the chemical profile of HLB+ samples, resulting in peel oil similar to that of HLB− samples.

Extraction Method Affects Contents of Flavonoids and Carotenoids in Huanglongbing-Affected "Valencia" Orange Juice.

A previous study using healthy “Valencia” orange fruit found that juicing extraction methods dramatically changed the orange juice (OJ) flavor and phytochemical profiles. The present study was conducted to confirm whether the same changes occur when Huanglongbing (HLB)-affected oranges were used. HLB has extensively spread to most OJ processing regions around the world, substantially deteriorating fruit and juice flavor quality and altering the phytochemical profiles. In this study, the effect of two major juice extractor types, a shear force extractor (SFE) and a reamer extractor (RE), on the juice quality and physiochemical profile was assessed using HLB-affected orange fruit. Juice extracted via SFE resulted in a lower yield with lower peel oil and higher pellet (peel tissue particles) content compared to juice obtained via RE. The SFE juice also had higher levels of hesperidin and other flavonoid glycosides, mainly due to plentiful peel tissue particles. The SFE juice was also abundant in carotenoids due to a large amount of flavedo particles in the juice. On the other hand, polymethoxylated flavones occurred at higher concentrations in the RE juice, and this may be due to the higher peel oil content in this juice. The SFE juice was rich in flavonoid glycosides and carotenoids, which are associated with potential antioxidant properties; however, the extra portion of the phytonutrients mostly existed in the pellets and possibly had low bioavailability. The results obtained from the HLB-affected oranges are in agreement with the previous observations of healthy oranges.

Toxicity of essential oils from orange (Citrus sinesis L. Obbeck) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) on Aedes aegypti a vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Aedes aegypti mosquito is one of common vectors for the pathogens of different diseases like dengue hemmorrhagic fever. The most common approach to vector-borne disease is by chemical control, mostly through the use of insecticides. As compared to synthetic pesticides, essential oils (EOs) are ecologically safe, have no mammalian toxicity or the chances of development of resistance are reasonable and highly popular with the organic growers. This research has studied the larvacidal activity of essential oil from orange (Citrus sinesis L. Obbeck) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle). Orange and lemongrass cleaned and cut into small pieces, dried and then blended to obtain crude drug samples. Samples distilled with the Stahl distillation method for 4 hours. Furthermore, terpenoids phytochemical test and test against larvae of Aedes aegypti larvicides to obtain the LC50 value. The yield of essential oil of orange (Citrus sinensis L Obbeck) obtained is 6.84%, while the essential oils of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) was 0.96%. In the phytochemical test essential oils either of orange peel and lemongrass showed terpenoids. From the GCMS data, an essential oil from orange and lemongrass contain citronellal and limonene. Citronellal compound acts as an insecticide ingredient that works as an antifeedant and repellent. An essential oil from orange and lemongrass are toxic, with LC50 values obtained from lemongrass 35.133 ppm is smaller than the orange is 790.935 ppm. The essential oil of lemongrass more toxic than the essential oil of orange. Both of essential oils can be used as a green pesticide candidates.

The effect of method, type of solvent and extraction time towards the yield of oil on essential oil extraction from lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia)

Essential oil is a volatile substance and has a distinctive scent that can be found on plants. Lime peel oil is one part of the plant which can be processed to make an essential oil so that it can be used as a natural fragrance in soap making. The purpose of this study is to produce essential oil from lime peel, which can be used as a substitute for synthetic fragrance ingredients in soap making. The other purpose is to obtain the optimum method, type of solvent, and the optimum extraction time to produce essential oil. The raw material used in this study is lime peel powder sized 50 mesh. The water content of raw material on lime peel powder is 76,5 %. The extraction method used in the research is maceration with stirring equal to 150 rpm and Soxhlet with extraction time for 6, 9, and 12 hours. In this study, the ratio of raw material to the solvent is 1:10, and the type of solvent used is hexane, ethanol, and distilled water. The result in this study shows that Soxhlet is the optimum method, which obtains yield equal to 6,15% for 12 using hexane as solvent.

Bench scale batch steam explosion of Florida red and white grapefruit juice processing residues

Florida juice processors amassed 51,000 metric tons of grapefruit juice processing residues (GFPR) in the 2018-19 season. GFPR contain valuable compounds such as pectic hydrocolloids, peel oil, sugars, phenolics and flavonoids that are ultimately lost or destroyed when they are converted to low value animal feed and molasses. If these compounds could be isolated from GFPR rather than destroyed, they could be converted to high value products. In this work, red and white GFPR were subjected to steam explosion in a batch system at 130, 150 and 170°C and 1, 2, 4 and 8 min holding time to identify the conditions for maximum recovery of pectic hydrocolloids, peel oil, sugars, phenolics and flavonoids. Steam explosion at 170°C and an 8 min hold time resulted in the recovery of 56-85% of total available glucose and fructose and the volatilization of 68-98% of the available peel oil. Of the phenolics and flavonoids analyzed, 61-62% could be extracted using steam explosion. Maximum recovery of pectic hydrocolloids, estimated by galacturonic acid content, was 1.6446 g • 100 g−1 for red GFPR at 130°C – 8 min and 1.557 g • 100 g−1 for white GFPR at 150°C – 2 min.

Enhancement of idling characteristics using multi-objective approach in light-duty diesel Vehicle fuelled with orange peel biofuel

Along with an increasing demand for an alternate source of fossil fuel, rapid urbanization has increased the motor vehicle pollutant spews in a metropolis, especially in traffic congestion or cold start condition. In reference to these situations; this research is aimed at utilizing orange peel oil (OPO) as blend fuel to mineral diesel in light-duty diesel engine and asses the output characteristics for optimizing engine fuel map under idling condition. A four-factor central composite design (CCD) approach-based response surface methodology (RSM) analysis is applied to statistically relate the effect of important input variables on key engine characteristics to achieve minimum emissions without a major compromise on the power output. From the desirability report, for orange Peel Oil (20%) blended with diesel fuel (80%) (OPO20) fuel, the optimum pilot injection timing is 210 before top dead centre (bTDC), pilot mass of 24% and apt fuel injection pressure is 500 bar while maintaining 1100 rpm as idle engine speed. While tuning the OPO20 operated engine fuel map under this optimum operating condition, a notable reduction of 34% in carbon monoxide and 36.84% reduction in smoke is observed in comparison to diesel. However, the increased mean gas temperature in-turn translated into 37.65% increase in oxides of nitrogen. As a trade-off to the reduced emissions, a 15.47% decrease in the brake thermal efficiency is observed while the specific fuel consumption also increased by 29.98% in comparison to diesel operation.

Study on performance and emission characteristics of split injection CRDi engine fueled with orange peel oil and diethyl ether

The constant increase in energy demand and the environmental issues due to higher utilisation of diesel fuel is frightening. The replacement of diesel fuel with biodiesel is the most viable solution to minimize the diesel fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The biodiesel with orange peel oil (OPO) and diethyl ether (DEE) can serve as a valuable alternative fuel, as OPO is naturally available with higher energy efficiency. The extracted orange peel oil characteristics gave its chemical and physical properties, which are suitable for using as additive for diesel fuel. The mixture is prepared with 30% DEE and 70 % of OPO to get B5 (950 ml Diesel + 35 ml OPO + 15 ml DEE) and B15 (850 ml Diesel + 105 ml OPO + 45 ml DEE) mixtures. In this study, a split injection CRDi engine is used to conduct performance and emission tests using the above three fuel options. The tests were conducted using the new blend for different engine operating conditions and the brake thermal efficiency of B5 mixture offers 0.6% to 2.3% higher values in comparison with diesel fuel.

The effect of sweet orange peel addition into premium gasoline on fuel consumption and flue gas emissions

This study offered an investigation as to how the use of sweet orange peel oil as an additive for premium gasoline can increase octane performance which influence combustion. Sweet orange peel oil-acting as a RON booster-contains monoterpene compounds and oxygenated hydrocarbons which can improve the quality of combustion. The study also aimed to analyze the combustion characteristics of premium gasoline mixture affected by sweet orange peel additives on SI engines. This study carried out tests on an engine fuel consumption and HC emissions. The cyclic rings and methyl groups of monoterpene compounds in sweet orange peel additives contribute to the increase of electronegativity of additives, therefore being able to interfere with the premium gasoline’s compounds which are dominated by aromatics hydrocarbons. It has an impact on the branches of single-bond molecules series of premium gasoline. This makes the premium gasoline cannot be ignited at low temperatures, which results in perfect combustion. In addition, the polarity of triacetin and eugenol, which includes oxygenated hydrocarbons, is able to reduce CO as the avoided gas in combustion. Sweet orange peel additives—processed by maceration extraction method—are added to premium gasoline. There are 3 ratios of additives in this study; orange peel essential oil extracted with a concentration ratio of dried orange peels simplicial to n-hexane (v / v) of 1% (EO A); 0.75% (EO B); and 0.6% (EO C). To determine the effect of the additive, exhaust gas emission testing and fuel consumption measurement were carried out on the 2013 Honda Absolute Revo motorcycle 4-step, SOHC, 1 cylinder, 109.17 cc engine. The exhaust gas, i.e. CO, HC, CO2, and O2 were analyzed using a Stargas-898-type gas analyzer. Furthermore, fuel consumption measurement was carried out at 3500 rpm engine speed. The results show that CO could be reduced by 37.7%, while the remaining O2 was reduced by 17%. The addition of sweet orange peel additives could increase CO2 levels in exhaust gases when compared to premium gasoline combustion without additives. However, the premium gasoline with additive A (EO A) blend tends to produce higher hydrocarbon emissions compared to other types of premium additive proportions. In conclusion, adding sweet orange peel additives to premium gasoline can reduce fuel consumption by 3.3%; 3.2%; and 3.4% for each blend, respectively.

Pomelo peel oil alleviates cerebral NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation rat model.

The NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and pro-caspase-1 protein complexes, is activated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are associated with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and are involved in brain damage. Pomelo peel oil (PPO) exhibits antioxidant activity. However, it is unclear whether PPO is able to attenuate NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammation and pyroptosis. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 7 min of cardiac arrest via trans-esophageal electrical stimulation, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The rats were then treated with PPO prior to reperfusion for 24 h. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate brain tissue and cell damage. In the brain tissues, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assayed, immunofluorescence was used to analyze the expression of NLRP3 and western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels of neuroenolase (NSE), NF-κB, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), gasdermin D (GSDMD) and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Treatment of the rats with PPO significantly decreased the pathological damage of the brain tissue and reduced the expression of NSE, production of ROS and secretion of NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β and GSDMD. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the ability of PPO to protect the brain against I/R injury in rats after CPR by a mechanism involving inhibition of the inflammation and pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Emission and performance behavior of Orange peel oil/diesel blends in DI diesel engine

Rapid industrialization coupled with an ever increasing population has led to an immense rise in demand for fossil oil based fuels. In the present investigation Orange peel oil (OPO)/diesel blends has been explored in a constant rotation, DI diesel engine. The test results show that BTE of B20 and B30 are 5.2% and 4.6% less compared to diesel fuel and there is a decrease in CO and HC emission by 48.48% and 30.66% for B20 in comparison with D100. The overall thermal efficiency of B20 and B30 are almost same to diesel and a decrease in CO, unburned HC and smoke emissions with a rise in the NOx was perceived compared to diesel. Therefore, Orange peel oil as a good alternative source of fuel for diesel engine.

Pomelo peel oil suppresses TNF-α-induced necroptosis and cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest

Context Pomelo peel oil (PPO) [Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (Rutaceae)] is reported to possess antioxidant and antimelanogenic activities. Objective To investigate the effect of PPO [Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu] on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced necroptosis in cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury (CIRI) after cardiac arrest (CA). Materials and methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups: sham group, PP0-L (10 mg/kg), PPO-M (20 mg/kg), PPO-H (40 mg/kg) and two control groups (CA, 0.9% saline; Gly, 10% glycerol). All drugs were administered intravenously to the CA/CPR rats within 10 min after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). After 24 h, rats were assessed for neuronal injury via the neurological deficit score (NDS), cerebral cortex staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and expression levels of TNF-α and necroptosis-related proteins by immunoreactivity staining and western blotting. Results Compared to those in the sham group (survival rate, 100% and NDS, 80), the survival rate and NDS were significantly reduced in the model groups (CA, 56.25%, 70; Gly, 62.5%, 71; PPO-L, 75%, 72; PPO-M, 87.5%, 75; PPO-H, 81.25%, 74). In the PPO-M group, Nissl bodies were significantly increased (43.67 ± 1.906 vs. 17 ± 1.732), the incidence of pathomorphological injury was lower and the necroptosis markers (TNF-α, RIPK1, RIPK3, p-MLKL/MLKL) expression was downregulated compared to those in the CA group (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusions The neuroprotective effects of PPO in the CA rats suggested that PPO possibility as a health product enhances the resistance ability against brain injury for humans.

Prediction efficiency of artificial neural network for CRDI engine output parameters

Considering the environmental and energy concerns, the need for finding an alternative fuel is increasing greatly. But also, the toil associated with finding the suitable fuel for the engine under study is very high. As a measure to reduce this work, theoretical analysis can be used in the search of suitable fuel blends. The present study deals with the creation of an Artificial Neural network (ANN), training, testing the network and finally comparing the predicted values with the experimental values. The test engine was operated with lemon peel oil, with different ratios of Di tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP), rice husk nanoparticles and water injection. Six engine output parameters (BTE, BSFC, HC, NOx, CO & Smoke) were predicted for different input values of engine load, DTBP proportions, RH nanoparticle concentration and water injection percentage. A single cylinder constant speed direct injection diesel engine is used for obtaining all the experimental values. From the obtained results a data set of 70 experimental values were used to train and test the neural network formed. The predicted values were correlated with the experimental values and the R2 was found for each correlation. The R2 values, thus obtained is in the range of 0.98209 to 0.99744 (which is very close to unity) thus proving that the network created were able to predict the performance and emissions of engine accurately. This work shows the prediction of multi component fuel mixture using ANN, which is new and also helps to reduce the experimental works needed to find the engine output parameters.

Experimental assessment of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with lemon peel oil

ABSTRACT The major source of fuel for compression ignition engine is diesel. Because of its non-renewable nature, unavailability, more pollution nature, importing charges of diesel is becoming costlier nowadays. So, there is a need for a new biofuel which is economical, renewable and gives better performance over diesel. In this proposed work, lemon peel oil is selected as an alternative fuel for diesel engine application because of its more extensive available nature, easy extraction process and equivalent calorific value as diesel with very low viscosity. Various fuel blends are prepared using lemon peel oil such as 10%, 20% and 30% on a volume basis and are tested in diesel engines. Test results indicate that significant reductions of engine tailpipe emissions for the 20% lemon peel biodiesel blend by 25%, 25.6% and 15.44% for the CO, HC and smoke, respectively, when compared to diesel. However, there is a slight increase in NOX emissions.

Effect of cultivar on the content of selected phytochemicals in avocado peels

The peels of ripe fruit of ‘Hass’ and ‘Hass’ type (HT) avocado cultivars were evaluated for phytochemical composition and other attributes. Peels represented from 8.78 to 14.11% of fruit weight. Their color ranged from homogeneous black to black with very small greenish spots. The oil content in the peels was low. Twelve fatty acids were identified in peel oil and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids suggested that peel oil might contribute to human health. The phytochemical composition varied significantly with cultivar. However, many HT peels were superior than ‘Hass’ peel in their content of α-tocopherol, β-sitosterol, perseitol, and cyanidin-3-glucoside, which was up to 211.67, 45.92, 337.17, and 519.27% higher in HT peels, respectively. The content of some phenolic compounds, especially procyanidin B2 and epicatechin, was significantly lower in ‘Hass’ than in many HT peels. Few HT peels showed a higher content of carotenoids and chlorophyll than ‘Hass’ peels. Lutein was the most abundant carotenoid. Chlorophyll a and b were also abundant in peels and low concentrations of chlorophyll derivatives were observed. Avocado peels are an important source of bioactive compounds, including some carotenoids, acids, sterols, and volemitol, which were observed for the first time.

PENGARUH FERMENTASI ALAMI LIMBAH INDUSTRI KALAMANSI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN RENDEMEN DAN MUTU MINYAK ATSIRI

Orange peel oil is stored in the oil glands located on the outer skin. Orange peel contains cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and other components. Microorganisms can damage the skin layer and are expected to increase oil yield. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of natural fermentation on citrus peel waste on yield and quality of the essential oils produced. This study used natural fermentation time as a treatment factor for 2, 3, and 4 days. The results of this study indicated that the natural fermentation time that occurs in kalamansi peel waste can increase the oil yield. Natural fermentation for 4 days produces the highest yield. This natural fermentation process also does not affect the quality characteristics of the oil.

Determination of the chemical composition of seeds, peels, and seedcakes from two genotypes of Cape gooseberry (Physalisperuviana L.)

Physalis peruviana L. fruit (Cape gooseberry, CG) is a rich source of phytonutrients, including vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), phytosterols, dietetic fibers, and others. The popularity and production areas of CG have been expanding worldwide, thus producing fruit with origin-substantiated differences in their nutrient composition.This study was based on the comparative assessment of 2 genotypes of CG produced in Bulgaria (CG-P and CG-F), through analysis of the lipid fraction of different fruit elements (seeds, peels), and further examination of the extracted seedcakes. The CG seeds reasonably yielded more oil (17.0%-22.2%) than the isolated peels (2.8%-2.9%). The main FAs in the CG-P seed oil were oleic (29.6%) and palmitic (20.6%), and in the CG-F seed oil were palmitic (20.9%) and stearic (17.5%). Both CG peel oils were dominated by palmitic acid (43.0%-60.2%), but there was a significant variation of some other FAs. The group of bioactive tocopherols was found exclusively in the oil extracted from the CG seeds, with no significant difference between the genotypes; ß-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol were the most abundant. Waste from the oil extraction (the seedcakes) was found to contain high levels of macro and microminerals (K, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and others), fiber (40.26%-47.62%), protein (13.73%-8.08%), and essential amino acids, with some genotype-based variations. The results demonstrated that, concerning the studied aspects of fruit composition, CG produced in Bulgaria was comparable to the fruit of other origins; hence, they might be of practical interest to national agricultural and food producers, as well as to the food industry on a wider basis, as new details are added to the knowledge about CG fruit. The outcomes from the examination of the CG seedcakes were in favor of their potential in human and animal nutrition, and might serve as grounds for the development of new products.