Pedro De Toledo Research Articles

Paroxysmal Tonic Upward Gaze: A Clinical Clue for CACNA1A-Related Disorders.

Movement Disorders Clinical PracticeAccepted Articles LETTERS: GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE “Paroxysmal tonic upward gaze: a clinical clue for CACNA1A-related disorders” Breno Kazuo Massuyama MD, Breno Kazuo Massuyama MD orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-8593 Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorThiago Yoshinaga Tonholo Silva MD, Thiago Yoshinaga Tonholo Silva MD orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-8309 Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorBruna Gutierres Gambirasio MD, Bruna Gutierres Gambirasio MD Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJosé Luiz Pedroso MD, PhD, Corresponding Author José Luiz Pedroso MD, PhD [email protected] Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Correspondence to: information: Name: José Luiz Pedroso, MD, PhD. Address: 650 Pedro de Toledo Street, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Telephone: +55 11 976449929. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorOrlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini MD, PhD, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini MD, PhD Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author Breno Kazuo Massuyama MD, Breno Kazuo Massuyama MD orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-8593 Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorThiago Yoshinaga Tonholo Silva MD, Thiago Yoshinaga Tonholo Silva MD orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-8309 Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorBruna Gutierres Gambirasio MD, Bruna Gutierres Gambirasio MD Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorJosé Luiz Pedroso MD, PhD, Corresponding Author José Luiz Pedroso MD, PhD [email protected] Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Correspondence to: information: Name: José Luiz Pedroso, MD, PhD. Address: 650 Pedro de Toledo Street, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Telephone: +55 11 976449929. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorOrlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini MD, PhD, Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini MD, PhD Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13809 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13809. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Accepted ArticlesAccepted, unedited articles published online and citable. The final edited and typeset version of record will appear in the future. RelatedInformation

An Intertextual Argument between Two Translators in Pedro de Toledo’s Translation of the Guide of the Perplexed

More than 200 years after the translation of the Guide into Hebrew, the Spaniard Pedro de Toledo first translated this work into a modern language. The importance of this translation (Mostrador e ensenador de los turbados) lies not only on this fact, relevant in itself, but also on the whole set of circumstances linked to the manuscript in which Pedro de Toledo’s work has been preserved. Currently, this codex, the Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, ms. 10289, is the only text that we have of this Spanish translation. This manuscript in which the translation stands side by side with hundreds of comments in marginal annotations clearly shows the social crisis in Hispanic Judaism and the Spanish cultural atmosphere at the time. Our aim in this article is to illustrate these issues by analyzing some of the most meaningful passages in Pedro de Toledo’s translation and notes, as well as the numerous glosses by an anonymous scholar that re­read Pedro de Toledo’s work decades later.

Economic Valuation of Bee Pollination Services for Passion Fruit (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) Cultivation on Smallholding Farms in São Paulo, Brazil, Using the Avoided Cost Method.

This paper estimates the economic value of ecosystem services provided by Brazilian native bee, Xylocopa spp. Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae), pollination on a scale relevant to individual smallholder farmers that produce yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The study areas are located in the vicinity of Pedro de Toledo and Itariri (Sao Paulo State-Brazil), in the Atlantic Forest region. The local economy is based on family farms, small stores, and ecotourism. The value was obtained using the ecological economics Avoided Cost Method, also known as replacement cost. Farms from this region informally hire temporary day laborers to supplement natural pollination with manual pollination of passion fruit flowers, so the cost of contracting temporary laborers was used to estimate the economic value of bee pollination. The value of pollination services was estimated at US$ 2,583.00 per hectare over 2 yr of P. edulis farming. Our estimates based on passion fruit farmer surveys and ecological valuation over 2 yr suggest that manual pollination accounts for 44-48% of production costs and results in a loss of ~58% of profits when wild bee pollination services are not available and manual pollination is required. We suggest that smallholder farmers follow the suggestions of previous studies and conserve adequate forest habitat for bee nesting and foraging, plan pesticide use around flowering and pollination, and supplement bee populations to maximize the benefit of the pollination ecosystem service and profits.

Maimónides romanceado: Apuntes sobre la "Visión Deleitable" y la recepción de la "Guía" en la España cuatrocentista

En la primera parte de este estudio se ofrece una visión de conjunto sobre la apropiación selectiva que hace Alfonso de la Torre de la filosofía maimonidiana en la primera parte de la Visión Deleytable. Se complementa este análisis con algunas calas comparativas sobre la recepción de Maimónides en la España cristiana tardomedieval, contrastando el papel de la Visión con el de otras dos obras cuatrocentistas de autoría judía o conversa que confrontan el Moreh ha-Nebukhim para beneficio cristiano: la traducción española de la Guía de Pedro de Toledo y las glosas de Moshe Arragel a su Biblia romanceada para don Luis de Guzmán.

Traditional Knowledge of Trees and Cultivated Plants in a Coastal Municipallity in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Theoretical concepts of Historical Ecology were used to assess the traditional knowledge at one coastal region of São Paulo State, Pedro de Toledo Nucleus, at Serra do Mar State Park. Free listing exercises accessing semantic domains considered relevant to traditional knowledge were applied to local settlers. Forty-two interviews were carried out with adults (between 18 and 75 y.o.) regarding information on cultivated plants and trees that were part of the interviewees’ knowledge and data were analyzed through Smiths’ S, an index of data frequency. Results show that “cultivated plants” and “trees” are high psychological reality domains for that community. Methodological resources of cognitive anthropology which apply to the understanding of historical ecology showed to be high value multidisciplinary tools of easy and broad applicability on ecological studies.

Garcilaso de la Vega and the Material Culture of Renaissance Europe by Mary E. Barnard

Reviewed by: Garcilaso de la Vega and the Material Culture of Renaissance Europe by Mary E. Barnard Núria Silleras-Fernández Barnard, Mary E. Garcilaso de la Vega and the Material Culture of Renaissance Europe. Toronto: U of Toronto P, Toronto Iberica, 2014. 226 pp. ISBN: 978-14-4264-755-8. Garcilaso de la Vega (1501?-1536), a canonical poet, courtier, and soldier in the army of Emperor Charles V was accustomed to enjoying the luxury objects that were on prominent display at the Spanish Habsburg court, including tapestries, paintings, books, relics, medals, coins, and exotic artifacts from the Americas. In 1532 he was forced into exile in Italy, where he went into the service of his friend, Pedro de Toledo, the Marquis of Villafranca and viceroy of Naples. This was an important experience for Garcilaso as a writer, in that this Mediterranean setting acquainted him with new texts and ideas, and with precious objects and Roman monuments, and gave him an opportunity to interact with local scholars and gain a clearer understanding of Classical culture. In Garcilaso de la Vega and the Material Culture of Renaissance Europe, Barnard analyzes how Garcilaso engaged with exotic and luxurious objects in the poems he wrote during his last years (1532-1536) – the period that he lived in Naples. Barnard reads Garcilaso's time in Italy as an "invitation to admire and dialogue directly with its material culture" (7), and considers the way the objects (some of which he must have certainly seen) feature in his poems as his particular response to the material culture of his time. For her, they constitute a fundamental element that readers must take into account in order to fully understand and appreciate his "new poetry." The book consists of an introduction, six chapters, and a very short epilogue (instead of a formal conclusion), which treat Garcilaso's Neapolitan poems as "a kind of a sixteenth century poetic imaginary" (13). Because Barnard considers these to be the poems that engaged the most with materiality, she has organized each chapter around a distinct set of objects. The first chapter, "Weaving, Writing, and the Art of Gift-Giving", studies tapestries, which were highly valued in the sixteenth century and considered indispensable signs of elegance and luxury. She connects these to Garcilaso's third eclogue, which comprises a lyric version of a figurative tapestry, in which nymphs weave a tapestry while the poet weaves his verse. The two are similar because both tapestries and poems have the potential of constituting elements of networks of patronage and gift exchange. The second chapter, "Empire, Memory, and History," examines the battle of Tunis (1535), in which Charles V's forces confronted those of the Berber pirate, Kheir-ed-Din Barbarossa, the admiral of Suleyman the Magnificent. The Emperor deliberately brought artists and humanists along to the battle so they could suitably and accurately commemorate his anticipated success over the Ottoman sultan. Garcilaso was there, as was the Flemish artist, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen, who transformed his drawings of the combat into twelve tapestries that constituted a sort of official celebration of the victory. Barnard links these tapestries, along with a portrait by Titian, and a statue by Leoni to a set of Garcilaso's works, including his sonnet thirty-three, "A Boscán desde la Goleta", sonnet ten, "O dulces prendas por mi mal halladas", and his Latin "Ode to Ginés de Sepúlveda," which together presented the poet's more nuanced and fine-grained version of the episode. In the course of this, he addresses themes relating to history and memory while analyzing [End Page 295] the poems and artifacts. The following chapter, "Objects of Dubious Persuasion", examines the "ode ad florem Gnidi" – a poem with the agenda of trying to convince a reluctant Neapolitan noblewoman, Violante Sanseverino, to accept her suitor, Mario Galeota. This piece is assessed alongside material items including a lyre, a viol, a zither, a shell boat, a painting, and a statue. Chapter Four, "the Mirror and the Urn", comprises a close reading of the second eclogue, juxtaposed with a mirror and an urn, and considers the poem's connection to subjectivity and melancholy. Next, Chapter Five, "Eros...

Mobiliario medieval de la capilla de los Reyes de la catedral de Sevilla. Aportaciones a los "ornamenta ecclesiae" de su etapa fundacional

This paper analyses sources and offers a conjectural reconstruction of the ornamenta ecclesiae presentat the Royal Chapel in Seville’s first (mudejar) cathedral. It studies specifically the tabernacles provided forthe statue of Our Lady of Monarchs (Virgen de los Reyes) and the simulacrum sedilia -ceremonial triple chairintendedfor monarchs Ferdinand III, Beatrice of Suabia and Alphonso X. The liturgical silverware attributedto silversmith Pedro de Toledo (circa 1279), together with several remaining pieces of medieval furniture,such as a capital embedded in the canopy of Luis Ortiz de Vargas’s baroque reredos, are also examined.

Mostrador e enseñador de los turbados. Notas sobre el primer romanceado de la Guía de perplejos

Pedro de Toledo’s translation, Ensenador e Mostrador delos Turbados, is the earliest and most extensive philosophical text to appear in Spanish. The first translation into a vernacular language of RaMBaM’s Guide for the Perplexed is presented in Ms. 10289 of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid. The text seems an intellectual battle-field. It presents some interesting and peculiar characteristics at once: a text covered with glosses of the translator himself, and comments, variant translations, philosophical and theological disagreements, the use of rabbinic and scriptural sources, by an anonymous critical commentator. These discrepancies show how the sensitive nature of the Maimonides ideas demands a particular hermeneutics, and offers an interesting view about the Spanish Jewish controversy in the fifteenth century.

Pedro de Toledo (1546-1627), V Marqués de Villafranca, coleccionista de tapices

This article, based on heretofore-unpublished documents, presents and studies the tapestry collection of Pedro de Toledo, V Marquis of Villafranca. This documentation situates him among the greatest collectors of his time, while permitting the current identification of tapestries that once belonged to him.

Environmental perception, socio-economic profile and land settlement and use of Pedro de Toledo nucleus population (Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar/SP)

Pedro de Toledo Nucleus is part of Serra do Mar State Park, a category of environmental protection area that does not allow thepresence of inhabitants nor the direct use of its natural resources. However, the nucleus presents human settlements, as small villages spread alongits territory. The present project consisted in producing a socio-economic profile of these inhabitants. Land use and settlement were investigated,as well as the potential environmental impacts due to such land uses. To reach that, field visits were done, and semi-structured questionnaireswere applied to local inhabitants. The community was considered very homogeneous, formed mainly by non-native agriculturists, and thereforecan not be considered traditional. Moreover, although claiming they know legal restrictions and not to have conflicts with them, people thereuse land predominantly for agriculture, and also to aquaculture and recreation. From the information gathered, the need of using low-impactagricultural methods were evidenced, as well as the introduction of economic alternatives which do not imply direct use of the resources, inorder to assure environmental preservation and improve quality of life of the inhabitants, until their legal situation is solved.

Estudo comparativo de técnicas parasitológicas: Kato-Katz e coprotest®

Parasitological diagnosis should be appropriately conducted with high sensitivity and specificity so that intestinal parasite can be detected as the specific treatment depends on this result. A comparative study was developed to evaluate the concordance between the Kato-Katz and coprotest methods in the detection of helminthes in 332 individuals in Pedro de Toledo. A significant difference was found in the case of the Trichuris trichiura - 16.2% with the Kato-Katz method and 7.5% with the coprotest method. Therefore, the positive and negative samples of the coprotest method were compared with the number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) obtained by the Kato-Katz method. When the coprotest method was negative, 65 epg of Trichuris trichiura were found by the Kato-Katz method and when the coprotest was positive the epg according to the Kato-Katz were far higher, 199 epg, which demonstrated that the coprotest was inferior to the Kato-Katz method regarding low intensity infections.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis: Phlebotominae in an area of disease transmission, the city of Pedro de Toledo, southern region of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Considered as an American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) endemic area, Ribeira Valley, in the south region of São Paulo State, presented 929 notified cases in the last 15 years. Aiming to identify the phlebotomine fauna, captures were performed fortnightly in the rural area of Pedro de Toledo County during one year, from may 1994 onwards. Set at dusk Shannon traps were used in the peridomicile and CDC light traps both intra and peridomiciliarly and at the edge and in the forest. Eight species summing to 11,096 specimens were caught, L. intermedia being the dominant one (96.4%). More frequent all over the year during the first half of the night preferably in the domicile surroundings this species clearly indicated its preference for the anthropic environment. The data presented in this paper ratify L. intermedia as an important ATL vector species in the Ribeira Valley.

Epidemiologia da esquistossomose mansônica em área de baixa endemicidade

We discuss the epidemiological patterns of schistosomiasis mansoni in areas with low transmission in Brazil. We define as areas of low endemicity those where the prevalence is less than 10%, the number Schistosoma mansoni eggs per gram of feces (epg) is less than 96, and carriers are asymptomatic. Data are from the county of Pedro de Toledo in the Ribeira Valley (São Paulo State) and were collected randomly according to the aggregate pattern of S. mansoni within the hosts. We suggest the replacement of parasitological methods by more sensitive and specific serological techniques. The main risk factor for infection is type of leisure activity. Infection is more frequent in the 10-14, 15-19, and 20-24-year age brackets. Geometric mean epg is 58.5. Intensity of infections correlates well (rs = 0.745) with prevalence. The highest index of potential contamination is in the 5-20-year age bracket (57.6%). Autochthonous cases show close association with Biomphalaria tenagophila, which has a low infection rate (2%). Prevalence, incidence, and intensity of infection patterns are similar to those of moderate and high endemic areas. Social and cultural aspects must be studied in order to obtain a global epidemiological view of schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in an area of low transmission. II. Risk factors for infection.

Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection were identified using a 1:1 matched case-control design. The work was conducted in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo State, Brazil, an area where the snail host is Biomphalaria tenagophila. Information on water contact patterns, knowledge, attitudes and practices (kap), socioeconomic and sanitary conditions were obtained by mean of questionnaires. The crude odds ratio estimates and the adjusted odds ratio estimates using the logistic regression model are presented. Most of the examined individuals admitted recent water contacts (90.6% of the cases). The most frequent reason for contact was swimming, playing and fishing and the preferential site of contact was the river. According to the logistic regression technique, the main risk factors for infection were: a) water contact through swimming, playing and fishing; b) fording; c) bad hygiene. We concluded that recreational activities are the main reasons for schistosomiasis transmission in Pedro de Toledo and leisure alternatives should be offered to the local population.

THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS OF SALERNO AND THE SPANISH VICEROY: POPULAR SONGS OF EXILE

From 1494 to 1559, while France and Spain struggled for predominance in Italy, once again bands of exiles were carried from their homelands by the shifting tides of political upheaval. Over the long term of foreign attempts to consolidate power on the peninsula, Italian rebels were increasingly vulnerable to procedures for the containment of dissent that the Renaissance state employed against them. In the pursuit of solace, humanists called for constancy and virtue while exiled poets and musicians engaged lyric traditions to ease their private losses or those of a patron. This paper centers on the transmission and reception of two parting songs that attained enormous popularity during the political exile of the Prince of Salerno (1507-1569). Banished in 1552 for conspiring with Henry II of France to liberate the kingdom of Naples from the ?iron rule? of Viceroy Pedro de Toledo, Salerno took refuge at the Valois court1. He was joined by many of his courtiers who had also been found guilty of treason, stripped of their titles and forced to leave their wives behind to endure poverty brought on by the sequestering of family properties. From the frustration caused by such separations there emerged a flourishing poetics of exchange between dejected lovers.

Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana: 9. Prevalência/incidência da infecção humana nos municípios de Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu, São Paulo, Brasil

The epidemiologic study was conducted during the 1973-1984 period. The clinical prospective exam and Montenegro skin, immunofluorescent and passive hemagglutination tests have been carried out in three small localities between Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu municipalities, São Paulo, Brazil. The retrospective study of human-cases involved 108 and 65 cases registered in Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu, respectively. In the three communities studied, 273 people were examined clinically and serologically. Twenty two individuals had had signals of cutaneous leishmaniasis; 10.2 and 12.8% were seropositive to IF and HA. Leishmanin skin testing of a sample of 154 people residents in Pedra do Largo showed prevalence of Leishmania infection in 25.5%. This result involved individual of all ages and sex. However, 5.8% of them were from 0 to 9 years old. The data confirmed that active parasite transmission didn't occur every year, either. The human infection seems not to depend on man contact with a forest. The incidence relatively low suggests low endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis and an explosive behavior of the cases. The temporal distribution of disease was irregular and the epidemiological pattern seen was different from the other endemic area of South America.

Control of schistosomiasis mansoni in an area of low transmission

The schistosomiasis is transmitted by Biomphalaria tenagophila in our study area (Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo, Brazil). From 1980 to 1990 epidemiological surveys in a population of 4,000 inhabitants, has shown that: prevalences by Kato-Katz (KKT), immunofluorescence (FT) and intradermal (IDT) techniques were 22.8%, 55.5% and 51.8%, respectively; intensity of infection was low, 58.5 eggs per gram of faeces (epg); there were no symptomatic cases; prevalences were higher in mates, children and rural zone; index of potential contamination was 57.5% in the age group 5 to 20 years; 2/3 of patients were autochthonous; cases were no-randomly aggregated; transmission was focal and only 0.4% of snails were infected; water contacts through recreation showed the most important odds ratio; knowledge, attitudes and practices were satisfactory. From the epidemiological findings a control programme was carried out: yearly faeces exams, chemotherapy, molluscocide, health education and sanitation. Thus, the prevalence decreased sharply to 3.3% and intensity of infection to 30.3 epg; the incidence rates ranged between 0.4% and 2.5% annually; the sanitation became better and the youngsters were the main target in prophylaxis. To improve control, immunodiagnosis has to be conducted and the involvement of the population should be increase. However, we cannot forget that re-infection, therapeutic failure, etc, could play a major role in the maintenance this residual prevalence.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in an area of low transmission: I. impact of control measures

This work was undertaken in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo (São Paulo State, Brazil) in 1987, to clarify aspects related to the transmission levels of Schistosoma mansoni in a human population where the snail host is Biomphalaria tenagophila. Since 1980 a control programme has been undertaken in this municipality. Urban and rural populations (4,719 subjects) were submitted to faecal examinations (Kato-Katz method). The overall prevalence rate was 4.8% being higher in males (6.2%) and also in the rural zone (5.8%). The geometric mean of S. mansoni eggs was 35.1 eggs per gramme of faeces (epg). Approximately 80.0% of the carriers presented less than 100 epg and only 20 individuals (9.0%) eliminated more than half of total eggs. The highest index of potential contamination (IPC) was in the age group of 5 to 20 years (57.6%). Two thirds of the investigated patients (207) were autochthonous of Pedro de Toledo. The geographical distribution of the carriers showed a clear aggregation of the autochthonous cases and a close association between human contact sites and breeding places of B. tenagophila. This study shows that schistosomiasis subjects were not randomly aggregated, the youngsters should be the main target in the prophylaxis, and the efficacy of the control programme.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the municipality of Pedro de Toledo (São Paulo, Brazil) where the Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host: I - Prevalence in human population (

Due to the scarce information about the epidemiological features of schistosomiasis in which the vector is Biomphalaria tenagophila, an investigation was carried in Pedro de Toledo in 1980 where such peculiarity is observed. Stool examinations (Kato-Katz method) were performed in 4,741 individuals (22.8% positive to Schistosoma mansoni eggs) of this 583 had previously received chemotherapy and 4,158 remainders, untreated. The schistosomiasis prevalence in those two groups where respectively 31.7% and 21.6%. Epidemiological investigation showed that 83.6% were autochthonous cases from the studied area: the autochthonous prevalence rate, and the intensity of infection in the untreated autochthonous cases were higher in males than in females; the intensity in the latter untreated group was low, 58.5 eggs/g feces (geometric mean). Moreover, according to the age groups the intensity of infections correlated well (rs = 0.745) with the prevalence rates. Schistosomiasis was verified to occur mostly during the leisure time and by the use of water streams for housework in rural zone. Only 0.4% out of 1,137 snails was positive for S. mansoni cercariae, apparently unchanged from the 1978 study when the human prevalence was 12.0%. The studied area presented differences and similarities in relation to the other Brazilian areas were the main intermediate host is B. glabrata.

The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host.

The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni in the Municipality of Pedro de Toledo (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) since 1980, has been studied. In 1980 the prevalence evaluated by stool exams (Kato-Katz method) was 22.8% and no statistical difference at 5.0% level was observed between rural and urban zones. The intensity of infection was low (58.5 eggs/g of faeces); the highest prevalence and intensity of infection rates were observed within the group of from 5 to 29 years of age, respectively. The transmission of schistosomiasis usually occurred during leisure time. The majority of the carriers of the parasite were asymptomatic. Of the B. tenagophila examined only 0.4% were found to be infected. The control programme has been intensified from 1981 on resulting in a sharp decrease in the prevalence from 22.8% in 1980 to 6% at the present time. This result shows that, in spite of the control programme there is a residual human prevalence. A beginning has been made on the investigation into the possible causes of this residual prevalence (6.0% was maintained through out 1987).