Pedestrians In Order Research Articles

(Un)equal footing: Otherings and orderings of urban mobility

This special issue brings together articles on the history of walking in European cities and urban hinterlands since the late nineteenth century. Taken together, they reveal how the conditions to walk changed as cities and streets were rethought and rebuilt for motorised mobility, and they highlight the role of labelling and defining pedestrians in order to legitimise change. The anticipation and making of car cities entailed locally specific yet similar versions of marginalisation of walking. Discursive othering (vocabularies, rules, etc.) and material ordering (through designs, etc.) of pedestrians combined to make walking the “second” mobility and produced street modernities. Using the articles as interpretative inspiration, we claim that in the twentieth century, what we refer to as mechanical equality grew in importance at the expense of embodied equality. We propose that un-marginalising walking requires the revaluation of – and hence a more thorough understanding of – the bodily qualities and mundane practices of walking.

Multi-Attribute NMS: An Enhanced Non-Maximum Suppression Algorithm for Pedestrian Detection in Crowded Scenes

Removing duplicate proposals is a critical process in pedestrian detection, and is usually performed via Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS); however, in crowded scenes, the detection proposals of occluded pedestrians are hard to distinguish from duplicate proposals, making the detection results inaccurate. In order to address the above-mentioned problem, the authors of this paper propose a Multi-Attribute NMS (MA-NMS) algorithm, which combines density and count attributes in order to adaptively adjust suppression, effectively preserving the proposals of occluded pedestrians while removing duplicate proposals. In order to obtain the density and count attributes, an attribute branch (ATTB), which uses a context extraction module (CEM) to extract the context of pedestrians, and then, concatenates the context with the features of pedestrians in order to predict both the density and count attributes simultaneously, is also proposed. With the proposed ATTB, a pedestrian detector, based on MA-NMS, is constructed for pedestrian detection in crowded scenes. Extensive experiments are conducted using the CrowdHuman and CityPersons datasets, and the results show that the proposed method outperforms mainstream methods on AP (average precision), Recall, and MR−2 (log-average miss rate), sufficiently validating the effectiveness of the proposed MA-NMS algorithm.

ANALYSIS FACILITIES PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE LANE LANES AS FACILITIES MODA TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC OF INTEGRATION IN BEKASI KOTA

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Analysis facilities pedestrian and bicycle lanes as facilities integration modes of public transport in the city of bekasi (Case Study: Bekasi Terminal and BTC Bus Stop). The city of bekasi located in west java province which has an area of areas 210,49 km2. The city central being as business and commerce , and activities services so that be an attraction for newcomers to look for a job and to shelter Terminal bekasi and bus stops btc is located in kecamatan bekasi timur , in the city of bekasi the rate of population growth in the year 2019 as much as 1.4 %. Walking is a mode of transportation. All buildings are provided for pedestrians in order to provide services to pedestrians so as to improve the smoothness, safety and comfort of pedestrians. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of pedestrian facilities in Bekasi Terminal and BTC bus stops. The method used is conducting direct field surveys and data processing using Microsoft Excel. The results of the author's research include the minimum width of the sidewalk in 2020 and 2025 of 1.5 - 1.6 meters and the service level of pedestrian facilities is classified as A, which means that pedestrians can walk freely, including being able to determine the direction of walking freely, at speed. relatively fast without causing interference between pedestrians. The existing condition of sidewalks in 2020, namely there are several obstacles for pedestrians such as the presence of street vendors, several motorbikes parked carelessly, buying and selling activities in markets close to Bekasi Terminal and limited integration facilities around the place. Planning that the authors do is to increase the width of the sidewalk to 3 meters, arrangement of closed drainage on the shoulder of the road, and the addition of street lighting facilities.</p></div>

Persepsi Kenyamanan Pejalan Kaki pada Jalur Pedestrian Jalan Gajah Mada Denpasar

Perceptions of pedestrian convenience on the pedestrian path of Gajah Mada Street Denpasar. Gajah Mada Street as an economic and tourist area requires good and comfortable physical infrastructure to support easy accessibility and circulation of visitors to the area. One of the physical infrastructures is a pedestrian lanewhich functions as an access to support pedestrian activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the physical conditions of the pedestrian paths and to determine the perception of pedestrian comfort on the pedestrian path at Gajah Mada Street. The research method used in this research is a survey method byperforming primary data collection techniques through observation, questionnaires and secondary data through literature study. Based on the research conducted, it is known that there are physical conditions and supporting facilities for the damaged pedestrian paths, in the form of materials and street furniture such as: seats, trash cans and roadside plants. Based on the assessment of perceptional respondents about the condition of pedestrian path has been considered comfortable and safe. The suggestion of this research is that it is necessary to improve the physical condition of the damaged pedestrians. The purpose of improving pedestrian facilities and infrastructure is to facilitate the pedestrians in order to be comfortable and safe in carrying outactivities on the pedestrian path.

PERSEPSI PEJALAN KAKI TERHADAP TROTOAR DI LAPANGAN MERDEKA KOTA MEDAN

Merdeka Square is one of the icons of Medan City which is continously visited by communities of Medan City or immigrant communities because Medan City is the capital of North Sumatera Province with a high complexity of activities in it. Improvements to the road transportation system facilities, especially sidewalk facilites, are important because the purpose of implementing sidewalks is as a special pedestrian lane with security and safety guarantees against traffic accidents.
 This study aims to look at people’s perceptions as the main users of sidewalk facilities so that they can encourage people to carry out walking activities as a basic moda of transportation.
 This research was conducted with a quantitative approach with accidental sampling method, namely primary data is the result of direct interviews in the field to the public using sidewalk facilities at Merdeka Square, Medan City.
 Based on the result of the analysis conducted on the results of the interview, it was found that the community as users of the sidewalks were not satisfied with the existing sidewalks facilities. So this study aims to provide input in order to improve sidewalk facilities that provide comfort and safety values for pedestrians in order to encourage and increase the number of pedestrians, especially at Merdeka Square, Medan City.

Analyzing the historic district of Tehran regarding walkability approach (case study: Naseri fortification)

Addressing human needs in urban areas has been one of the most significant factors in the formation and expansion of cities. Between the human needs, walking is one of the most important ones and has been ignored in present-day cities. The main goal of providing pedestrian walkways is to give priority to pedestrians in order to revive civil life. Pedetrianization will play an undeniable role in the revitalization of urban centers by providing a framework for social interactions and allowing citizens to enter a safe and peaceful environment. As the historic district of Tehran, Naseri fortification is one of the most important parts of the city with the capability of gathering, shopping and recreation. In this fortification, we can take the advantage of the existing potential of the historic fabric of Tehran and create a vital, stable and secure space, along with physical and functional revitalization. Walkability is the main approach toward achieving this goal, and accordingly, the present research aims to analyze Naseri fortification of Tehran concerning walkability. The present condition analysis is performed according to the qualitative indicators such as physical-functional, socioeconomic and environmental indicators and additionally, the quantitative indicators such as density of the historical attractions, type of activities, and accessibility to the metro stations. Afterwards, the passages in this area are prioritized through the multi-criteria approach for adding pedestrian walkways based on the obtained results and eventually, the selected passages are identified in order to construct new pedestrian walkways or widen existing sidewalks.

A descriptive analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on driving behavior and road safety

The spread of the new coronavirus COVID-19, has led to unparalleled global measures such as lockdown and suspension of all retail, recreation and religious activities during the first months of 2020. Nevertheless, no scientific evidence has been reported so far with regards to the impact on road safety and driving behavior. This paper investigates the effect of COVID-19 on driving behavior and safety indicators captured through a specially developed smartphone application and transmitted to a back-end platform. These indicators are reflected with the spread of COVID-19 and the respective governmental countermeasures in two countries, namely Greece and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which had the most completed routes for users of the smartphone applications. It was shown that reduced traffic volumes due to lockdown, led to a slight increase in speeds by 6–11%, but more importantly to more frequent harsh acceleration and harsh braking events (up to 12% increase) as well mobile phone use (up to 42% increase) during March and April 2020, which were the months where COVID-19 spread was at its peak. On the bright side, accidents in Greece were reduced by 41% during the first month of COVID-19-induced measures and driving in the early morning hours (00:00–05:00) which are considered dangerous dropped by up to 81%. Policymakers should concentrate on establishing new speed limits and ensure larger spaces for cycling and pedestrians in order to enlarge distances between users in order to safeguard both an enhanced level of road safety and the prevention of COVID-19 spread.

Thermal sensation and indices in the urban outdoor hot Mediterranean environment of Cyprus

Several thermal indices have been proposed for quantification of various aspects of the thermal environment. Their applicability however is a methodological conundrum. The aim of the present study (part of the Biometeorological Aspect of Thermal environment and Health (BeAT Heat) project) was to assess the outdoor thermal environment using data on thermal sensation. In particular, the study tried to identify the thermal index that best simulates thermal sensation in the temperate and dry Mediterranean climate of Cyprus. Field surveys were conducted in summer 2019 in public urban spaces of five districts in Cyprus. These surveys involved monitoring of micrometeorological conditions and conducting questionnaire-based interviews with pedestrians in order to collect data on actual thermal sensation (ATS), demographics, and physiological and psychological variables. The study participants, using a predefined thermal sensation scale, reported their ATS. Variations of thermal sensation across the participants were studied in relation to the outdoor thermal environment and to physiological factors. ATS was compared with simulated thermal sensation (STS) produced by operationally used thermal indices under matching weather conditions, i.e., Heat Index, Humidex, and Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature was additionally considered. All indices showed low predictability of ATS. The thermal index that performed best to the temperate and dry Mediterranean climate of Cyprus was the Heat Index using an assessment scale modified for the Mediterranean climate.

Towards User Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Virtual Reality Study on Human-Machine Interfaces

Technological advances in businesses related to automated transportation raise challenges. Indeed, ensuring safety for users is essential for the future commercial launch of this technology. Within this study, human-machine interfaces (HMIs) are evaluated regarding the communication between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and pedestrians in order to prepare a successful deployment of the technology on the market. Since real-life experiments involving AVs remain dangerous, experiments were conducted via virtual reality (VR). The results show that beyond the need for HMIs, display-based concepts were more usable than laser projections. The study impacts on: 1) substantiating the need for explicit HMIs on AVs (including concept recommendations) for a successful market entry; 2) proving that VR constitutes an advantageous alternative for conducting experiments in the field of autonomous transportation for both research and business. Further work is needed that involves more participants and an improved virtual environment.

Street Lighting System for Smart Cities Using Micro-Controllers

The main goal is to simulate different configurations of street lighting system using DIALux and optimize the energy consumption. Data of the existing road in the United Arab Emirates is considered for simulation. Simulation results are validated by building a hardware model. This is accomplished by using LED modules instead of traditional HPS bulbs which is connected to an Arduino to control different sensors. Photo resistors are used to automatically switch the lights ON or OFF depending on the light intensity. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect motion of cars and pedestrians in order to switch 50% of the lights off if no motion is detected. The recorded data is monitored by a Raspberry Pi which acting as a monitoring device. Practical measurements were conducted at different points on the road selected and are compared with the simulation results. The main goal is to simulate different configurations of street lighting system using DIALux and optimize the energy consumption. Data of the existing road in the United Arab Emirates is considered for simulation. Simulation results are validated by building a hardware model. This is accomplished by using LED modules instead of traditional HPS bulbs which is connected to an Arduino to control different sensors. Photo resistors are used to automatically switch the lights ON or OFF depending on the light intensity. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect motion of cars and pedestrians in order to switch 50% of the lights off if no motion is detected. The recorded data is monitored by a Raspberry Pi which acting as a monitoring device. Practical measurements were conducted at different points on the road selected and are compared with the simulation results. Normal 0 false false false MS X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:MS; mso-fareast-language:MS;}

Modeling handicapped pedestrians considering physical characteristics using cellular automaton

In disaster situations, the evacuation of pedestrians is very important. In particular, handicapped pedestrians experience difficulties in evacuation situations because they cannot move quickly. Therefore, the evacuation of handicapped pedestrians is considered to be an important factor in disaster situations. In this study, we use a walking model based on a cellular automaton (CA) to study the effect of handicapped walking movement related to traffic flow. For the purpose of this research, handicapped walking encompasses wheelchairs, crutches, children, and elderly people. A new model is constructed and analyzed that reflects the physical characteristics of handicapped pedestrians. In this study, the change of pedestrian traffic flow was observed while simulating a 30% ratio of handicapped to normal people. The experimental results showed that the average walking speed decreased by approximately 12% for each simulation step. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that it is necessary to consider handicapped pedestrians in order to conduct realistic evacuation simulations.

Comparing sidewalk design status from the pedestrians' perspective versus urban street design standards

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the existing status of paved sidewalks from the viewpoint of pedestrians versus urban road design standards simultaneously. The case study area was Goldasht neighbourhood, located in Shiraz, south of Iran which was assessed objectively using the American Federal Highway Association (FHWA) sidewalk design standards (1999). Furthermore, a sample of 270 questionnaires was completed by local pedestrians in order to evaluate the quality of sidewalk in a subjective way. The data was then analysed using statistical methods such as factor analysis and non-parametric Friedman ranking test. The findings showed that pedestrians' preferences on the levels of service have been rarely considered in pavements of the study area; rather urban road design standards based on minimum space allocation were applied. This research supports the concept that objective and subjective measures complement each other in providing data on walking environment attributes. Therefore, considering both set of factors are required when designing an environment for pedestrians. It is also recommended considering preference-based qualitative approach in both planning and retrofitting urban streets to make more pedestrian-friendly street design.

歩行者の横断歩道外道路横断行動の分析

In this paper, we study road crossing behaviors of pedestrians in order to develop pedestrian agent. The purpose of the agent is to evaluate safety system, which focus on reducing vehicle-pedestrian accidents. Pedestrians who collided with vehicles are often seriously injured or killed because they are not protected with collision safety devices. Therefore, it is important to prevent pedestrians from colliding with vehicle to reduce the number of fatalities by traffic accident. To prevent pedestrian accidents, it is necessary to predict the movement of pedestrian. For this reason, this study sets its final goal to develop a pedestrian model, which represents the actual pedestrian movement of the traffic environment. This paper describes our field survey and result of analysis of behaviors of pedestrians crossing roads without crosswalk. As a result, we find the feature of pedestrian behavior, including crossing angle, speed and relationship of vehicle movement.

Issues and challenges for pedestrian active safety systems based on real world accidents

The purpose of this study was to analyze real crashes involving pedestrians in order to evaluate the potential effectiveness of autonomous emergency braking systems (AEB) in pedestrian protection. A sample of 100 real accident cases were reconstructed providing a comprehensive set of data describing the interaction between the vehicle, the environment and the pedestrian all along the scenario of the accident. A generic AEB system based on a camera sensor for pedestrian detection was modeled in order to identify the functionality of its different attributes in the timeline of each crash scenario. These attributes were assessed to determine their impact on pedestrian safety. The influence of the detection and the activation of the AEB system were explored by varying the field of view (FOV) of the sensor and the level of deceleration. A FOV of 35° was estimated to be required to detect and react to the majority of crash scenarios. For the reaction of a system (from hazard detection to triggering the brakes), between 0.5 and 1s appears necessary.

P25 Ultrasonic beam communication for collaboration between wheelchair person, helper and assist robot

BackgroundMobility is very important for human health and Quality Of Life of residents. Walking around in a sunny park and riverside makes people feel pleasure moment and refresh their mind. Promoting such going outside improves not only physical health but also mental health and reduces massive government medical expense. However, elderly people and wheel chair persons often require care by helpers to avoid many kinds of accidents although young human resource in aging societies has been decreasing. MethodsWe propose “Ultrasonic Beam Communication System (UBCS)” for an autonomous helper robot which includes many kinds of sensors and is attached to mainly a wheelchair. Quiet acoustic information that only people surrounded by a subject nearby can easily hear as if a whispering message without involving many more unnecessary people by making louder noise or beep all around. UBCS simultaneously distributes pedestrians multiple guides with different voices from different directions by multiple ultrasonic speakers. A pedestrian can choose one or two favorite guides in the ultrasonic beams by only turning the face and simultaneously hear them. UBCS also supports multiple languages for foreign helpers. ResultsUBCS gives awareness and guides to three kinds of pedestrians, such as (i) a wheelchair user, (ii) a helper, and (iii) passer-by by quiet whispers in ultrasonic beams when a helper robot detects risks. Eight pedestrians can acquire effective whisper guides corresponding to the kind in order to take safe and considerable actions. All eight subjects could make pleasant going out and collaboration to deal with hard mobility easy. Major four examples are (E1) to (E4). (E1) A wheelchair person could avoid a hollow in the face of road and falling down. (E2) When a pedestrian needed help by finding some road obstacles (e.g. a steep point on a slope), he/she could use UBCS to notify people nearby to seek for some assistance. (E3)The helper of a wheelchair person could notice an invisible bar of bed by a quiet awareness and avoid hitting his/her foot against the bar in indoor care. (E4) A weak person could quickly know how to evacuate from natural disasters (e.g., severe rainfalls and landslide) by global warming and moved to a safe place. ConclusionsWe could ensure the effectiveness of UBCS for three kinds of pedestrians in order to notice risks and disasters and know how to deal with them by UBCS guides in ultrasonic beams in experiments.

Fluctuation strength on real sound: Motorbike exhaust and marimba tremolo

Psychoacoustics research has been contributed on evaluating the timbre of acoustic signals. The fluctuation strength (FS) has been respected as the important index which describes the sensory fluctuation of the acoustic signal based on its amplitude, frequency and the combination of them as well. Although FS has been calculated by tremor components on acoustic signals, here points out not only the inappropriateness of the calculation when simply based on literatures but also a method which focuses on the shape of the waveform in order to extract parameters from it, so that the FS is newly calculated by our original method with estimation results of the subjective scores of sensory fluctuation. Signals dealt with are motorbike exhaust sounds and tremolo played by marimba. The developed method is then applied to the design of an electric vehicle approaching sound for pedestrians in order to let pedestrians notice the approaching car without rising up the sensory loudness, on which designed sounds have a fluctuation with irregular pulses proven to give us the sensory fluctuation so that it is expected to be noticeable for pedestrians. This paper discusses the possibility to apply the prestigious psychoacoustic indexes to industrial and artistic sounds.

Analysis of Relationship among Intersection Geometry, Users' Behavior and Traffic Safety Based on Before-and-After Survey Data

We quantified the changes in both utilization characteristics and traffic conflict risk at signalized intersections with improvement of geometry and developed the evaluation model for measuring traffic conflicts between left/right-turn vehicles and pedestrians in order to clarify the relationship among the size of intersection, users' behaviors and traffic safety. Through the before-after analysis, it was found that the risky behaviors during inter-green period such as rushing into intersection for both drivers and pedestrians have decreased and the traffic conflict risk has also drastically reduced by the compactly-modified intersection. It was also revealed by the developed risk estimation model that the longer time the left/right-turn vehicle requires to pass at intersections, the higher conflict risk occurs. And it was confirmed that the traffic conflict risk may be reduced by the further improvement of intersection geometry through the sensitivity analysis.

Identifying and Tracking Pedestrians Based on Sensor Fusion and Motion Stability Predictions

The lack of trustworthy sensors makes development of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) applications a tough task. It is necessary to develop intelligent systems by combining reliable sensors and real-time algorithms to send the proper, accurate messages to the drivers. In this article, an application to detect and predict the movement of pedestrians in order to prevent an imminent collision has been developed and tested under real conditions. The proposed application, first, accurately measures the position of obstacles using a two-sensor hybrid fusion approach: a stereo camera vision system and a laser scanner. Second, it correctly identifies pedestrians using intelligent algorithms based on polylines and pattern recognition related to leg positions (laser subsystem) and dense disparity maps and u-v disparity (vision subsystem). Third, it uses statistical validation gates and confidence regions to track the pedestrian within the detection zones of the sensors and predict their position in the upcoming frames. The intelligent sensor application has been experimentally tested with success while tracking pedestrians that cross and move in zigzag fashion in front of a vehicle.

1P1-B12 パーソナルモビリティの安全・安心な自律回避法

Personal Mobility (PM) is required to avoid pedestrians considering the impact on both rider and pedestrians in order to move autonomously on sidewalks. The objective of this study is to propose and evaluate a new strategy of safe and secure autonomous collision avoidance based on risk evaluation. Subjective evaluations of autonomous pedestrian avoidance show that a pedestrian, walking in front of the PM, can mentally influence on a rider. This result leads the strategy to calculate risk more highly when pedestrians are in front of the PM. The safety of the locomotion based on this proposed strategy is evaluated by theoretical simulation. The validity of the proposed strategy is verified by subjective evaluations through the experiment, using a powered wheelchair simulator.