Stylistic Peculiarities Research Articles

Features of the language of Platon Oyunsky's poetic works

The study of the linguistic and stylistic features of works, both in scholarly and practical terms, is relevant for stimulating the further development and improvement of the stylistic capabilities of the writer's language. The study of the linguistic richness of the poetic works by Platon Alekseevich Sleptsov-Oyunsky (1893-1939), one of the founders of Yakut Soviet literature, poet, prose writer, playwright and philologist, and his stylistic and artistic-visual means makes it possible not only to deeply and comprehensively evaluate the poet's works, but also helps to study the Yakut literary language, as well as the state of the art of the word of the first half of the twentieth century. In the Oyunsky’s poetry, the rich pictorial possibilities and artistic forms of the Yakut vocabulary are revealed. The language of Oyunsky's poetic works forms a peculiar style of the writer, which determines the ideas, thoughts of the poet, his mood. The material for studying the language of Oyunsky's poetry was the texts of the poet's poetic works from the book "Selected Works" (volume 1, 1992). The study used the method of continuous sampling and the descriptive method. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the special, heroic, revolutionary style of the poet was created through his use of neologisms, paired, doubled words, synonyms, antonyms. Sensitivity to language, characteristic of the poet, is clearly manifested in the diverse implementation of linguistic means. In the Oyunsky’s poetry, semantic, lexical and stylistic innovations of general artistic means of expression are widely used.

Language and style of a legal act: analysis of the Law of Ukraine «On lawmaking»

The article examines the peculiarities of language and style of a legal act in the context of studying Article 35 of the Law of Ukraine «On Lawmaking». It is determined that compliance by public authorities and local self-government bodies with the basic requirements for drafting and adopting regulatory legal acts is an integral part of an effective law- making process in Ukraine. In our opinion, the requirements to the language and style of a legal act are also important, since lawyers-drafters should have additional knowledge in this area, in particular, the linguistic features of writing legal norms. The author`s conclude that the issue of language aspects of legal drafting is relevant because the use of clearly defined and prescribed legal terms not only avoids ambiguity and different understandings, but also ensures the accuracy and unambiguity of the law’s interpretation. Therefore, a law should be written in a language that is understandable to everyone, but it should also use legal terminology to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. It is noted that the Law of Ukraine «On Lawmaking» in Article 35 defines the basic rules of text presentation and peculiarities of the style of a legal act. However, for lawyers, the linguistic aspects of writing a legal provision are not always clear, so it is necessary to analyse in more detail the requirements of the law regarding the language of a legal document and to highlight the general principles of using terms and linguistic rules in the legal sphere. The author`s identify problems in the implementation of the provisions of Article 34 of the Law, in particular: 1) the lack of developed and adopted standards of Ukrainian legal terminology, which creates difficulties in the construction of legal norms; 2) the absence of a separate linguistic department which would deal with proofreading of draft legal documents, both in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and in other state and non-state structures; 3) the absence of a Unified Glossary of Legal Terms, which also affects terminological consistency in the drafting of a legal document.

Реконтекстуалізація в перекладі студентського сленгу

Student slang as a secondary communication system is used by students exclusively in the context of informal conversation, since slang units cannot be used appropriately without knowing specific university terminology. The difficulty of translating such profanity is caused by the need for recontextualization – the translator's reconstruction of the source and target text contexts. The study of student slang words, in particular the techniques of translating them from English into Ukrainian, is relevant due to the dynamic nature of student slang, as well as the expansion of the boundaries of contemporary academic mobility of students. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of using the recontextualization strategy in the main techniques of translating student slang from English into Ukrainian. The integrated study of recontextualization in student slang translation involved the application of the following methods: the method of continuous sampling (for assembling slang units from student web-blogs), the method of descriptive observation (for defining possible techniques of translating student slang), methods of analysis and synthesis (for singling out lexical and stylistic peculiarities of student slang translation and formulation of conclusions). Results. Within the framework of sociocognitive approach, context is considered to be a special mental construct generated by participants in their episodic memory in the course of communicative interaction. The relevant constituents of the unique, subjective and dynamic context model include the sender and receiver of the message, their relationship, personal (situational) and sociocultural knowledge, evaluations and emotions, place and time of communication. A translator as a mediator of communicative interaction between the sender and the receiver of the message, also constructs a context model. Effective translation activity is possible only if the peculiarities of the context models of both the sender and the receiver of the message are taken into account. That is why the translator's context model is formed by incorporating the context models of both communicative partners into an integrated context model. Recontextualization as a linguistic and cognitive operation is aimed at reconstructing a communicative situation in the conceptual coordinates of communicative partners. Recontextualization in translation is a comprehensive translation strategy that affects all structural and communicative levels of the text and is used to adapt the translated text to the conditions acceptable in the target environment and the pragmatics of bilingual interaction. The strategy of recontextualization in student slang translation includes several stages: reconstructing the integrated context model that will resonate with the usual, everyday conditions of student life; domesticating the source text through analogy and specification; using appropriate translation techniques and transformations to reproduce the meaning of student slang in the target language. A comprehensive analysis of the illustrative material proved that the strategy of recontextualization involves such most frequent techniques of translating student slang as the search for appropriate equivalents in the target language, descriptive translation, explication and calquing. The highlighting stylistic features of translating student slang include metaphor, metonymy and antonomasia. The stylistic load of student slang often causes translation difficulties, since the strategy of recontextualization requires the involvement of a wide range of not only situational background, but also encyclopaedic knowledge. Originality. The article presents the attempt of making a deep insight into the application of the recontextualization strategy in translating student slang from English into Ukrainian. Conclusion. The results of the study prove that student slang is a multifaceted and emotionally coloured linguistic phenomenon that serves not only as a means of communication but also as a kind of sypher encoded in a mosaic of words and phrases. The strategy of recontextualization as a multi-stage linguistic and cognitive operation is focused on the reconstruction of the communicative situation by the translator in order to adapt the target text and adequately translate slang units. It is proved that the main techniques of translating student slang from English into Ukrainian are the search for appropriate equivalents in the target language, descriptive translation, explication and calquing. Metaphor, metonymy and antonomasia are the most effective and frequent stylistic means aimed at fulfilling the pragmatic function of slang units. We consider the study of possible ways of translating student abbreviations and phraseological units from English into Ukrainian to be much promising.

Postcards and Emotions: Modernist Architecture in the Films of Pedro Almodóvar and Woody Allen

Modernism has emerged as the preeminent iconic representation of Barcelona. However, the process through which this peculiar style has attained its iconic status is an arduous and multifaceted endeavor. This paper examines the challenges inherent in the categorization and periodization of Modernisme, followed by a succinct review of its initial filmic representations, culminating in a comprehensive analysis of two films in which Modernisme assumes a pivotal role: All About My Mother (Pedro Almodóvar 1999) and Vicky Cristina Barcelona (Woody Allen 2008). We conclude that Modernisme’s transformation into a cultural brand is largely attributable to the erosion of its ideological component in favor of a touristic and globalizing gaze.

PROFESSOR ADAM LISIK'S STYLE IN CHURCH DESIGN - RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY INTERVIEW.

ABSTRACT: Aim: The research purpose of the article is to analyze selected religious buildings designed by architect Professor Adam Lisek. The article shows the richness of the work of this renowned designer of so many churches. The article has additional value in light of the age of Professor Adam Lisik, who celebrated his 90th birthday anniversary in 2023. The professor is still an active lecturer at the universities of Gliwice and Warsaw. The research, supported by detailed self-analysis and an interview with the professor, shows how difficult design, social, political conditions accompanied the design of the temples. An additional purpose of the research is to discuss and compile so many projects. Paying attention to the design consistency and the peculiar style of the architect in creating the buildings. Methods: To carry out the research, the following research methods were used: expert self-examination of the author of the objects in question, literature research, analysis of conceptual sketches and design documentation of religious buildings, and an interview with the professor, the author of the churches. Results: The result of the research is a compilation of selected religious buildings, listing the most important features, assessing the consistency of the architectural expressions used and the assumptions for design. Conclusion: It can be said that the architect Professor Adam Lisik in his sacred works presents a distinctive style of design and architectural expression, marked in the projections and masses of churches. The characteristics indicated in the article are visible, as well as the consistency and coherence of the design decisions made. Originality: The result of the research is an attempt to determine the design style, the consistency of design principles used by architect Professor Adam Lisik. Keywords: style, churches, design, architecture, construction, symbolism, interview.

PROFESSOR ADAM LISIK'S STYLE IN CHURCH DESIGN - RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY INTERVIEW.

ABSTRACT: Aim: The research purpose of the article is to analyze selected religious buildings designed by architect Professor Adam Lisek. The article shows the richness of the work of this renowned designer of so many churches. The article has additional value in light of the age of Professor Adam Lisik, who celebrated his 90th birthday anniversary in 2023. The professor is still an active lecturer at the universities of Gliwice and Warsaw. The research, supported by detailed self-analysis and an interview with the professor, shows how difficult design, social, political conditions accompanied the design of the temples. An additional purpose of the research is to discuss and compile so many projects. Paying attention to the design consistency and the peculiar style of the architect in creating the buildings. Methods: To carry out the research, the following research methods were used: expert self-examination of the author of the objects in question, literature research, analysis of conceptual sketches and design documentation of religious buildings, and an interview with the professor, the author of the churches. Results: The result of the research is a compilation of selected religious buildings, listing the most important features, assessing the consistency of the architectural expressions used and the assumptions for design. Conclusion: It can be said that the architect Professor Adam Lisik in his sacred works presents a distinctive style of design and architectural expression, marked in the projections and masses of churches. The characteristics indicated in the article are visible, as well as the consistency and coherence of the design decisions made. Originality: The result of the research is an attempt to determine the design style, the consistency of design principles used by architect Professor Adam Lisik. Keywords: style, churches, design, architecture, construction, symbolism, interview.

Style as the Man Itself: Focus on Language Strategy in Five Selected Nigerian Dramas

Style as the Man Itself: Focus on Language Strategy in Five Selected Nigerian Dramas’ namely Charles Okwelume’s Babel of Voices, Diet of Violence, Toni Duruaku’s Cash Price, Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Blackout and Wole Soyinka’s The Beatification of Area Boy. It also examines the playwrights’ emerging trends on the stylistic peculiarities of the selected texts. The impacts focus on the linguistic tongue of these three major ethnic tribes in Nigeria (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba) as reflected in the playwrights’ choice of words or diction. The findings review the relevance of exposing audience to other native languages/dialects of the peoples of Nigeria. These x-ray prospects and challenges of these ethnic languages/dialects not going into extinction as envisaged. The research method leans on literary works to interpret these dramas while Stylistic approach is deployed to unraveled the intent of these works built in theoretical framework that are subjected to empiricism, criticism and writers’ lenses to the society where these texts originate meant to communicate these topical issues that are controversial.

Genre and stylistic peculiarities of the political discourse (on the material of Addresses of Heads of states)

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Kazakh, Russian and Bulgarian presidential discourse. Presidential power influences both the domestic and foreign policy of the state. Based on this, there has been a tendency to consider the presidential discourse as an independent trend for the last two decades in Linguistics. The article presents an overview of a number of works devoted to the study of the speeches of Heads of state, the classification of political genres and the discursive approach to the investigation of metaphor, and it identifies the conceptual spheres to be the most active sources of modern political metaphors. The purpose of the work is to determine similarities and dissimilarities in the texts of the Addresses of the Heads of States(Kazakhstan, Russia and Bulgaria), the quantitative analysis and interpretation of linguistic means, as well as the manifestation of the linguistic persona of the leader in the Address. The object of the research is the study of the personal factor in the Address, the patterns of representation of reality by the political figure through the prism of the frequent use of language means. The material of the research is the texts of the Addresses of the Presidents of Kazakhstan, Russia and Bulgaria for 2021-2022. The analysis made it possible to conclude about the high frequency of use of specific types of metaphor in the given historical period. We suppose thatthe construction of semantic models, calculation of the frequent use of linguistic means and analysis of statistical data allow us to show the peculiarities of the implementation of metaphors in the Kazakh, Russian, and Bulgarian political discourse, due to the individual characteristics of the speech of the President’s persona and his ethnocultural representation of the reality.

TRANSLATIONS OF ANTON CHEKHOV’S PLAY “THE CHERRY ORCHARD” INTO GERMAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

In spite of the fact that Anton Chekhov was skeptical about translations of his own works since he believed that his works would not be understood in the West, the first translations of his plays into German appeared already during his lifetime and were successfully staged in German theatres. The following article reviews translations of Anton Chekhov ‘s play “The Cherry Orchard” into German by Peter Urban, Johannes von Gunther, Gudrun Duvel and Hilde Angarova. It may be worth noting that there are two approaches to literary translation. One involves adapting text for the recipient, which inevitably leads to a significant difference between the original and translated texts. The other involves translating closely to the original. Considering the fact that all the abovementioned translators kept to the second concept, they had to accomplish the following tasks: preserving stylistic peculiarities of the original text, translating Russian realia into German, managing phraseological locutions, conveying speech portraits of the characters, as well as adapting the text to a theatrical performance since the text should be understandable for the audience and easily pronounced by the actors. In the article we paid special attention to how all the four translators managed the difficulties and presented a detailed contrastive analysis of their works. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the translations by Peter Urban and Hilde Angarova were closest to the original text due to precisely chosen equivalents. The translation by Gudrun Duvel is not inferior to the translations of Peter Urban and Hilde Angarova in the selection of lexical means, but it often sounds insufficiently concise, which distances it in some cases from the original text. Although Johannes von Gunther offered some interesting translation solutions, his translations have a number of shortcomings, the main ones are incorrect translation of realia and unnecessary additions.

CLAUDE DEBUSSY FIRST 12 PRELUDES FOR PIANO

The article is devoted to the piano preludes of the greatest French Impressionist composer Claude Debussy. The first 12 preludes, their figurative content, structure and stylistic features are analysed in detail. Their figurative content, structure, stylistic peculiarities, the composer's innovative approach to the traditional genre of the prelude and the peculiarities of this famous genre caused by it are analysed in detail.

Сравнение в чувашском языке: особенности перевода на русский и немецкий языки (на примере поэмы К.В. Иванова «Нарспи»)

Translation is an activity aimed at overcoming language barrier. Translation plays an important role in the development of world culture, science, literature, strengthening relations with different nations. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of translation of Chuvash comparative constructions in the immortal poem "Narspi" by K.V. Ivanov. For comparative analysis are used translations into German (translator V.A. Ivanov) and Russian (translator P.P. Khuzangai). The specifics of the translation of Chuvash works into different languages of the world, as well as the study of methods and ways of translation are understudied. The main methods of research are comparative, linguistic, descriptive methods, thanks to which a comprehensive analysis of the translation of comparative turns of the poem "Narspi" is carried out. The relevance of the work is due to the necessity for study the linguistic and stylistic peculiarities of the translation of comparisons from the Chuvash language into translation languages. The article considers several groups of comparisons: comparisons with animals (zoometaphor), birds, flowers and plants, natural phenomena, and special attention is received to comparisons related to the inhabitants and life of Silbi village. Along with the subject of comparison is studied the object of comparison (what is being compared with) and compared with translations. Due to the analysis of comparative constructions of the original and translations of the poem "Narspi" it should be noted that translation of Chuvash comparisons into Russian and German in some cases the absence of a comparative word, omission of comparative constructions, use of a generalizing word and replacement of parts of speech are observed. The use of these translation techniques is conditioned by the preservation of the poetic form in the translation languages and does not distort the linguistic and cultural distinctness of the original text.

Exploring the Aesthetics of Stream-of- Consciousness Movies Through the Philosophical Lens of Rationality and Irrationality: An Analysis of Bergman’s Wild Strawberries

Stream-of-consciousness movies are a peculiar style of movie influenced by stream-of-consciousness novels, which are characterized by their emphasis on inner thoughts. These movies usually adopt techniques like nonlinear narrative, dream, flashback, and free association, to express the deeper workings of a character’s psyche. Ingmar Bergman’s Wild Strawberries is a masterpiece of stream-of-consciousness movies. It reflects many characteristics of stream-of-consciousness films. This paper analyzes Wild Strawberries from both rationalist and irrational philosophical perspectives, with a focus on three main aspects: the aesthetic interpretation of the film, its content and characters, and the narrative structure and threads. It delves deeply into the artistic attributes of stream-of-consciousness films.

СЕМАНТИКО-СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭОНИМОВ-ЭПИТЕТОВ В НЕМЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Historical, cultural, political, economic and sporting events that are significant for a particular linguistic-cultural community are fixed in the linguistic consciousness of native speakers and are reflected in their lexical composition. The article is devoted to the description of semantic and stylistic peculiarities of German eonyms, i.e. lexical units whose semantics include allusions to the events in various spheres of life that gave rise to them. The research material is represented by "epithets of the year", i.e. adjective names from the rating lists of the annual linguistic campaign of the German Language Society in Germany "Word of the Year" for the period from 1971 to 2023. The author has devoted his study to the description of the main characteristics of the selected units. The special stylistic features of eonyms-adjectives testify to their metaphorical character and the possibility of fulfilling the stylistic function of epithets. The article gives a general characterisation of eonyms-epithets in their diachronic aspect. The approach proposed by the author to the study of the linguistic reflection of historical events in German-language discourse is of interest to specialists in the field of linguistic-cultural studies

To the formation of ethnic image in the media: an attempt at periodization

The article studies the process of modeling of ethnic image in the Russian media space. The media texts of the "Argumenty i Fakty" portal were used as empirics. The aim is to create a periodization for studying the processes of media communication in the formation of national image. The article reveals linguistic and stylistic peculiarities of the content and specificity of emotional and evaluative elements of the format of AiF journalistic materials about representatives of Caucasian ethnic groups, and states the presence of destructive stereotypes in media texts. The relevance of the material is explained by the negative consequences of interethnic confrontations, including those caused by conflictogenic texts in the media of the late twentieth century. The methodology of historical-semantic and cognitive-metaphorical analysis was applied, which revealed the linguistic structures at the basis of the formation of the audience's attitude towards the Caucasian peoples. After the collapse of the USSR, journalists used the construction "us and them", indirectly formed a negative reputation of national minorities, created barriers to their integration into the Russian identity, thus increasing socio-psychological tension in society, increasing social distance, influencing the processes of discrimination and isolation of the peoples of the Caucasus. In the modern global practice of convergence, "subject-to-subject" processes of mass communications, the influential potential of broadcast content has increased manifold. State control over the editorial policy of mass media should be strengthened, and personal responsibility of professional journalists for their work should be actualized. It is also necessary to support media education initiatives to increase the media literacy of the media audience. The results of the study can be used to rethink strategies for creating and promoting ethnic content.

Stylistic peculiarities of public speecheson the basis of modern American presidents’ inaugural texts

Stylistic peculiarities of public speecheson the basis of modern American presidents’ inaugural texts

Puer digitalis. Il corpo tecnologico di Pixnocchio.

“Pixnocchio” has known as the first computer and digital animation in Italy. Created by Guido Vanzetti and Giuseppe Laganà, this short film shows Pinocchio as a digital body in evolution, formed by geometric volumes and colors. Digital animation allows to create a peculiar style combining traditional technique and computer technology: in this way “Pixnocchio” is nothing more than a hybrid animated film, that fits into the Italian videoartistic context of early ’80. The digital body of “Pixnocchio” seems like the new artistic representation of the contempo- rary italianity.

The role of phraseologisms in shaping stylistic peculiarities of scientific texts

The aim of the study was to analyse the role of phraseology in shaping stylistic peculiarities of scientific texts using the Ukrainian language as an example. Quantitative, descriptive, statistical, comparative, hermeneutic, contextual analysis and close reading methods were used in the analysis. The specifics of the study is the focus on scientific texts in the field of literary studies, which enables a broader vision of the functions performed by phraseological units in the studies. Phraseological units are classified into 5 main groups according to lexico-semantic function and notional words: indicative, related to career and social connections, related to religion, related to philosophy and culture, and related to time and space The results demonstrate the indicative function of the phraseological units in the text — conveying information to the readers and focusing their attention on the key points of the study. The academic novelty of the research is the use of the texts on the Humanities due to the appeal to images that are universal for the readers’ minds as examples of the use of phraseological units in a scientific style. Prospects: Further studies may diversify the sample of materials for the analysis of the use of phraseological units in scientific style in general, and in interdisciplinary studies on the Humanities in particular.

ІСТОРИКО-ЛІТЕРАТУРНІ ПРАЦІ ЛЕОНІДА БІЛЕЦЬКОГО: РІЗНОВЕКТОРНІСТЬ НАУКОВИХ ЗАЦІКАВЛЕНЬ УЧЕНОГО

The article analyses the historical and literary works of the famous Ukrainian liter-ary critic Leonid Biletskyi (1882-1955), written by him in the diaspora. They are both of various genres (textbook, literary portrait of a writer or scientist, preface), and colourful thematically: Ukrainian folk art, individual writers or characteristics of the achieve-ments of Ukrainian scientists. This work is addressed to diff erent audiences – school, academic, and the general public with the aim of popularizing Ukrainian literature and its best assets. L. Biletsky constantly emphasizes the idea of the inclusion of native writing in the world context, uses a set of methodologies that complement each other – biographical, cultural-historical, comparative. However, the philological one is funda-mental for him, which allows to characterize literary phenomena as self-suffi cient aes-thetic phenomena. Also, the scientist successfully combines historical and literary mate-rial with theoretical, considering the genre nature of the work, the specifi cs of literary trends, in particular, modernism. He, like his predecessors, begins the author’s course of the history of Ukrainian literature with folk poetry, involving a large mass of informa-tion about the anthropological, ethnographic, and national features of Ukrainians. In various genre texts about Ukrainian writers, L. Biletskyi explores the origins of their talent, place and role in the history of Ukrainian literature, peculiarities of style, genre system. In the portraits of famous Ukrainian fi gures, he emphasises their service to the Ukrainian idea, the originality of their contribution to science.

Opera “The Tempest” as a phenomenon of the late style of Frank Martin’s works

Statement of the problem. Recent research and publications. The absence of works by European and Ukrainian scholars devoted to the study of style peculiarities of the opera «The Tempest» written by F. Martin, an outstanding Swiss composer of the 20th century, actualizes the need for its comprehensive research. Foreign musicology already has some experience in analyzing F. Martin’s works. In the studies of Ch. W. King (1990), S. Bruhn (2011), A. Corbellari (2021) we can find a biography of the composer and generalizations about his musical thinking. The memoirs of M. Martin (2009), the composer’s widow, explain some specific features of his creative process. R. Glasmann’s research (1987) reveals the essence of the Martins’ principle of “gliding tonality”. The author of this paper was the first in the national musicology to research F. Martin’s vocal and choral pieces in terms of their stylistic features and comparative interpretation (Kozyk, 2022 a, b). Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the article is to define the phenomenon of F. Martin’s late style through a holistic analysis of interpretation of W. Shakespeare’s play in the opera “The Tempest” and the peculiarities of vocal and scenic embodiment of its characters. In the concept of the study, the analysis of the opera is offered as the embodiment of the best qualities of F. Martin’s late style. In Ukrainian musicology, this is the first experience of a holistic analysis of F. Martin’s opera. As research methods the principles of holistic analysis of the artistic content of the work (when studying its score) and comparative analysis (when determining the features of F. Martin’s vocal-scenic interpretation of W. Shakespeare’s characters) were used. Results and conclusion. “The Tempest” is one of F. Martin’s most inventive opuses, which synthesizes all the composer’s previous experience. All groups of characters have a clearly defined musical characteristic that helps to identify them even beyond their scenic embodiment. Thus, a group of noble Italians is characterized by various stylistic references that evoke associations with a certain historical era; comic characters are embodied through reliance on conversational dialogues and awkward songs; for lyrical characters, the composer chooses the sphere of lyric utterances. To characterize Caliban, the composer chooses a dodecaphonic series and the saxophone timbre, while for his opposite Ariel he introduces a dance with choral lines and a separate hidden orchestra, thus creating a sense of elusiveness and weightlessness of the air spirit. The composer uses the widest range of expressive means in the musical characterization of Prospero: there is off-pitch recitation, expressive melodic declaration, and extended ariosos. Such a multifaceted style of the opera is due to the multidimensionality of Shakespeare’s play. F. Martin managed to achieve the unity of stage and musical action, the equivalence of orchestral and vocal parts. Despite the fact that the style of “The Tempest” combines various techniques (dodecaphony, serial structures, polystylistics with quotations from different eras), the music is not perceived eclectically. All groups of the music characteristics are united by the composer’s individual method of writing (“gliding tonality”), which contributes to richness of F. Martin’s lyrical expression. Thus, the genre and stylistic complex of F. Martin’s opera represents the phenomenon of the late style as an expected regularity – the crown of the evolution of the composer’s thinking.

A Note on Qandahar Pashtuns: An Early Eighteenth-Century Pashto Source and Its Literary Context

The article offers a discussion of a little-known Pashto document from 1712 containing presumably the earliest report on the Ghilzay revolt of 1709 in Qandahar and a few additional notes on relations between the Abdālī chieftains and the regional Safavid authorities. The text has been preserved in the Tārīkh-i muraṣṣaʿ (The Ornamented History) by Afżal Khān Khaṫak (d. c. 1740/41). The content, stylistic peculiarities, and underlying tribalist ideologies of the document are examined with an overview of sporadic remarks about Qandahar Pashtuns in the writings of Khushḥāl Khān Khaṫak (d. 1689). To better comprehend the specificity of Afżal Khān’s account as a specimen of Pashtun “counter-narrative,” the article considers the text in the broader context of available sources, predominantly in Persian, which impart mostly retrospective data on the activities of Pashtun tribes in the Qandahar region. The article also includes a full translation of the Pashto text under study.