Pectin Nanoparticles Research Articles

Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of pectin extracted from Musa paradisiaca banana peels at different pH conditions in the formation of nanoparticles

Colombia is one of the major producers and exporters of banana Musa paradisiaca. Its consumption is high then its agro-industrial wastes are important source to extract pectin. In the present study, inorganic acids (nitric acid and hydrochloride acid) and organic acids (citric acid and acetic acid) were evaluated to extract pectin from banana peels at pH 2 and 3, through acid hydrolysis during 1h at the temperature of 85 °C. The extraction yield, degree of esterification (DE) and intrinsic viscosity of the pectin were characterized. Nitric acid (NA) allowed to obtain higher extraction yield (54 ± 10%) and citric acid (CA) allowed to obtain higher DE (76.7 ± 2%). Additionally, the effect of polymer concentration and degree esterification, low degree of esterification (LDE, 33.1%) and high degree of esterification (HDE, 76.7%) were evaluated in the pectin nanoparticles formation. The pectin with HDE formed stable nanoparticles with a particle size of 255 ± 11 nm and the zeta potential value of -45 ± 3 mV, independently of the polymer concentration. Morphology analysis showed aggregated of the pectin nanoparticles.

Spirulina maxima Derived Pectin Nanoparticles Enhance the Immunomodulation, Stress Tolerance, and Wound Healing in Zebrafish.

In this study, Spirulina maxima derived pectin nanoparticles (SmPNPs) were synthesized and multiple biological effects were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. SmPNPs were not toxic to Raw 264.7 cells and zebrafish embryos up to 1 mg/mL and 200 µg/mL, respectively. SmPNPs upregulated Il 10, Cat, Sod 2, Def 1, Def 2, and Muc 1 in Raw 264.7 cells and tlr2, tlr4b, tlr5b, il1β, tnfα, cxcl8a, cxcl18b, ccl34a.4, ccl34b.4, muc5.1, muc5.2, muc5.3, hamp, cstd, hsp70, cat, and sod1 in the larvae and adult zebrafish, suggesting immunomodulatory activity. Exposure of larvae to SmPNPs followed by challenge with pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila resulted a two-fold reduction of reactive oxygen species, indicating reduced oxidative stress compared to that in the control group. The cumulative percent survival of larvae exposed to SmPNPs (50 µg/mL) and adults fed diet supplemented with SmPNPs (4%) was 53.3% and 76.7%, respectively. Topical application of SmPNPs on adult zebrafish showed a higher wound healing percentage (48.9%) compared to that in the vehicle treated group (38.8%). Upregulated wound healing markers (tgfβ1, timp2b, mmp9, tnfα, il1β, ccl34a.4, and ccl34b.4), enhanced wound closure, and restored pigmentation indicated wound healing properties of SmPNPs. Overall, results uncover the multiple bioactivities of SmPNPs, which could be a promising biocompatible candidate for broad range of aquatic and human therapies.

A novel delivery system for enhancing bioavailability of S-adenosyl-l-methionine: Pectin nanoparticles-in-microparticles and their in vitro - in vivo evaluation'

Nanoparticles-in-microparticles (NIMs) are novel drug delivery systems, which combine the benefits of nano-, and micro-sized drug carriers within one system to improve the bioavailability of drugs or provide site specific drug delivery. The goal of this work was to study the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a new pectin nanoparticle based NIM formulation for colon targeted delivery of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe). The effects of different formulation parameters on physicochemical characteristics of pectin nanoparticles prepared by ionic-gelation method were estimated by a factorial design. The studied formulation variables were different amounts of drug, pectin and crosslinking agent. NIMs were prepared using fluidized bed technology by coating the optimum nanoparticle formulation (particle size 301.5 ± 20.3 nm, zeta potential: −16.3 ± 1.7 mV, entrapment efficiency: 74.80 ± 3.75%, product yield: 69.61%) on inert pellets via subcoating and pH- sensitive functional coating materials. NIMs were characterized by particle size, surface charge, morphology, entrapment efficiency, DSC, XRPD, in vitro drug release in the presence and absence of enzymes (pepsin and pectinase) in simulated gastric and colonic fluids. The in vitro drug release studies suggested retarded drug release, which was interpreted as an advantage for improving oral bioavailability of SAMe via colonic absorption. Comparative bioavailability of SAMe was determined after oral administration of pure SAMe solution, SAMe loaded pectin nanoparticles and NIMs to Wistar rats. Although inter-subject variability was observed, the relative bioavailability of SAMe (260%) increased via oral NIMs administration. This outcome should be supported with further bioavailability studies in larger groups. Overall, this study suggests that developed fluidized bed coating technique can be used to construct solid microparticular systems for colonic delivery of nanoparticles and overcome the difficulties in processing nanoparticles.

Production and Characterization of Melon Sulfated Pectin (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) Nanoparticles with Anticoagulant Potential

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> </head> <body> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective: </strong>Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin are the drugs most used today in coagulopathy. Although effective, these drugs have limitations in their usage, which aroused the interest of the scientific community in researching other substances with a similar effect. This study aims to analyze the anticoagulant activity of isolated and chemically modified pectin extracted from Caipira melon (<em>Cucumis melo</em> var. acidulus) and its nanoencapsulation for therapeutic use. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> For the analysis of anticoagulant activity, thrombin time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were performed. The nanoparticles were produced by a double emulsion using poly(lacticco- glycolic acid) and poly (vinyl alcohol) and, subsequently, were analyzed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy and characterized in the Zetasizer Nano ZS90. <strong>Results: </strong>The pectin tests showed promising anticoagulant activity. In order to increase the biological activity of this substance, nanoparticles of sulfated pectin were obtained, attaining particle size 301.03 nm, polydispersity index of 0.18, zeta potential of -16.63 mV and Acid pH, the results were considered satisfactory by the researchers. The encapsulation efficiency of the sulfated pectin was 76.31% with controlled release. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed uniform and spherical nanoparticles. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results indicated that the sulfated pectin nanoparticles can be seen as an innovative alternative in anticoagulant therapy. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Anticoagulant, Heparin, Nanoparticles, Sulfated polysaccharides. </body> </html>

Synthesis and characterization of citrus-derived pectin nanoparticles based on their degree of esterification

Abstract

Marine Microalgae, Spirulina maxima-Derived Modified Pectin and Modified Pectin Nanoparticles Modulate the Gut Microbiota and Trigger Immune Responses in Mice.

This study evaluated the modulation of gut microbiota, immune responses, and gut morphometry in C57BL/6 mice, upon oral administration of S. maxima-derived modified pectin (SmP, 7.5 mg/mL) and pectin nanoparticles (SmPNPs; 7.5 mg/mL). Metagenomics analysis was conducted using fecal samples, and mice duodenum and jejunum were used for analyzing the immune response and gut morphometry, respectively. The results of metagenomics analysis revealed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut increased in response to both modified SmP and SmPNPs (75%) as compared with that in the control group (66%), while that of Firmicutes decreased in (20%) as compared with that in the control group (30%). The mRNA levels of mucin, antimicrobial peptide, and antiviral and gut permeability-related genes in the duodenum were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated (> 2-fold) upon modified SmP and SmPNPs feeding. Protein level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase was increased (1.9-fold) in the duodenum of modified SmPNPs feeding, evidenced by significantly increased goblet cell density (0.5 ± 0.03 cells/1000 µm2) and villi height (352 ± 10 µm). Our results suggest that both modified SmP and SmPNPs have the potential to modulate gut microbial community, enhance the expression of immune related genes, and improve gut morphology.

Alginate hydrogel enriched with Ambystoma mexicanum epidermal lipoxygenase-loaded pectin nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing.

Epidermal lipoxygenase enzyme extracted from Ambystoma mexicanum (AmbLOXe) is known to accelerate the wound-healing process. AmbLOXe as a protein suffers from inactivation and losing its activity during formulation. Therefore, a delivery system that protects AmbLOXe from inactivation and preserves its activity is needed. We prepared AmbLOXe-loaded pectin nanoparticles (AmbLOXe Pec-NPs) and placed them into an alginate hydrogel. AmbLOXe Pec-NPs incorporation into the alginate hydrogel provides a means for controlled and sustained delivery of AmbLOXe to the wound site. Furthermore, the suitable swelling behavior and mechanical properties of AmbLOXe Pec-NPs alginate hydrogel make it feasible for clinical use. AmbLOXe Pec-NPs alginate hydrogel significantly enhanced the wound-healing process on the rat full-thickness excisional wounds, increased the rate of wound closure, enhanced the re-epithelialization and decreased the incidence of abnormal scarring. AmbLOXe Pec-NPs alginate hydrogel can be proposed as an effective wound hydrogel for improving wound healing with minimal scarring.

Effects of pulsed electric fields and mild thermal treatment on antimicrobial efficacy of nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles for food preservation

Pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment is a common and primarily non-thermal sterilization technique that is used in food processing, which can be improved when combined with food-compatible antimicrobial agents such as nisin. In this work, we have combined the nisin-loaded nanoparticles with mild thermal treatment (40 °C, 2 min) and pulsed electric fields (30 kV/cm; 200 ns – 500 μs protocols, 17.5–87.6 kJ/L) for potentiation of the antimicrobial effects against S. typhimurium and L. innocua. It was demonstrated that PEF treatment efficacy does not linearly depend on the energy delivered to the cells, which highlights the differences in polarization between the two bacteria in sub-microsecond range. The mild thermal treatment improved the efficacy of nisin nanoparticles and allowed to inactivate both bacteria in stationary growth phase, while limit the energy density of PEF in 50–90 kJ/L range. The synergistic effect of PEF and nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles improved the sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria to nisin.

THE EFFECT OF PECTIN AND PECTIN NANOPARTICLES ON SOME QUALITY PROPERTIES OF MEAT SAUSAGE

The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using nanoparticles pectin as active colloidal systems in meat sausage. The effect of different concentrations of pectin and pectin nanoparticles as active colloid on the quality properties of the physicochemical, texture profile and sensory evaluation of meat sausage were investigated. The results showed that the particle sizes were decreased with decreasing the concentrations of pectin. The obtained results indicated that the best water holding capacity (lowest value) , plasticity, cooking loss, cooking yield, emulsion stability, texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation were recorded in the nanoparticles pectin sausage samples (P6,P5 and P4) when compared to the ordinary pectin sausage samples (P3,P2 and P1) and control samples (C).

THE EFFECT OF PECTIN AND PECTIN NANOPARTICLES ON SOME QUALITY PROPERTIES OF MEAT SAUSAGE

the aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using nanoparticles pectin as active colloidal systems in meat sausage. The effect of different concentrations of pectin and pectin nanoparticles as active colloid on the quality properties of the physicochemical, texture profile and sensory evaluation of meat sausage were investigated. The results showed that the particle sizes were decreased with decreasing the concentrations of pectin. The obtained results indicated that the best water holding capacity (lowest value) , plasticity, cooking loss, cooking yield, emulsion stability, texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation were recorded in the nanoparticles pectin sausage samples (P6,P5 and P4) when compared to the ordinary pectin sausage samples (P3,P2 and P1) and control samples (C).

Butylglyceryl Pectin Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Formulation and Characterization.

Pectin is a polysaccharide with very good gel forming properties that traditionally has found important applications in foods and pharmaceutical industries. Although less studied, chemical modifications of pectin leading to a decrease in its hydrophilicity can be useful for the development of novel drug carriers. To this aim, butylglyceryl pectins (P-OX4) were synthesized via functionalization with n-butylglycidyl ether and subsequently formed into nanoparticles. Chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermal analytical methods were employed to characterize the novel butylglyceryl pectins (P-OX4) obtained, prior to their formulation into nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed a degree of modification in these materials in the range 10.4–13.6%, and thermal stability studies indicated an increase in both the thermal decomposition onset and glass transition temperature values (compared to those of the original pectin). An increase in the molecular weight and a decrease in the viscosity of P-OX4, when compared to the starting material, were also observed. The resulting nanoformulations were investigated in terms of particle morphology, size and stability, and it was found that particles were roughly spherical, with their size below 300 nm, and a negative zeta potential (−20 to −26 mV, indicating good stability). Having demonstrated the ability to load Doxorubicin at the level of 10%, their potential in drug delivery applications warrants further investigations.

Development and Characterization of Metformin Loaded Pectin Nanoparticles for T2 Diabetes Mellitus

The present investigation was aimed to formulate and evaluate Metformin loaded pectin (PCM) nanoparticles (NPs) for sustained action for management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The nanoparticles were formulated by ionic gelation technique. The nano-formulations were subjected for the analyses of entrapment efficiency and drug release stud for 12h. The optimized formulation examined various in vitro characterizations such as particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology and FTIR studies. The in vitro heamocomptability, protein binding stability and glucose uptake studies were performed with nanoparticles. The PCMNP-4 showed drug entrapment efficiency, 68 ± 4.2 % and demonstrated favourable in vitro prolonged release characteristics. The mean particles diameter of optimized formulation was 482.7 nm and 0.270 poly dispersity index (PI), had spherical shape and zeta potential of (+38.85 mV). In addition, the nanoparticles were reasonably stable in the presence of excess bovine serum albumin, which suggested that the nanoparticles may also be stable in the blood stream. The percentage of haemolysis induced by Metformin and placebo PCNPs were less than 5%. The results indicated that the PCMNPs are hemocompatible and therefore, safe for oral administration. The glucose uptake was increased 1.5 fold in RBCs and L6 skeleton muscle cell line compared with Metformin. Hence, the designed nanoparticle system could possibly be advantageous in terms of prolonged release, to achieve reduced dose frequency and improve patient compliance.

Elucidation of stabilizing pickering emulsion with jackfruit filum pectin-soy protein nanoparticles obtained by photocatalysis

There is still the dearth of reports of jackfruit filum pectin-based nanoparticles as the Pickering emulsifiers with respect to the applications in foods, cosmetics and medicines. So we fabricated soy protein-jackfruit filum pectin nanoparticles (SPP) by photocatalysis as Pickering emulsifier. Jackfruit filum pectin exhibited lower yield (17.31%), degree of methoxylation (15.53%), but higher galacuronic acid content (74.22%). A strong linkage between pectin and soy protein was formed by photocatalysis. The conjugated polymer could self-assemble into compact near globular nanoparticle. The mean size of SPP was larger than that of soy protein nanoparticles but smaller than that of soy protein-pectin complex without photocatalysis. Besides, the zeta potential of SPP was −33.8 mV, significantly lower than that of soy protein nanoparticles but higher than that of control sample, further confirming that SPP surfaces were completely covered with pectin molecules. Compared with control sample, the three-phase contact angle increased from 42.7 to 90.6°, indicated that SPP could be developed as effective Pickering emulsifiers. The emulsions stabilized by SPP exhibited high thermal stability and excellent salt tolerance as well as good freeze-thaw stability in comparison with emulsions covered with control sample. These findings would provide a potential way of producing effective Pickering emulsifier.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Inactivation of Escherichia coli Using Nanosecond Electric Fields and Nisin Nanoparticles: A Kinetics Study

Nisin is a recognized bacteriocin widely used in food processing, however, being ineffective against gram-negative bacteria and in complex food systems. As a result, the research of methods that have cell wall–permeabilizing activity is required. In this study, electroporation to trigger sensitization of gram-negative bacteria to nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles was used. As a model microorganism, bioluminescent strain of E. coli was introduced. Inactivation kinetics using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and nisin nanoparticles have been studied in a broad range (100–900 ns, 10–30 kV/cm) of pulse parameters. As a reference, the microsecond range protocols (100 μs × 8) have been applied. It was determined that the 20–30 kV/cm electric field with pulse duration ranging from 500 to 900 ns was sufficient to cause significant permeabilization of E. coli to trigger a synergistic response with the nisin treatment. The kinetics of the inactivation was studied with a time resolution of 2.5 min, which provided experimental evidence that the efficacy of nisin-based treatment can be effectively controlled in time using PEF. The results and the proposed methodology for rapid detection of bacteria inactivation rate based on bioluminescence may be useful in the development and optimization of protocols for PEF-based treatments.

Formulation and evaluation of embelin loaded pectin nanoparticles for the treatment of diabetes

Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae), German chamomile, has been widely used in the traditional Tunisian medicine because of having the powerful health benefits. the current study was conducted to determine the protective effect of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) decoction extract (CDE) in ethanol-induced ulcer and oxidative stress on gastric mucosa in rat.Adult male wistar rats were used and divided into seven groups: Control, EtOH, EtOH + various doses of CDE (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, b.w.), EtOH + famotidine (FAM) and EtOH + ascorbic acid (AA). Gastric ulceration was induced by EtOH (4 g/kg, b.w. p.o.).Firsly, we found that acute alcohol administration leads to mark macroscopic and histologic changes in gastric mucosa. EtOH also induced lipoperoxidation (486.99%), thiol (-SH) groups decrease (40.98%) as well as antioxidant enzyme activity depletion such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) (49.05%), catalase (CAT) (46.80%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (38.20%). Our results also demonstrated that alcohol intoxication increased tissue and plasmatic hydrogen peroxide, calcium and free iron levels. More importantly, CDE reversed all macroscopic, histologic and biochemical changes induced by EtOH administration.A potential gastropreotective effect of CDE against EtOH-induced ulcer and oxidative stress might be partially to its antioxidant properties as well as to various gastric mucosal defense mechanisms, including protection of gastric sulfhydryls and its opposite effect on some intracellular mediators such as free iron, hydrogen peroxide and calcium.

Self-Assembled Nanoparticles Platform Based on Pectin-Dihydroartemisinin Conjugates for Codelivery of Anticancer Drugs

Natural pectin is an important carrier for delivering drugs in biomedical research, however, there are only a few reports on the preparation of pectin nanoparticles, especially a particle size of below 100 nm with high yield. Here we design pectin-dihydroartemisinin/hydrooxycampothecin nanoparticles (PDC-H NPs) through a self-assembly method. The prepared PDC-H NPs contained hydrophilic part of pectin and hydrophobic anticancer drugs of dihydroartemisinin and hydroxycamptothecin, which could increase drug loading, improve water solubility, and achieve controlled release of drugs. The results indicated that the particle size of PDC-H NPs was about 70 nm, drug-loaded efficiency of DHA was 20.33 wt %, and encapsulation efficiency of HCPT was 14.11 wt %. PDC-H NPs exhibited a higher cytotoxicity, the blood retention time of PDC-H NPs was 4.8-fold longer than DHA and was 6.8-fold longer than HCPT. In addition, effective cellular uptake exhibited an obvious synergistic effect compared with DHA and HCPT. 4T1 tumor-bearing mice also showed a higher survival rate than free DHA and free HCPT. The result show that the self-assembled PDC-H NPs is a promising anticancer drug for codelivery.

In vitro release and antioxidant activity of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. unshiu) peel flavonoids encapsulated by pectin nanoparticles

SummaryThe flavonoids of citrus peel extracts (CPE) were encapsulated by pectin nanoparticles (PNs), in an attempt to control the releasing property and improve their antioxidant activity. The physiochemical properties of the obtained PNs were characterised. Flavonoid composition in CPE before and after encapsulation were determined. In vitro release profiles and antioxidant activity of CPE were further evaluated. Results showed the size of spherical PNs obtained was 271.5 ± 5.3 nm. Interestingly, in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), 73% flavonoids were released from the naked CPE after 2 h, while only 28.78% from the CPE‐loaded PNs (E‐PNs). The releasing rate of flavonoids reached 91.47% from E‐PNs after 24 h in the simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Moreover, DPPH and ABTS assay revealed that E‐PNs showed higher antioxidant activity than blank PNs and free CPE. These data showed that the controlled release of CPE might potentially increase its bioaccessibility and there was a synergistic effect between citrus PNs and CPE on the antioxidant activity.

Development of nanoformulation approaches for the control of weeds

The nanoformulation of pesticides has the potential to increase food productivity, while resolving the drawbacks of conventional agrochemicals, which have negative environmental impacts. In this study, herbicide (metsulfuron methyl)-loaded pectin (polysaccharide) nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated for herbicidal activity and cytotoxicity. The optimum formulation of nanoparticles was obtained using the Central Composite Design. The basic properties (mean particle size, stability, morphology, and interaction between polymer and herbicide) were characterized using a particle size analyzer (PSA), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The nanoparticles were found to be in size range of 50–90nm with zeta potential value of −35.9mV. The herbicide loading and herbicide encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles were determined to be 6.30% and 63±2%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the herbicide-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated using healthy cell lines (Vero cell lines) and compared with that of commercial herbicide. In addition, an in-field evaluation of our nanoformulation's effects on the Chenopodium album plant was performed using a pectin nanocarrier. The results showed that application of herbicide-loaded nanoparticles could be used to reduce the use of herbicides with improved efficacy and environmental safety.

Formulation of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for local administration into the oral cavity

The efficacy of treatments for oral ailments is often challenged by a low residence time of the conventional pharmaceutical formulations in the oral cavity. The residence time in the oral cavity could be improved by using bioadhesive formulations, such as preparations based on polysaccharides. This study describes the formulation and the evaluation of polysaccharide-based nanosystems as drug delivery systems addressed to the oral cavity. Nanoparticles based on chitosan, alginate or pectin were prepared through self-assembly by ionotropic gelation using oppositely charged crosslinkers (tripolyphosphate or zinc). Characteristics of nanoparticles at increasing crosslinker concentration provided the basis for selecting the most suitable formulations. The nanoparticles were tested for cytotoxicity against buccal cells (TR146) and for stability in a medium simulating pH, ionic strength, electrolyte composition and concentration of saliva. Alginate nanoparticles were the most stable in the salivary environment, while chitosan nanoparticles were the most cytocompatible. Alginate nanoparticles and pectin nanoparticles revealed possible cytotoxicity due to the presence of zinc. This knowledge is important in the early design of polymer-based nanoparticles for oral usage and for potential improving of the biocompatibility of the investigated nanoparticles with the oral environment.

Electroporation-assisted inactivation of Escherichia coli using nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles

Abstract Pulsed electric fields (PEF) trigger the electroporation phenomenon in cell membranes, which has found many biotechnological applications including food processing. Nisin is a prominent lantibiotic widely used as a food preservative due to its high potency against many bacteria; its efficacy depends on various environmental factors and nisin resistance is a common problem. In this work we have applied novel nisin-loaded pectin nanoparticles in combination with sub-microsecond and microsecond range electroporation for inactivation of nisin-resistant Escherichia coli. The 5–30 kVcm− 1 square wave 1 kHz pulse bursts of 250 ns, 500 ns, and 100 μs were used. The PEF treatment combined with nisin nanoparticles further improved the inactivation efficacy (up to 3.7 log reduction) compared to separate procedures (up to 1.5 log reduction); this effect is scalable and does not depend on the cell concentration. Industrial relevance We have designed experiments and provided data that has direct application in food preservation and processing. Nisin is a prominent lantibiotic that is widely used as a food preservative due to its high potency against many bacteria. Nevertheless, its efficacy depends on various environmental factors and the nisin resistance is a common problem. We have used the pectin encapsulation that allowed addressing the susceptibility of nisin to environmental factors such as pH or food composition, while the PEF technology enabled a non-thermal increase of the membrane permeabilization and overcoming the nisin-resistance of the bacteria. We have also shown that the only reason to use submicrosecond pulses instead of the microsecond ones for eradication of the bacteria is the possible minimization of energy costs for generation of PEF. If the total energy of the pulse burst is the same the inactivation efficacy is also identical.