Pecan Research Articles

Perceptions of Spanish consumers towards novel lamb burgers enriched with natural antioxidants and healthy fatty acids

This paper explores the perceptions of Spanish consumers on the use of natural antioxidants and healthy fatty acids in novel formulations of lamb burgers to improve their nutritional content and shelf life. Focus groups have been used to obtain information on burger consumption and purchase, as well as on the opinions about the use of natural ingredients. Results highlight the importance consumers place on the presence of ingredients that help improve product quality, and their acceptance to pay a premium. The use of cherry or pecan nut is a valid option, provided that consumer trust is promoted through adequate information policies.

The core microbiome of Carya illinoinensis (pecan) seedlings of different maternal pecan cultivars from the same orchard

Carya illinoinensis (pecan) produce a high valued and desired nut crop; with production expanding worldwide. Important attributes of pecans and their ability to adapt to different environments aside from their native regions are currently being investigated. Microbial communities are known to play an important role in crop productivity and overall plant health. Studies in other plant species have shown that the plant microbiome may be influenced by both the environmental conditions and genetics of the plant. Microbiota research in pecan is in its early stages and here we report insights into the core microbiome of seedlings derived from five pecan cultivars located in an orchard from Las Cruces, New Mexico. Seeds from open-pollinated pecan cultivars (‘Burkett’, ‘Mandan’, ‘Pawnee’, ‘Western’, and ‘Wichita’) were collected and grown in a quarantine greenhouse under highly regulated conditions. DNA from the resulting seedlings were used for next generation sequencing (MiSeq) for 16S and ITS and microbiome analyses revealed significant differences in microbial composition and relative abundance (bacterial and fungal) between seedling organs, with roots having the highest alpha diversity followed by stems and leaves. Bacterial family Chitinophagaceae was identified to be most relatively abundant in the roots of seedlings compared to the bacterial families Rhizobiaceae and Moraxellaceae, which were found to be most relatively abundant in the stems and leaves, respectively. Analyses also indicated that there were several families (bacterial families: Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, Microscillaceae, Rubritaleaceae, Caulobacteraceae; fungal families: Serendipitaceae, Nectriaceae, Ophiostomataceae, Hypocreaceae, Aspergillaceae, and Cephalothecaceae) that were found in all seedlings and these constitute a core microbiome for pecan. There were also differences in microbial composition (bacterial and fungal) between seedlings from different maternal pecan cultivars and these differences are proposed to constitute a signature microbiome for the maternal cultivar. As pecan trees continues to extend to other growing regions it is important to understand the role that these microbes play in pecan. By establishing the core microbiome of pecans, the selection of microbes for breeding and improving pecan production will become a possibility.

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) oil consumer hedonic rating, sensory characteristic, satiating and energizing effect, and drivers of overall acceptance

AbstractWith increasing global health and wellness product needs, pecan oil is getting popular in recent years. Although considered a gourmet oil because of its unique sensory and nutritional values, there is no publication focusing on consumer attitude toward pecan oil. This study, for the first time, investigated consumer acceptance, sensory quality, and emotional response to five pecan oils from native and improved varieties, with a comparison to an olive oil. All five pecan oils had positive hedonic ratings (>5, with a 9‐point hedonic scale) for overall acceptance and the acceptance of oil flavor, raw‐nut flavor, and thickness, while the olive oil was rated slightly lower than 5 for these attributes. Pecan oils had higher intensities in raw‐nut flavor, but lower in overall oil flavor, fatty flavor, astringency, and thickness compared to olive oil. Off‐flavor was not perceived in pecan oils, whereas it was perceived in olive oil. The six oils did not show significant differences in satiating effects; however, olive oil was rated lower in energizing effects than pecan oils, which showed a significant variety difference (p ≤ 0.05). Consumer overall acceptance was significantly, positively driven by energizing effects, followed by the acceptability of raw‐nut flavor, thickness, and oil flavor; off‐flavors were negative drivers. Results obtained from this study add direct pecan oil consumer insight: an asset for pecan growers, pecan processing industry, and pecan oil marketers.

Characterization of soil suitability in the province of Catamarca using geographic information systems

Land suitability analysis using geographic information systems (GIS) is one of the most widely used method today. In this type of studies, GIS and geo-spatial statistical tools are used to evaluate land units and present the results in suitability maps. The present work aims to characterize the suitability of soils in the province of Catamarca for pecan nut production according to the variables: rockiness, salinity, risk of water-logging, depth, texture and drainage described in the Soil Map of Argentina at a scale of 1:500,000 published by the National Institute of Agricultural Technology. A classification of the suitability of the soil cartographic units was made according to crop requirements, applying the methodology proposed by FAO. The standardization of variables made by omega score and the calculation of the spatial classification score were carried out as a result of the synthesis of the spatial distribution of soil suitability. The applied methodology allowed obtaining the soil suitability map resulting in a total of 60,662 km2 suitable for pecan nut production, which accounts for 59.8% of the total area of the province.

Mineral nutrient dynamics in pecans (Carya illinoensis) 'Mahan' grown in southern China.

It is of great significance to study the nutritional characteristics of plants. Further understanding of plant mineral nutrient dynamics can provide theoretical basis for scientific fertilization to improve fruit quality and yield. In this study, eight mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, B) were measured at regular intervals in leaves and kernels of the pecan "Mahan" planted in southern China. The study discussed the characteristics of mineral nutrient dynamics of pecan through the indicators of concentration, accumulation and cumulative relative rate, a new first proposed indicator, and focused on critical time, intensity, amount of mineral nutrients required in pecan during the fruit developing period, as well as the transfer information of the elements in leaves and kernels. The results show that the mineral nutrient requirements of the leaves and kernels are not identical, with an upward trend in nutrient accumulation within the kernel. The most abundant mineral nutrients in the leaves and kernels were N, K and Ca with Ca being greater than N in leaves. In particular, the concentration of Mn in pecan 'Mahan' is higher than that of other plants, and its Mg content is also higher than that of P in kernels. The dynamic changes of mineral nutrients in walnut showed obvious stages, with a trend of "slow (before mid-July) - fast (mid-July to late August) - slow (late August to late September) - fast (late September to harvest)". The "critical period" of kernels was before mid-July, during which the cumulative relative rates increased rapidly, indicating that the kernels had a great potential to absorb mineral nutrients. Significant accumulation of mineral nutrients occurred from mid-July to late August and late September to the end.

Modelling the effects of pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch], roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), and salt on the quality characteristics of beef patties

The meat industry has become increasingly interested in developing products containing new ingredients oriented to consumers’ health. Health benefits are gained from frequent consumption of pecan nut and roselle, which can therefore be used as ingredients in meat product formulations. However, incorporating novel ingredients or reducing the content of traditional ingredients might affect meat product quality, thus needs to be evaluated and optimised for the development of functional foods. The objective of the present work was to assess how pecan nut (0 to 10%), roselle (0 to 2%), and salt (0 to 2%) affect the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics of beef patties, and use response surface methodology to optimise the content of these ingredients in a meat product formulation. Regression models were developed to predict quality properties. All models were significant (p < 0.05) with an R2 > 0.85 and a nonsignificant lack of fit (p > 0.05), thus indicating that these models could adequately predict response variables. The optimised formulation was 7.97% pecan nut, 1.59% roselle, and 1.08% salt. The predicted physicochemical properties were L* = 42.88, a* = 12.29, b* = 8.51, pH = 5.10, and cooking loss = 24.66%; the antioxidant properties were DPPH = 0.53 mg TE/g fp, ABTS = 0.65 mg TE/g fp, and total phenolic content = 0.46 mg GA/g fp; and the sensory properties were flavour = 7.03, tenderness = 6.98, and juiciness = 7.01. Pecan nut and roselle are promising natural ingredients that can be used to prepare low-salt beef patties.

Nitrogen Allocation Tradeoffs Within-Leaf between Photosynthesis and High-Temperature Adaptation among Different Varieties of Pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch).

Interpreting leaf nitrogen (N) allocation is essential to understanding leaf N cycling and the economy of plant adaptation to environmental fluctuations, yet the way these mechanisms shift in various varieties under high temperatures remains unclear. Here, eight varieties of pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch), Mahan, YLC10, YLC12, YLC13, YLC29, YLC35, YLJ042, and YLJ5, were compared to investigate the effects of high temperatures on leaf N, photosynthesis, N allocation, osmolytes, and lipid peroxidation and their interrelations. Results showed that YLC35 had a higher maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PNUE), while YLC29 had higher N content per area (Na) and lower PNUE. YLC35, with lower malondialdehyde (MDA), had the highest proportions of N allocation in rubisco (Pr), bioenergetics (Pb), and photosynthetic apparatus (Pp), while YLC29, with the highest MDA, had the lowest Pr, Pb, and Pp, implying more leaf N allocated to the photosynthetic apparatus for boosting PNUE or to non-photosynthetic apparatus for alleviating damage. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that N allocation was affected negatively by leaf N and positively by photosynthesis, and their combination indirectly affected lipid peroxidation through the reverse regulation of N allocation. Our results indicate that different varieties of pecan employ different resource-utilization strategies and growth-defense tradeoffs for homeostatic balance under high temperatures.

Selecting non-linear mixed effect model for growth and development of pecan nut

Pecan is the only commercial tree nut native to the United States. The optimal times for orchard irrigation, pesticide sprays, and harvest are difficult to identify. Growth and development of the nut as a function of heat unit accumulation is a potential tool predicting different nut growth stages. Growth models utilizing heat unit accumulation are useful decision making tools for growers to fine tune inputs. The objective of this research was to compare different non-linear growth models and determine which best fits the growth and development of the pecan nut components i.e., embryo, shell, and shuck. The sampled nuts were collected in two different years (2019 and 2020). In 2019, three varieties of nuts were sampled from five different locations. In 2020, samples of two varieties were collected from one location. Separate models were fitted for (1) the 2019 data to capture the variation among different locations and varieties and (2) the 2019 and 2020 data within one location that also considered the random effect between years for the two cultivars. A comparison of the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criteria (AIC) among the fitted models, demonstrated the Gompertz model best fit the embryo development for both datasets. It also best described the shuck growth in the 2019 data. The Logistic model performed slightly better than Gompertz for modeling shell growth for both datasets and the shuck for the two-year data. In both years, slow initial growth of fruit was observed until the beginning of the water stage, followed by an increase in size until the gel stage through nut filling in the dough stage. Our findings suggest that irrigation is more crucial during the water stage of pecan, whereas thinning should be done at the late water stage prior to the nut filling stage. Similarly, pesticide use can be minimized by determining when the pecan shell lignifies and is not susceptible to piercing sucking insect mouthparts. These results can guide pecan growers in fine tuning irrigation, thinning, and pest management based on an integrated growth model of the three phenotypic traits, shuck, shell, and embryo, as a function of accumulated heat units.

Brazilian Agroindustrial Wastes as a Potential Resource of Bioative Compounds and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities.

The study of the recovery of bioactive compounds from natural resources and its implications in several areas is very significant for the scientific community. This work aimed to study Brazilian agroindustrial wastes’ antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using green extraction. Olive leaves, jaboticaba peel, araçá peel, and pecan nut shells were evaluated under four conditions: (1) convective-drying and aqueous extraction, (2) convective-drying and ethanolic extraction, (3) freeze-drying and aqueous extraction, and (4) freeze-drying and ethanolic extraction. The results demonstrated that all samples showed high antioxidant potential, and the highest antioxidant activity was obtained for the extract of pecan nut shell. As for the quantification of compounds by HPLC, the olive leaf presented the highest content of phenolic compounds in the extract, mainly oleuropein. Finally, the antimicrobial activity analysis revealed the extracts’ bactericidal potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The present study shows that green extraction can extract bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, highlighting the importance of choosing the drying method and solvent for future uses of these natural resources by the industry.

Phytochemical composition and cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of some selected plants

ABSTRACT This study determines the phytochemical contents of selected medicinal plant extracts quantitatively using spectrophotometry and to evaluate their safety on mammalian cells in vitro using tetrazolium-based colorimetric cytotoxicity assay. Twenty-two ethanolic plant extracts were assessed, and the result showed that Psidium guajava had the highest concentration of alkaloids (219.06±11.50mg/g dry-weight (dw)). In contrast, Acacia nilotica leaf extract with 191.60±9.07mg/gdw had the highest level of flavonoids. Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera contained more steroids than the other plant extracts while condensed tannin was highest in Carya illinoinensis (21.72 ± 0.84 mg/g dw). Coffea arabica, Acacia nilotica leaf, Vernonia amygdalina, Carya illinoinensis and Psidium guajava had more saponins than the other plant extracts. Regarding cytotoxicity evaluation, Allium cepa and Tulbaghia violacea with concentration killing 50% of cells (LC50) values of 0.5182±0.40 and 0.4909 ± 0.034 mg/ml, respectively, were the safest of all the plant extracts. Acacia nilotica pod and Camelia japonica leaf extracts were the most cytotoxic with LC50 values of 0.0101 ± 0.016 and 0.0151 ± 0.005 mg/ml, respectively, which are well below the recommended toxic cut-off point (0.03mg/ml). The best selectivity index (SI) value of 1.061 was obtained with Aloe ferox against S. aureus, which is a Gram-positive bacterium.

Transcriptomic Analysis to Unravel Potential Pathways and Genes Involved in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) Resistance to Pestalotiopsis microspora.

Fruit black spot (FBS), a fungal disease of pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch) caused by the pathogen Pestalotiopsis microspora, is a serious disease and poses a critical threat to pecan yield and quality. However, the details of pecan responses to FBS infection at the transcriptional level remain to be elucidated. In present study, we used RNA-Seq to analyze differential gene expression in three pecan cultivars with varied resistance to FBS infection: Xinxuan-4 (X4), Mahan (M), and Wichita (W), which were categorized as having low, mild, and high susceptibility to FBS, respectively. Nine RNA-Seq libraries were constructed, comprising a total of 58.56 Gb of high-quality bases, and 2420, 4380, and 8754 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with |log2Fold change| ≥ 1 and p-value < 0.05 were identified between M vs. X4, W vs. M, and W vs. X4, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analyses were performed to further annotate DEGs that were part of specific pathways, which revealed that out of 134 total pathways, MAPK signaling pathway, plant–pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were highly enriched. Transcriptomic profiling analysis revealed that 1681 pathogen-related genes (PRGs), including 24 genes encoding WRKY transcription factors, potentially participate in the process of defense against Pestalotiopsis microspora infection in pecan. The correlation of WRKY TFs and PRGs was also performed to reveal the potential interaction networks among disease-resistance/pathogenesis-related genes and WRKY TFs. Expression profiling of nine genes annotated as TIFY, WRKY TF, and disease-resistance protein-related genes was performed using qRT-PCR, and the results were correlated with RNA-Seq data. This study provides valuable information on the molecular basis of pecan–Pestalotiopsis microspora interaction mechanisms and offers a repertoire of candidate genes related to pecan fruit response to FBS infection.

Expression analysis of PIN family genes in Chinese hickory reveals their potential roles during grafting and salt stress.

Grafting is an effective way to improve Chinese hickory while salt stress has caused great damage to the Chinese hickory industry. Grafting and salt stress have been regarded as the main abiotic stress types for Chinese hickory. However, how Chinese hickory responds to grafting and salt stress is less studied. Auxin has been proved to play an essential role in the stress response through its re-distribution regulation mediated by polar auxin transporters, including PIN-formed (PIN) proteins. In this study, the PIN gene family in Chinese hickory (CcPINs) was identified and structurally characterized for the first time. The expression profiles of the genes in response to grafting and salt stress were determined. A total of 11 CcPINs with the open reading frames (ORFs) of 1,026–1,983 bp were identified. Transient transformation in tobacco leaves demonstrated that CcPIN1a, CcPIN3, and CcPIN4 were localized in the plasma membrane. There were varying phylogenetic relationships between CcPINs and homologous genes in different species, but the closest relationships were with those in Carya illinoinensis and Juglans regia. Conserved N- and C-terminal transmembrane regions as well as sites controlling the functions of CcPINs were detected in CcPINs. Five types of cis-acting elements, including hormone- and stress-responsive elements, were detected on the promoters of CcPINs. CcPINs exhibited different expression profiles in different tissues, indicating their varied roles during growth and development. The 11 CcPINs responded differently to grafting and salt stress treatment. CcPIN1a might be involved in the regulation of the grafting process, while CcPIN1a and CcPIN8a were related to the regulation of salt stress in Chinese hickory. Our results will lay the foundation for understanding the potential regulatory functions of CcPIN genes during grafting and under salt stress treatment in Chinese hickory.

Evaluation of pocket gopher diet in a perennial productive area

The desert pocket gopher (Geomys arenarius) is a fossorial herbivorous rodent of the family Geomyidae. Its distribution range is restricted to New Mexico and Texas, in the United States of America, and northern Chihuahua, in México. The Médanos de Samalayuca Flora and Fauna Protection Area (MSFFPA) is located in northern Chihuahua. Different economic activities are carried out in this region, mainly irrigated crops of pecans (Carya illinoinensis). Populations of G. arenarius have been recorded within these areas. Therefore, the objective of this work was to define the extent of the trophic niche and the changes in the physical condition of G. arenarius in a ranch within the MSFFPA over three contrasting seasons (dry, wet, and post-wet). Forty G. arenarius specimens were collected from Arantxa Ranch. Morphometric measurements and the weight of collected individuals were recorded, and the digestive tract was removed to prepare histological slides. Seven 25 m²-quadrants were established, and the species of the vegetation cover were recorded and collected for reference. The Seasonal Fitness Index (IK) and Levin’s Niche Breadth Index were calculated. Males had higher average measurements and weight than females. The IK was 2.82 ± 0.47 in males and 2.64 ± 0.61 in females. Significant differences in the IK between seasons were only found in females. The correlation between IK and plant cover was strong for males and females. The diet mainly comprised Physalis hederifolia, Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, and Cenchrus incertus. Levin’s index showed that G. arenarius is a specialist rodent. Sexual dimorphism was evident, with males larger than females. The physical condition index of gophers is influenced by resource availability. In other studies, this parameter has been related to changes in food availability. It has been reported that gophers tend to feed mainly on crops; however, pecan cultivation was not a major element in the diet of the desert pocket gopher, as it feeds on the vegetation associated with crops. Gophers are considered generalists; nonetheless, the present study showed that G. arenarius is a specialist, although this may be a consequence of anthropogenic activities.

Recovery of Lignins with Potent Antioxidant Properties from Shells of Edible Nuts by a Green Ball Milling/Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Based Protocol.

Lignins are phenolic polymers endowed with potent antioxidant properties that are finding increasing applications in a variety of fields. Consequently, there is a growing need for easily available and sustainable sources, as well as for green extraction methodologies of these compounds. Herein, a ball milling/deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based treatment is reported as an efficient strategy for the recovery of antioxidant lignins from the shells of edible nuts, namely chestnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecan nuts, and pistachios. In particular, preliminarily ball-milled shells were treated with 1:2 mol/mol choline chloride:lactic acid at 120 °C for 24 h, and the extracted material was recovered in 19–27% w/w yields after precipitation by the addition of 0.01 M HCl. Extensive spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis allowed for confirmation that the main phenolic constituents present in the shell extracts were lignins, accompanied by small amounts (0.9% w/w) of ellagic acid, in the case of chestnut shells. The recovered samples exhibited very promising antioxidant properties, particularly in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (EC50 values ranging from 0.03 to 0.19 mg/mL). These results open new perspectives for the valorization of nut shells as green sources of lignins for applications as antioxidants, e.g., in the biomedical, food, and/or cosmetic sector.

Genome-wide identification of B3 superfamily in pecan (Carya illinoensis): In silico and experimental analyses

The B3 superfamily comprises a class of transcription factors containing B3 functional domains that play crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the identification and analysis of the B3 superfamily have not been reported in pecans. In this study, 75 B3 superfamily members were identified and divided into four families, namely ARF (31), RAV (10), LAV (8), and REM (26). The gene structure, conserved motifs and domain analysis indicated that each family was highly similar. The Ka/Ks results indicated that the CiB3s underwent purifying selection. Several growth- and development-related cis-elements, such as Box 4, GATA-motif, and G-Box, were found in the promoter of the B3 transcription factor. The results obtained from the transcriptomic analysis of different kernel development stages and different tissues of pecan and qRT-PCR, indicated that several transcription factors, particularly CiABI3, CiFUS3, and CiLEC2, were involved in regulating kernel development. In particular, the expression of CiFUS3 changed significantly between S3 and S5. Additionally, CiFUS3 is localized in the nucleus and has no self-transcriptional activity. A yeast one-hybrid experiment showed that CiFUS3 could bind to the RY-motif related to seed development. Overall, our study provides a reference for the role of CiFUS3 in oil synthesis and the functional study of B3 genes in pecan.

Crop diversification in the Egyptian Nile Region; viewpoint of spatial, climatic, and human features

Plant diversity is undoubtedly influenced by spatial and climatic factors, as well as others as architecture, human effects, and population percentage. This research demonstrates how site characteristics influence crop species diversity. One hundred eighty-five cultivated centers of 20 governorates forming the Egyptian Nile Region were examined regarding to their crop diversity from March 2021 to March 2022, including 170 crop species, sub-species and varieties. These cultivated centers were classified using two-way cluster analysis (TWCA) into 62 groups according to their floristic composition; and ordinated along the first and second axes of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCOA) with type of irrigation supply. Group 51 had the uppermost species richness (333.5 species group-1), while group 44 had the uppermost species turnover (9). Eighteen least cultivated species were recorded: 12 species in 2 centers e.g., Actinidia chinensis and Carica papaya and 6 in 3 e.g., Carya illinoinensis and Cyperus papyrus, while 60 species are common in >50 cultivated centers.Significant correlations were depicted between the species richness and X and Y coordinates, while insignificant correlation with area (m2) of each cultivated centre. Precipitation (mm yr−1), relative humidity (%) and temperature (°C) were depicted an insignificant correlation. Species density (Species m−2) was depicted an insignificant correlation, while population percentage had an insignificant correlation. Descriptively, a regular relationship between species diversity and type of irrigation supply and main human activities in each centre was observed.

One-class model with two decision thresholds for the rapid detection of cashew nuts adulteration by other nuts

A green screening method to determine cashew nut adulteration with Brazilian nut, pecan nut, macadamia nut and peanut was proposed. The method was based on the development of a one-class soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) model for non-adulterated cashew nuts using near-infrared (NIR) spectra obtained with portable equipment. Once the model is established, the assignment of unknown samples depends on the threshold established for the authentic class, which is a key aspect in any screening approach. The authors propose innovatively to define two thresholds: lower model distance limit and upper model distance limit. Samples with distances below the lower threshold are assigned as non-adulterated with a 100% probability; samples with distance values greater than the upper threshold are assigned as adulterated with a 100% probability; and samples with distances within these two thresholds will be considered uncertain and should be submitted to a confirmatory analysis. Thus, the possibility of error in the sample assignment significantly decreases. In the present study, when just one threshold was defined, values greater than 95% for the optimized threshold were obtained for both selectivity and specificity. When two class thresholds were defined, the percentage of samples with uncertain assignment changes according to the adulterant considered, highlighting the case of peanuts, in which 0% of uncertain samples was obtained. Considering all adulterants, the number of samples that were submitted to a confirmatory analysis was quite low, 5 of 224 adulterated samples and 3 of 56 non-adulterated samples.

Chemical composition and thermal properties of Tunisian pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] oils

An investigation on fatty acid, triacylglycerol, tocopherol, and xanthophyll contents and thermal properties of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) kernel oils from two cultivars was carried out. The main fatty acids were oleic acid, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. The predominant triacylglycerols were OOL, OOO, and OLL (where O stands for oleoyl and L for linoleoyl). Pecan kernel oil is a rich source of tocopherols, mainly γ-tocopherol. Two xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were investigated, and lutein was found to be the major one. Thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pecan nut oil displayed melting and crystallization transitions at low-temperature zones. The difference between DSC parameter values provides a path for distinguishing among cultivars. These data promote pecan kernel oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties (monounsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and xanthophylls) and reveal, for the first time, the thermal properties of Carya illinoinensis oil.

"THE WALNUT SHIELD BEARER COPTODISCA LUCIFLUELLA (CLEMENS, 1860) (LEPIDOPTERA: HELIOZELIDAE) – THE FIRST RECORD IN ROMANIA THE WALNUT SHIELD BEARER COPTODISCA LUCIFLUELLA (CLEMENS, 1860) (LEPIDOPTERA: HELIOZELIDAE) – THE FIRST RECORD IN ROMANIA THE WALNUT SHIELD BEARER COPTODISCA LUCIFLUELLA (CLEMENS, 1860) (LEPIDOPTERA: HELIOZELIDAE) – THE FIRST RECORD IN ROMANIA THE WALNUT SHIELD BEARER COPTODISCA LUCIFLUELLA (CLEMENS, 1860) (LEPIDOPTERA: HELIOZELIDAE) – THE

" The invasive species Coptodisca lucifluella, also called the walnut shield bearer is recorded for the first time in Romania in this report. It is a leaf miner of North American origin, having been discovered for the first time in Europe (Italy) in 2010. Since then it has been confirmed in other three European countries, Hungary (2017), Ukraine (2019) and Bulgaria (2020), and now in Romania. In its native habitats, the species is known to be specialized on woody plants from the family Juglandaceae, genus Carya, in particular the pecan nut tree, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch. In the newly occupied territories in Europe, the moth was reported mainly on Juglans spp., especially J. regia (L.) (with very few instances on Juglans nigra (L.), Carya spp. and Pterocarya spp.). In August 2022, leaves of common walnut (J. regia) with mines of C. lucifluella were collected in Southern Romania (Bucharest, Ilfov and Giurgiu Counties) and Western Romania (Arad County). The walnuts were in cities, rural areas, alongside roads and walnuts spontaneously grown in vineyards, at altitudes from 60 to 200 m a.s.l."

A comparative study of antimicrobial, anti-quorum sensing, anti-biofilm, anti-swarming, and antioxidant activities in flower extracts of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and chestnut (Castanea sativa).

Antibiotic resistance, which has increased rapidly in recent years because of uncontrolled and unconscious antibiotic consumption, poses a major threat to public health. The inadequacy of existing antibiotics has increased the need for new, effective, and less toxic antibiotic raw materials or antibiotic derivatives. Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) and Chestnut (Castanea sativa) flowers possess abundant pollen contents and exhibit similar morphological features. The purpose of this study was to compare these two flower extracts in terms of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid contents, and phenolic components were also analyzed in aquatic and ethanolic extracts. Antioxidant activities were measured using ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities were compared by means of agar diffusion tests against bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, and Chromobacterium violaceum, and the yeasts Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS), anti-biofilm, and anti-swarming (SW) activities were also studied against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532, Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, respectively. Both extracts were rich in ellagic acid and gallic acid and exhibited similar antioxidant properties. Both flower extracts exhibited high antimicrobial and antifungal activities as well as anti-biofilm, anti-QS, and anti-SW activities.