Peat Soil Samples Research Articles

Removal of Manganese from Aqueous Solution Using Indonesian Peat

Peat can be used as a natural adsorbent due to its humic acid content having various active functional groups such as carboxylates and hydroxyl groups. Peat soil samples obtained from Pelalawan district, Riau province of Indonesia were selected and their adsorption capacities were investigated using Mn(II) solution as a model solution. The raw peat samples were first prepared by drying at 110°C for 12 h. The adsorption experiment was conducted in batch test using Mn(II) solutions for 360 mins at pH of 5.2 as optimum conditions. The peat samples were analyzed using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Surface Area Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy- Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The obtained adsorption data were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherm models. It was found that the adsorption data followed the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficients (R2) ranging between 0.9866-0.9997 and the adsorption capacities were between 11.99-22.94 mg/g.

Soil physicochemical and ethnobiological studies on the peat swamp forests of Southern Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Kadir A, Tanjung RHR, Suharno, Rumahorbo BT, Reza MA. 2020. Soil physicochemical and ethnobiological studies on the peat swamp forests of Southern Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: xxxx. Peatlands play an important role in human life, particularly its direct impact for the locals. People in peatlands depend on the availability of natural resources, including in Papua. The purpose of this research was to determine the important role of peatland areas in the lives of locals in southern Papua. The survey was conducted using the purposive sampling method. Peat soil samples were analyzed at the Balai Penelitian dan Teknologi Pertanian (Agricultural Research and Technology Center) (BPTP) Yogyakarta. The results showed that peatlands in the southern part of Papua, specifically Mappi District, belong to the fibric peats category. Soil analysis results showed that the average pH is 4.04 (acidic), organic C is 16.39% (high), total N is 1.12% (very high), and C/N ratio is 14.69(moderate). In general, the local’s knowledge about peat swamp is still low (26.98%), most of them (73.02%) do not know the existence of peat swamp forest. So far, people only know the forest as swamp forest. The locals still depend on forest areas to fulfill their daily needs, therefore peat areas land-use must be followed by wise management so that they can be made sustainable.

Identification of magnetic mineral forming elements in peatland Alahan Panjang West Sumatra Indonesia, section DD REP B 693 using X-Ray Fluorescence

The elemental composition in peatland samples has been measured using the XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) instrument. Peat soil samples were taken using a peat core near the Lake Diatas Alahan Panjang. After the magnetic suceptibilty of the samples were measured using Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility with MS2C sensor the samples that had the highest value were subsequently selected for analysis of elemental composition. The given results of percentage of major composition, including Si (50,552%), Al (13,545%), Fe (12,23%), S (4,896%) and Mg (4,204%). The most magnetic element forming magnetic element was Fe that formed mineral such on hematite, magnetite, maghemite, ilmenite, greidite or geothite.

Changes in degraded peat land characteristic using FTIR-spectrocopy

Degraded peatlands can be detected laboratory analysis and field appearance. Peatlands degradation is characterized by a very reduced water holding capacity which is caused by peat fire or over drain. The capacity of peat to hold water is closely related to their functional groups. Analysis using Fourier Tansform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrocopy enable to determine the functional groups of peat. The research was aimed to study peatland degradation based on functional group changes through FTIR analysis. The samples of peat soil were taken from burned peatland, agricultural peat land and natural peat in Kalampangan, Central Kalimantan. The hydrophobic properties of the functional group are indicated as lignin, carboxylic or phenolic groups, fat, wax or lipids, while the hydrophilic functional group is indicated as protein and cellulose. Degraded peat have the hydrophobic group of 56.20%, while in natural peatlands was around 29%. Hydrophilic functional group on burned peatlands was 34.5-43%, natural peatland was 60-70% and agricultural peatland was 66%. Functional group analysis using FTIR can be used to detect the level of peatland degradation, through a significant increase in hydrophobic groups

A critical contribution on understanding the mechanism and implication of peat irreversible drying

The term irreversible drying is known as a condition when peat soil material is dry and cannot be re-wet after an intensive drying. This condition is a result of peat soil hydrophobicity that occurs when a contact angle between peat soil particles and water is greater than 90° and is always understood to be associated with water content. However, in South Kalimantan, there was a phenomenon of irreversible drying but soil water content was still around field capacity and there was a visible coating substance on the particle surface. The purposes of this study were 1) to clarify the cause of irreversible drying in this location and 2) to show a possible effect of rock phosphate addition on the hydrophobicity’s disappearance. A hydrophobic peat soil sample was taken from the location that is cultivated for oil palm. Field observation was conducted on the peat soil that had been amended by rock phosphate. The peat soil hydrophobicity was identified by the Water Drop Penetration Time method and the surface coating substance was observed using SEM-EDS. The WDPT result shows that the peat soil was in hydrophobic condition, but the water content was still around field capacity. The results from SEM-EDS indicate that the coating substance was found as sulfate salts. The rock phosphate that had been added in the field shows a positive effect on the disappearance of the peat irreversible drying. However, the mechanism of soil properties change due to rock phosphate cannot be confirmed yet and need further investigation.

Effect of temperature and heating time variation on characteristics of fibrous peat soils

Peat soil is a soil that has a large organic content and high moisture content. During the dry season, on the island of Sumatra, especially South Sumatra, the earth‘s atmospheric temperature has increased, causing frequent cases of forest fires on peatlands. Both those caused by humans and the sun’s heat. Increasing the atmospheric temperature of the earth and fires on peatlands will have an impact on the characteristics of peat soils. To find out the changes in peat soil, in this research using temperature variations (30°C, 50°C, 80°C, 100°C, 120°C, 150°C) and heati ng time variations (6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours and 48 hours). The locations for peat soil sample: KTM Telang Mulya Sari, Dusun I Banyu Urip, and Dusun III Banyu Urip. The optimum value of the remaining water content (ωopt) is 93.65 % of the location of the peat soil KTM Telang Mulya Sari. These results were obtained at a temperature of 30°C and a heating time for 6 hours. Then for testing the unconfined compressive strength for peat soil without heating obtained the most optimum cu value of 0.285 kg/cm2 in the soil of Dusun I Banyu Urip. As for the testing of unconfined compressive strength test with heating, the highest cu value was also found in the peat soil test specimen in Dusun III Banyu Urip which was heated with a temperature of 150°C and a heating time of 48 hours which was equal to 0.93 kg/cm2.

DYNAMICS OF SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY IN LATVIA, 2006-2017

In Latvia, the first commercial highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plantings have been established on a few hectares at the end of the 1990th. Since then, a remarkable growth has noticed and today the total cultivated area reaches 280 hectares. An increasing market demand for fresh and processed berries provides a future upward trend in the development of blueberry crop in Latvia. In general, blueberry is a highly specialized crop that has definite soil agrochemical and climatic requirements. There are two main soil types used for blueberry cultivation in Latvia: well-drained acid sandy soils with high organic matter content and sphagnum peat soils. Evaluation and management of plant mineral nutrition in such diverse soils are based on guidelines for the particular type of growing medium. A long-term study (2006-2017, divided into three periods: 2006-2009, 2010-2013, 2014-2017) was done to find out the nutrient status of blueberry soils in Latvia. In total, 330 mineral and peat soil samples were collected from the upper layer of soils (0 - 20 cm) across blueberry plantations in Latvia and tested on plant available nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B), as well as soil pHKCl and electrical conductivity. In general, more than 50% of blueberry soils had low content of N, S, Mo and B, as well as a high level of Mn over the study period of 2006-2017. Less than 25% of samples in the optimum range indicated on N as the most deficient nutrient.

COMPRESSIBLITY OF PEAT SOIL IMPROVED WITH POLYURETHANE

This research investigated the compressibility of natural peat soil and peat soil improved with polyurethane foam. High natural moisture content, high compressibility, low bearing capacity and medium to low permeability is a problem and characteristic of a peat soil. This problem can be solved by reducing the compressibility of the peat soil. The objective of this study is mainly to prove whether the presence of polyurethane foam as a lightweight material on peat soil can reduce the compressibility of peat soil or otherwise. Fifteen samples of peat soil taken from Johan Setia, Klang were tested using Oedometer test with load is doubled at each increment until it reaches the maximum required load which is 10kPa, 20kPa, 40kPa, 80kPa, 160kPa, 320kPa and 640kPa. Polyurethane foam is a lightweight material, therefore reduces the overburden pressure to the underlying soil, hence future settlement can be minimized to a tolerable settlement value. Based on the data obtained from analysis of Oedometer test, the compressibility parameters including void ratio, compression index and swelling index of the peat soil alone are very high which denoted extremely poor condition of the peat soil. The compressibility parameters improved significantly with the PU foam stabilization as PU act as a void filler for peat soil. A slight increase in the compressibility parameters are recorded with higher ratio of isocyanate. However, the maximum pre-consolidation pressure recorded was with PU ratio of 1:1. Therefore, the optimum ratio for PU peat stabilization is in the ratio of 1:1.

COMPRESSIBLITY OF PEAT SOIL IMPROVED WITH POLYURETHANE

This research investigated the compressibility of natural peat soil and peat soil improved with polyurethane foam. High natural moisture content, high compressibility, low bearing capacity and medium to low permeability is a problem and characteristic of a peat soil. This problem can be solved by reducing the compressibility of the peat soil. The objective of this study is mainly to prove whether the presence of polyurethane foam as a lightweight material on peat soil can reduce the compressibility of peat soil or otherwise. Fifteen samples of peat soil taken from Johan Setia, Klang were tested using Oedometer test with load is doubled at each increment until it reaches the maximum required load which is 10kPa, 20kPa, 40kPa, 80kPa, 160kPa, 320kPa and 640kPa. Polyurethane foam is a lightweight material, therefore reduces the overburden pressure to the underlying soil, hence future settlement can be minimized to a tolerable settlement value. Based on the data obtained from analysis of Oedometer test, the compressibility parameters including void ratio, compression index and swelling index of the peat soil alone are very high which denoted extremely poor condition of the peat soil. The compressibility parameters improved significantly with the PU foam stabilization as PU act as a void filler for peat soil. A slight increase in the compressibility parameters are recorded with higher ratio of isocyanate. However, the maximum pre-consolidation pressure recorded was with PU ratio of 1:1. Therefore, the optimum ratio for PU peat stabilization is in the ratio of 1:1.

Activation of peat soil carbon and production of carbon nanostructures using a flying jet cold plasma torch

Non-thermal plasma, also named cold plasma, finds applications in industrial, environmental and health sectors. Non-thermal plasma is a remarkable catalysing and dissociating agent because the gas occurs at room temperature with energies ranging from 1 to 10 electron volts. Here, we studied the activation of carbon granules from peat soil by a flying jet plasma torch. Samples of peat soil were collected from 50- to 70-cm-deep layer and dried for two nights at 70 °C, then carbonized for 4 h at 800 °C and sieved at 2 mm. The carbon particles were then treated by the jet plasma torch. Surface morphology of the raw and treated granules was monitored by a scan electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and transition electron microscopy (TEM). Results show considerable changes in the surface morphology and chemical composition. Oxygen mass percentage increased, suggesting an increase of carbonyl C=O groups and thus higher polarity and solubility in polar liquids. BET data show an increase in the active surface area from 1069 to 1270 m2/g. TEM images display carbon nanostructures resembling carbon nanotubes. Overall, our findings reveal a cost-effective technique, operated at room temperature, to produce carbon nanoparticles, compared with traditional heating activation processes.

Effect of Biochar on Peat Soil Fertility and NPK Uptake by Corn

This study aimed to investigate the biochar effect on peat soil fertility and uptake of nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium by corn plants. The experiment was conducted at a greenhouse in the Indonesian Swampland Agriculture Research Institute (ISARI), Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, from June to September 2014. The peat soil sample was collected from the village of Kalampangan, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. The treatment consisted of four types of biochar, namely coconut shell, palm midrib, Galam stem ( Melaleuca leucadendron ), rice husk and five rates of biochar i.e. 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 t ha -1 . Biochar was analyzed in total C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, ash content, pH and CEC, also initial soil sample was analyzed pH, EC, organic C, total N, P, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, H, Cu, Zn, and total acidity were measured. The application of biochar changed peat soil properties including pH, available P, exchangeable K, nutrient uptake and the dry weight (i.e root and shoot). The type of biochar significantly affect the exchangeable K in peat soil and nutrient uptake. The highest exchangeable K and NPK uptake by corn showed by the coconut shell biochar at dose 4 t/ha.

Assessment of soil buffer capacity on nutrients and pharmaceuticals in nature-based solution applications.

The ability of a soil to sustain infiltration rates and to attenuate pollutants is critical for the design and operation of Managed Aquifer Recharge/Soil Aquifer Treatment and phyto-treatment schemes, also referred to as "Blue Infrastructures". We investigated the buffering capacity of a sediment sample and a peat soil sample for nutrients and selected pharmaceutical compounds and its evolution under continuous infiltration of secondary treated wastewater (TWW) in column experiments. Samples were obtained from two blue infrastructures, the Sant'Alessio Induced River Bank Filtration plant and the San Niccolò large-scale phyto-treatment plant in Italy, and were mainly different in their organic carbon contents (0.9 and 48%, respectively). In the column experiments, a constant infiltration rate of about 0.5L/d was maintained for 6months. After 4months of operation, diclofenac and carbamazepine were spiked into the TWW to evaluate their fate. Water quality was monitored by periodic water sampling from the column inflow, at sampling ports along the column length, and at the outflow. Hydraulic conductivity (K) was also monitored. The hydraulic conductivity of the Sant'Alessio sediment decreased by a factor of 10 during the first 10days of infiltration and then stabilized, while for the San Niccolò K (initially lower) remained constant for 50days until it decreased following a change of the redox condition in the column. The different redox conditions, due to the two different soils tested, influenced also the concentration and mobility of PO43-, Fe, Mn, and NPOC, and the speciation of the redox sensitive elements (nitrogen and sulfur). NOPC and phosphate were enriched during the filtration through San Niccolò peat soil (from 2 to 4 times, respectively), while they were buffered by the Sant'Alessio sediment (from 0.2 to 0.4 times, respectively). Diclofenac removal (69% and below 20% for San Niccolò and Sant'Alessio, respectively) was related to sorption and degradation processes and it was lower than the removal of carbamazepine in both soils (76 and 35%). The buffer capacity differences between the two soils were higher for diclofenac (62%) than carbamazepine (35%). Nevertheless, since no apparent degradation of carbamazepine was detected in both soils, its persistence in the soil may have a larger impact in case of desorption, posing contamination risk to groundwater. The results highlight the importance of the soils or sediments to be used as medium in such nature-based solutions for their operations. They also offer an approach to, e.g., tailor man-made soil layers in infiltration basins. We strongly suggest that soil characteristics and test duration are carefully considered in designing these infrastructures, when nature-based processes are the choice for dealing with reuse of treated wastewater management issues.

Isolasi dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Aktinomisetes Asal Tanah Gambut Riau

The aims of this study are to isolate actinomycetes from peat soil samples, to determine the ability of actinomycetes to inhibit the growth of Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negativebacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp.). A total of 14 actinomycetes strains were recovered from peat soil samples using pour plate method with Starch Casein Agar. The results showed that 11 isolates were active against B. subtilis, 8 isolates against S. aureus, 8 isolates were active against E. coli and 8 isolates againstPseudomonas sp. Two isolates (SM 1.3 and SM 1.6) were active against all bacterial targets.

Peat soils stabilization using Effective Microorganisms (EM)

Peat soil is known as geotechnical problematic soil since it is the softest soil having highly organic and moisture content which led to high compressibility, low shear strength and long-term settlement. The aim of this study was to obtain the stabilized peat soils using the Effective Microorganisms (EM). The volume of EM added and mixed with peat soils varied with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% and then were cured for 7, 14 and 21 days. The experiment was done for uncontrolled and controlled moisture content. Prior conducting the main experiments, the physical properties such as moisture content, liquid limit, specific gravity, and plastic limit etc. were measure for raw peat samples. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test was performed followed by regression analysis to check the effect of EM on the soil strength. Obtained results have shown that the mix design for controlled moisture contents showed the promising improvement in their compressive strength. The peat soil samples with 10% of EM shows the highest increment in UCS value and the percentage of increments are in the range of 44% to 65% after curing for 21 days. The regression analysis of the EM with the soil compressive strength showed that in controlled moisture conditions, EM significantly improved the soil stability as the value of R2 ranged between 0.97 – 0.78. The results have indicated that the addition of EM in peat soils provides significant improving in the strength of the soil as well as the other engineering properties.

Characterisation of the humification degree of peat soil under sago cultivation by using FTIR and C/N ratio

Sago palm are among the intensively cultivated crops on peatlands in Sarawak. However, a number of problems in large scale sago cultivation have been highlighted. One of the problems is the trunking ability of sago palm. The study attempted to examine the correlation between peat soil characteristics in term of molecular structure and the growth performance of sago palm. For this purpose, peat soil samples from Sg Talau plantation in Mukah Sarawak were studied. Functional group of the peat samples and their relations with the sago growth were studied. FTIR was used to identify the four main molecular structures that involve in humification of peat soil which are alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid and polysaccharides. Elemental analysis was determine by calculate C/N ratio and found correlated with the peat maturity. Humification index was calculated by using the ratio of main functional group to polysaccharide.

Peat Soil Stabilization using Lime and Cement

This paper presents a study of the comparison between two additive Lime and Cement for treating peat soil in term of stabilization. Peat and organic soils are commonly known for their high compressibility, extremely soft, and low strength. The aim of this paper is to determine the drained shear strength of treated peat soil from Perlis for comparison purposes. Direct Shear Box Test was conducted to obtain the shear strength for all the disturbed peat soil samples. The quick lime and cement was mixed with peat soil in proportions of 10% and 20% of the dry weight peat soil. The experiment results showed that the addition of additives had improved the strength characteristics of peat soil by 14% increment in shear strength. In addition, the mixture of lime with peat soil yield higher result in shear strength compared to cement by 14.07% and 13.5% respectively. These findings indicate that the lime and cement is a good stabilizer for peat soil, which often experienced high amount of moisture content.

LIMPA MICROANATOMY WHITE RATS (Rattus novergicus L.) AFTER GIVING HUMIC ACID FROM PEAT SOIL KALIMANTAN

Peat soil is organic soil types that has various biological potential to be developed. Humic acid compounds in the peat soil have a variety of potential biological one as immunostimulant. The aimed of this study to determine the effect of humic acid extracted from peat soil spleen histology Kalimantan against white male rats (Rattus novergicus L.) strain Wistar. Peat soil samples were taken in Pontianak on sapris maturity level. Humic acid is separated from other humic substances using IHSS methode. This research was done by completely randomized design with 4 treatments ie positive control (isoprinosin 380,3 mg/kg), humic acid 125; 250; 500 mg / kg body weight. Humic acid was administrated by oral gavage for 10 days. After 10 days, spleen organ was taken to preparat by paraffin methode and hematoxilin-eosin staining. Humic acid administration of 125 mg/kg showed a larger diameter than the white pulp isoprinosin control. However, humic acid administration of 500 mg/kg caused the excess stimulation of white pulp of the spleen congestion symptoms characterized by disarrangenment of lymphocytes cluster. There are no significant different of spleen weight between all treatments

The Effect of Paraquat, Difenoconazole, and Butylphenyl Methylcarbamate (BPMC) on CO2 Emissions and Phenolic Acids in Peat Soil

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, including on peat soil. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the application of paraquat, difenoconazole, and butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC) on CO2 emissions and concentrations of phenolic acids in a peat soil. Peat soil sample was taken in District of Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan. The peat soil was applied with 1.89 mg kg-1 paraquat, 1.72 mg kg-1 difenoconazole and 1.65 mg kg-1 butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC), then the soil was incubated for 1, 2, 4 , 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 26 and 30 days. The results showed that the application of pesticides on peat soil increased CO2emission, and decreased CH4 emission and phenolic acid concentrations up to 30 days of incubation. The CO2 emmisions were derived from C of degraded pesticides and from C of phenolic acids, although the oxidation reaction was not accompanied by the change of soil pH. Keyword: CO2 emission, phenolic acids, butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC), difenoconazole, paraquat, peat soil

Complexity Analysis of Peat Soil Density Distribution

The distributions of peat soil density have been identified using fractal analysis method. The study was conducted on 5 peat soil samples taken from a ground field in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, at the coordinates (0 ° 4 '2:27 "S, 109 ° 18' 48.59" E). In this study, we used micro computerized tomography (pCT Scanner) at 9.41 micro meter per pixel resolution under peat soil samples to provide 2-D high-resolution images L1-L5 (200 200 pixels) that were used to detect the distribution of peat soil density. The method for determining the fractal dimension and intercept was the 2-D Fourier analysis method. The method was used to obtain the log log-plot of magnitude with frequency. Fractal dimension was obtained from the straight regression line that interpolated the points in the interval with the largest coefficient determination. Intercept defined by the point of intersection on the -axis. The conclusion was that the distributions of peat soil density showing the fractal behaviour with the heterogeneity of the samples from the highest to the lowest were L5, L1, L4, L3 and L2. Meanwhile, the range of density values of the samples from the highest to the lowest was L3, L2, L4, L5 and L1. The study also concluded that the behaviour of the distribution of peat soil density was a weakly anisotropic.

Characterization of Soil Organic Matter in Peat Soil with Different Humification Levels using FTIR

Peat soil is defined as an accumulation of the debris and vegetative under the water logging condition. Soil organic matter of peat soil was affected by the environmental, weather, types of vegetative. Peat soil was normally classified based on its level of humification. Humification can be defined as the transformation of numerous group of substances (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) and individual molecules present in living organic matter into group of substances with similar properties (humic substances). During the peat transformation process, content of soil organic matter also will change. Hence, that is important to determine out the types of the organic compound. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) is a machine which is used to differential soil organic matter by using infrared. Infrared is a types of low energy which can determine the organic minerals. Hence, FTIR can be suitable as an indicator on its level of humification. The main objective of this study is to identify an optimized method to characterization of the soil organic content in different level of humification. The case study areas which had been chosen for this study are Parit Sulong, Batu Pahat and UCTS, Sibu. Peat soil samples were taken by every 0.5 m depth until it reached the clay layer. However, the soil organic matter in different humification levels is not significant. FTIR is an indicator which is used to determine the types of soil, but it is unable to differentiate the soil organic matter in peat soil FTIR can determine different types of the soil based on different wave length. Generally, soil organic matter was found that it is not significant to the level of humification.