Peasant Settlers Research Articles

ВАРИАТИВНОСТЬ АДАПТАЦИИ ПРАКТИК ЖИЗНЕОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ В ЭТНОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ПАМЯТИ ПОТОМКОВ УКРАИНСКИХ КРЕСТЬЯН-ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЕВ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА ХХ вв. (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЮГА ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ И ПРИМОРЬЯ)

Using the case of Odessky district of Omsk Oblast and Khorolsky District of Primorsky Krai, the article examines the features of adaptation of traditional subsistence and economic activity practices, reflected in the ethnocultural memory of the descendants of the Ukrainian peasant settlers of the late of XIXth and early XXth centuries. The author concludes that the variability of adaptation processes among the studied groups of settlers was mainly determined by the features of natural and climate conditions, as well as the availability of local natural resources that were important in the traditional subsistence system.

Православное храмостроительство на территории современной Литвы в начале ХХ в.

The publication is devoted to a previously unexplored topic - the late Orthodox church building on the territory of modern Lithuania. It is based on unpublished materials from the Lithuanian State Historical Archives, as well as the Russian State Military Historical Archive, Kaunas Regional State Archives and local periodicals. The article contains a significant number of new attributions, the vast majority of churches and the names of architects were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The biographies of the largest builders of Lithuanian churches in the early 20th century are given – Diocesan architects M.M. Prozorov and A.A.Shpakovsky, the names of other architects of the Vilna diocese are established. The mechanisms of financing the construction of churches, mainly state-owned, with the support of the Peasant Land Bank, the composition of parishioners - in rural areas - Orthodox peasant settlers, in cities - Russian officials, military men, merchants, are considered. The special importance of resettlement (on the lands confiscated from Catholics), military, and station churches is considered. The style of temple building within Lithuania corresponded to the general imperial one: the dominance of the Russian style (Thon, Moscow-Yaroslavl, neo-Russian) and the presence of the Byzantine style. The long-term use of the style of K.A. Thones, the lack of local funds for construction, the proximity of the prerequisites for the construction of churches and their style in Lithuania and Belarus, and the difference from the situation in the territory of modern Latvia (except Latgale) and Estonia.

On the Universal Access to the Primary School Education in the Orenburg Region at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on the Materials of the Turgay Region)

For the first time in historiography the article analyzes the experience of universal access to elementary school education for children from 8 to 11 years old in the Turgay region of the Orenburg governorship on the basis of records of the Turgay regional school inspector, the trustee of the Orenburg school district, the Turgay regional government, found in the Russian State Historical Archive. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct this process, its results and regional characteristics. It was determined that the reform was carried out in line with all-Russian trends. At the same time, a number of peculiarities of the region were taken into account: its multi-ethnicity and multi-confessional character, high rates of peasant migration, and lack of local self-government bodies. Therefore, the construction and maintenance of primary schools in Turgay region was carried out at the expense of the state. The author concludes that the administration of the Orenburg school district failed to implement the idea of universal primary school education. The reason was insufficient funding for school construction, the dispersed settlement of peasant settlers in the region, the mismatch rate of peasant migration to the pace of school construction, etc. At the same time the reform had a positive value, as it provided the integration of the regional education system into the imperial educational space. The article is intended for specialists in the history of social policy of the Russian Empire.

Colonization of the northern outskirts of the Tarsky district in the pre-Soviet period: historical and ethnocultural aspects

The study deals with the history of the colonization of the northern part of the Tarsky okrug (district) in the late 17th — early 20th centuries (Western Siberia, Russia). This taiga territory, which included the upper reaches of the Demyanka River, featured an abundance of hunting resources, but it was located significantly far from the administrative center of the district and was surrounded by barely-passable swamps. The objectives of the re-search include determination of the chronological features of the colonization with an emphasis on the ethnic and cultural aspects of the process. The paper is based on diverse sources: cartographic materials, 18th–20th century publications, archival records, and the field historical and ethnographic data. The study is based upon the theo-retical framework by A.V. Golovnev concerning the concepts of “colonization” and “anthropology of movement”. It has been ascertained that the administrative borders in the area of the Demyanka River were originally deter-mined along the boundaries of the areas of activity of the ethnic groups assigned to different districts of the To-bolsk gubernia. Three stages were revealed in the history of colonization of the northern part of the Tarsky okrug, within each of which the area was perceived from the administrative center in a special way, and the policy to-wards it differed significantly. In the 17th–18th centuries, the state control was limited to the collection of the yasak from the Tatar hunters who seasonally visited the Demyanka territory. Later on, up until the 1880s, only unregis-tered groups of nomadic Khanty and Evenks were staying in the territory, with whom some officials and other district dwellers had maintained unofficial socio-economic contacts. In the 1890s–1910s, after the arrival of a large number of peasant settlers in the okrug, the authorities conducted the first economic and geographical sur-vey of the territory for the prospect of its agricultural exploitation, while the local Russian old-settlers and a small part of the migrants established intensive tradable hunting in the Demyanka territory, developing a network of routes through the swamps.

Forest as ‘nature’ or forest as territory? Knowledge, power, and climate change conservation in the Peruvian Amazon

ABSTRACT This paper examines the implications of climate crisis governance for rural communities in the Amazon of Peru. It draws the attention to the shared political economy behind the resistance of diverse rural populations particularly, Indigenous and Colono communities. Based on an analysis of two local conservation interventions in the region of San Martín—one involving indigenous communities and the other peasant settlers—this study argues that narrow authorized knowledge obscures the wider historical and agrarian macro context of uneven institutional and ecological arrangements that lead to the reproduction of injustices related to the land, the underlying causes of deforestation, and the authoritarian relationships of these local communities with the state.

Socio-economic and political aspects of the state of the Siberian region in the 1880s. in the publications of D. A. Klements in the Siberian Newspaper

The article deals with the problem of the activities of the representative of revolutionary populism D. A. Klements as a publicist during his stay in Siberian exile. From 1884 to 1888 he was an employee of the Siberian Newspaper, published in the city of Tomsk. Klements wrote scientific articles on archeology, reviews of scientific papers, editorials, feuilletons that touched on all the most pressing issues of Siberian life. They touched upon the problems of the situation of the peasant settlers, local self-government, the implementation of zemstvo and judicial reforms in Siberia, the development of education, including the opening of the Siberian University, the situation of workers in the gold industry, the construction of the Siberian railway, the situation of foreigners. Klementz advocated an end to political exile in Siberia. At the same time, Dmitry Alexandrovich not only voiced acute issues, but also proposed specific measures to address them.

История нотариального дела на территории Тувы: от нойонов и старших выборных до Первой Кызылской нотариальной конторы (1914–1940-е гг.)

Introduction. The article provides a historical review of how notarial system of the Tyva Republic — an eastern region of Russia — was taking its shape. The research interest towards the territory is determined by specific development features characteristic of public and state institutions in Tuva. Goals. The article aims to identify facts of historical experience in functioning of notaries in the territory of the republic from 1914 to the 1940s. Materials and methods. The study primarily explores documents from the National Archive of the Tyva Republic, such as official papers of the Department of the Commissioner for Uryankhai Krai and the Resettlement Agency, local khoshuu and sum administrations, and the Notarial Chamber of the Tyva Republic. Comprehensive analysis of normative regulations for notarial system issued after 1946 makes it possible to assert its complete existence in the mid-to-late 1940s. Results. The Russian Protectorate of 1914–1917 did not introduce the Notarial Regulations (1866) in the Uryankhai region due to national and geopolitical characteristics of the territory. In fact, notarial functions were performed by representatives of local ethnic elites (noyons), senior electives of Russian settlements, officials of the Resettlement Agency and the Department of the Commissioner for Uryankhai Krai. At that time, the indigenous population and peasant settlers had no shared understanding of private property, which caused many disputes resolved by local Russian officials. So, the period of the Tuvan People’s Republic (1921 to 1944) witnessed no shaping of notarial system. In a figurative sense, ‘notarial affairs’ were entrusted to local khoshuu and sum administrations (like village Soviets, notarial tables in district or city executive committees). The revealed documents, including the ‘Book of Orders for Kyzyl Notarial Office of Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, 1950 to 1958’ make it possible to precisely identify the earliest working day of the First Notarial Office of Kyzyl — February 1, 1945. Analysis of normative regulations for notarial system in Tuva presumes that general features of its functioning were formed along with other regions of Soviet Russia.

Алтайская этничность, сибирское областничество и становление советской Ойротской автономии

This paper analyzes the emergence of ethnicity and nationalism among the indigenous people of the Altai Mountains in the late imperial and the early Soviet period. It is argued that the emergence of ethnic self-awareness of Altai people and the growth of nationalism among them originated from the following sources. First, it was the activities of Siberian regionalists (oblastniki) who heavily contributed to the formation of the indigenous Altai intelligentsia; the latter became the spearhead of the ethnic awareness among the Alta­ians. The second factor was the prophetic movement White Faith (Burkhanism), which arose among the native grassroots in response to the civilizational challenge – the ad­vance of non-indigenous peasant settlers onto the Altaian lands in the late imperial pe­riod. Third, the disintegration and eventual collapse of the Russian empire in 1917 along with the emergence of the Soviet state, whose nationalities policy was based on the prin­ciple of a national-territorial autonomy, created a fertile ground for various utopian projects that focused on the creation of supranational “Oirot” autonomy that was ex­pected to match the borders of historical Dzungaria. The Bolshevik authorities eventually rejected that project, limiting the newly created Oirot Autonomous Province (1922) by the borders of the Mountain Altai.

The Evolution of Ethnic Tradition Transfer among Belorussian Peasant Settlers in Siberia and Russia’s Far East from 1850 to the Present

This article examines how the transfer of ethnic traditions among Belorussian peasant settlers in Asian Russia to their descendants has evolved since 1850. Based on field data collected from different generations of Belorussian settlers born during the 20th century, the study indicates that the mechanism of this transfer went through three very distinct phases. From the second half of the 19th century until the 1920s, the children of Belorussian settlers adopted the ethnic identity and traditions of their parents, much like their forefathers back home. During the Soviet era, i.e., from the early 1920s until the late 1980s, the state sought to replace Belorussian customs and conventions among the settlers children with its own homogenous, socialist modernity. After the USSRs collapse in 1991, the growing influence of mass media and more contemporary socio-cultural processes began to influence how ethnic traditions were transferred to the young. All three periods left their imprint on the outlook of the descendants of Belorussian settlers today. This is largely the result of the fact that practical knowledge and skills change more rapidly than deeper values and beliefs.

‘They do not help, only demoralize’: peasant nachalniks and the last imperial Russian reform on the Kazakh Steppe, 1902–1917

ABSTRACT This article studies an early-twentieth-century reform in local administration on the Kazakh Steppe. It was catalyzed by the massive in-migration of peasant settlers from European Russia, which required fundamentally new administrative forms and institutional decisions from the state. In 1902 the Russian Empire extended the Temporary Regulation on Peasant Nachalniks, which was previously law only in Siberia, to the steppe oblasts of Akmola, Turgai, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk. In examining discussions surrounding the implementation of the new law, this article uncovers the complexity and ambiguities of the decisions that were made, the problems the new law faced, and the wide array of participants in enacting it. The article also compiles a socio-cultural portrait of the peasant nachalniks and the activities they undertook. Finally, it addresses how the Kazakh population perceived these new officials, and how they interacted with representatives of the Kazakh administration, which was crucial to their effectiveness.

Православие в повседневной жизни сибирских крестьян-переселенцев в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ веков

Православие в повседневной жизни сибирских крестьян-переселенцев в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ веков

"The Case of the Loss of the Russian Peasant Settlers in the Steppe Region of Religious and Moral and National Character": the Position of the Russian Orthodox Church (end of XIX – beginning of XX centuries)

"The Case of the Loss of the Russian Peasant Settlers in the Steppe Region of Religious and Moral and National Character": the Position of the Russian Orthodox Church (end of XIX – beginning of XX centuries)

Пищевой рацион крестьян-переселенцев в Западной Сибири (конец XIX – начало XX вв.)

Пищевой рацион крестьян-переселенцев в Западной Сибири (конец XIX – начало XX вв.)

Escaping in Twentieth-Century Russia

This article considers the escapees who populated Russia’s twentieth century in astonishingly large numbers. By escapees, the authors mean not only those who had been incarcerated, exiled, and deported, but also others who ignored or willfully violated regulations limiting movement – peasant settlers moving “irregularly” to scarcely-populated or recently depopulated areas; seasonal workers making independent employment arrangements; migrants to the city without the proper papers but desperate to access resources unavailable in the countryside; officials keen to avoid inferior assignments; refugees and evacuees deviating from assigned destinations. These evasive practices are characterized as migrant repertoires, that is, the relationships and networks of contact marked by geographic origin, gender, kinship, friendship, and professional identity that permitted them to adapt to or evade particular migration regimes. State-organized regimes of migration set the terms and resources of movement for all sorts of migrants, from settlers to deportees. The range of migrants surveyed confirms the ambition of Imperial and especially Soviet authorities to manage their peoples, but also the limited capacity of these states to do so. Thus the article suggests that the assumption of people’s powerlessness in the face of overwhelming state power should be reconsidered.

Особенности земледелия русских переселенцев в Туву в начале ХХ века

Статья посвящена проблемам и особенностям становления земледелия в Туве русскими крестьянами, которые не просто принялись массово переселяться в регион с конца XIX века и стали осваивать территорию, но и привнесли сюда новую хозяйственную культуру.В исторической литературе встречаются утверждения, что в Туву переселялись преимущественно зажиточные крестьяне — кулаки. Однако работы исследователей-историков, а также архивные документы, полевые материалы историков и этнографов и воспоминания старожилов не подтверждают этого. В основном это были бедные крестьяне, которые могли стать зажиточными. Обосновавшись на постоянное жительство в Туве, русские земледельцы оказались в стране, где коренное население вело совершенно иной образ жизни — кочевой — и земледелием почти не занималось. Поэтому происходила встреча двух совершенно разных типов хозяйствования и землепользования. Выявилась культурно-хозяйственная разнонаправленность: природосберегающая этика коренного кочевого населения и природопользовательская, природопреобразующая деятельность крестьян-земледельцев. Два образа жизни были настолько разными, что говорить о тесных экономических контактах и культурном взаимодействии в начале совместного проживания русских крестьян и тувинцев едва ли возможно. Какое-то время, это больше напоминало существование двух параллельных миров.Русским переселенцам в Туве удалось оптимизировать свои трудовые навыки, успешно адаптироваться. В хозяйственный оборот их усилиями были введены тысячи десятин земли. В Туве появились новые, ранее неизвестные здесь сельскохозяйственные орудия труда: плуг, борона, жатки, веялки и т. д., которые постепенно начали использоваться и тувинским населением. Была создана новая, несколько отличающаяся от прежних мест проживания система хозяйствования, которая оказалась адекватной местным природно-климатическим условиям.В целом русская аграрная колонизация не обостряла земельный вопрос в Туве, так как для переселенцев и коренного населения были характерны разные хозяйственные стратегии, и пришлое население постепенно приспособило свою хозяйственную деятельность к этим различиям.В качестве источников автор использовал воспоминания русских старожилов Тувы, в разное время собранные и опубликованные материалы о жизни русских в Туве, а также материалы материалы архивных документов (Государственного архива Республики Тыва, Государственного архива Красноярского края, Научного архива Тувинского института гуманитарных исследований), работы путешественников конца XIX — начала ХХ в.

Paradise or Just a Little Bit Better? Siberian Settlement “Fever” in Late Imperial Russia

Why did the lands east of the Urals–long associated by Russians with the hard labor of convicts, fearsome nomads, and an unbearable climate–attract so many Russian peasant settlers at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Historians usually cite a combination of push‐pull factors. They represent migration as a consequence of stagnation in the agrarian economy (push) and state policies promoting migration (pull), rather than interpreting migration as a dynamic element that contributed to these factors. These explanations therefore suffer from being tautological. They are at best incomplete and at worst distort the culture and agency of the migrants themselves. In seeking to comprehend the motivations of the millions of peasants who migrated to Siberia, we confront, much like contemporary observers, an epistemological question: how to know for sure what millions of mostly illiterate people were thinking when, after all, their subaltern position encouraged them to obfuscate, prevaricate, and produce “hidden transcripts?” In this article I argue that “settlement fever” (pereselencheskaia goriachka), a metaphor employed by A. A. Kaufman, Imperial Russia’s leading expert on peasant migration to Siberia, best expresses the diffusion of knowledge about and enthusiasm for resettlement to that part of the empire. In supporting this argument, I draw on the research and insights of Jose Moya concerning analogous “fevers” that impelled more or less simultaneous trans‐Atlantic migrations. I then analyze the Siberian settlement fever’s epistolary and other microbial elements, and conclude by constructing a fever chart for the early Soviet years. This endorsement of Kaufman’s fever metaphor is meant to emphasize an essential element of the migratory process, namely, its communicability. Moya relied on diffusion theory to understand how, like germs, information spread “microsocially,” encompassing ever‐widening “sociogeographic spaces.” He discovered that such factors as proximity to ports and socio‐economic condition paled in significance compared to kinship, friendship, and other microsocial networks. This, I suggest, is how to explain the predominance of “irregular” (samovol’noe) resettlement: peasants went according to their own timetables and scouts. The state adjusted to them, rather than the other way around. Rumor and letters from relatives already settled also played a role. Migration fever abated during World War I and the revolution when it was overtaken by other fevers–self‐demobilization, seizures of landlords’ property, and push‐back from rebellious Kazakhs. It returned though in the 1920s, presumably spreading by the same means as before.

ANALYSIS OF THE COMPARISON OF INDIGENOUS FARMERS AND NON- INDIGENOUS RICE FARMERS INCOME (ORIZA SATIVA) AT THE VILLAGE KESIO LALOLAE DISTRICT OF KOLAKA

Analysis of comparison of indigenous farmers and non-indigenous rice farmers income on paddy rice farming at the village Kesio Lalolae district of Kolaka. This study aims to determine the comparative income immigrants with indigenous peasant farmers in lowland rice farming, to determine the feasibility of paddy rice farming obtained Kesio farmer in the village, District Lalolae, in Kolaka. The research was conducted for approximately two months ie from January to March 2016. The results of this study Showed that the average production per hectare peasant settlers in the village Kesio, District Lalolae in Kolaka can increase of farmers' income every harvest season a production of 1,710 kg / ha with a selling price of Rp. 2,250 / Kg can generate revenue of Rp. 3,884,833, while the indigenous peasant production Reached 1,258 / ha at a price of Rp.2.250. then Rp.2.767.666 income, the value of R / C Ratio is at 2.7 indicate that paddy rice farming in the village Kesio, in Kolaka District Lalolae financially very viable farmers, Obtained t count = 2,003 and t the table was = 2.0336, meaning there is no real difference between revenues entrants indigenous peasant farmers in rice farming on Kesio Village, subdistrict Lalolae in Kolaka.

IDENTIDADES DOS CAMPONESES ASSENTADOS NO TERRITÓRIO CANTUQUIRIGUAÇU, PARANÁ-BRASIL

In this article we discuss the relationship between the identity of the peasant settlers and the types of rural settlements of the Territory Cantuquiriguacu in the state of Parana. The Cantuquiriguacu has 3 of the 20 types of settlements that exist in Brazil, namely: Colonization Projects (PC - Projeto de Colonizacao), Federal Settlement Projects (PA - Projeto de Assentamento Federal) and Dam Displacement Resettlement Projects (PRB - Projeto de Reassentamento de Atingidos por Barragens). We show how this relationship contributes to that nowadays the Brazilian agrarian reform is characterized by diversity of peasants and territories.

War and the Economy in the Reign of Vasilii II

This article examines some of the economic dimensions of war in the reign of Vasilii II and argues that Rus’, much like England during the Wars of the Roses, suffered economic stagnation and perhaps even a depression. The combination of war, plague, and famine in Rus’ resulted in a decline in population and strained economic resources evidenced by abandoned agrarian lands, the burden of the Mongol tribute and princely debts, debased silver coinage, and the cessation of urban expansion, Moscow being the major exception. Moscow, like London, prospered, but most of England and northeastern Rus’ did not. Pillage, ransom, and territorial aggrandizement were some of the means Moscow employed to augment its acquisition of silver beyond that supplied by the fur trade. Immunity charters were offered to retain and to attract peasant settlers in an effort to stabilize agriculture and with it a taxable population. The relative prosperity of the eras of Ivan III and Vasilii III should not obscure the economic contraction that occurred in the late fourteenth and first half of the fifteenth centuries.

Peasant Settlers and the ‘Civilising Mission’ in Russian Turkestan, 1865–1917

This article provides an introduction to one of the lesser-known examples of European settler colonialism, the settlement of European (mainly Russian and Ukrainian) peasants in Southern Central Asia (Turkestan) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It establishes the legal background and demographic impact of peasant settlement, and the role played by the state in organising and encouraging it. It explores official attitudes towards the settlers (which were often very negative), and their relations with the local Kazakh and Kyrgyz population. The article adopts a comparative framework, looking at Turkestan alongside Algeria and Southern Africa, and seeking to establish whether paradigms developed in the study of other settler societies (such as the ‘poor white’) are of any relevance in understanding Slavic peasant settlement in Turkestan. It concludes that there are many close parallels with European settlement in other regions with large indigenous populations, but that racial ideology played a much less important role in the Russian case compared to religious divisions and fears of cultural backsliding. This did not prevent relations between settlers and the ‘native’ population deteriorating markedly in the years before the First World War, resulting in large-scale rebellion in 1916.