Pearson Chi-square Research Articles

Risky Weapon Carrying Behaviors, Youth Violence, and Substance Use Among Young Black Males in Chicago: A Cross-sectional Analysis.

. The study evaluates the prevalence of risky weapon-carrying behaviors (WCB) among YBM in Chicago and examines their associations with various forms of direct and vicarious violence-youth violence, community violence, and partner abuse-as well as substance use and substance-related aggression. . We performed Pearson Chi-square tests and multivariable negative binomial regression analysis on cross-sectional data from 266 violence-involved young Black males (YBM) in Chicago. This data was collected using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Our dependent variable, weapon-carrying behavior, was measured by the frequency of weapon carrying, including items such as guns, knives, and clubs, over the past year. . In a sample of 266 YBM (ages 15-24, 99% African American), the mean age was 18.32 ±3.10 years, and 42.7% had some high school education. The 30-day weapon-carrying incidence was 17.3%, with 19.1% threatening someone with a weapon ≥ 2-3 times in the past year. About one-third engaged in partner violence (30.4%), primarily psychological (36.7%) and physical (28.3%) abuse. Approximately 64.8% experienced some form of violence or aggression in the past year, and 76.4% witnessed community violence. Over 20.8% reported binge drinking, and 43.6% engaged in illicit drug use, with 37.2% participating in or initiating violent acts following alcohol or drug consumption. Negative binomial regression results revealed that exposure to direct and vicarious violence, along with substance use, significantly increased the likelihood of carrying weapons. Specific risk factors such as recent threats or injuries, witnessing violence, involvement in physical altercations, and substance-related aggression significantly predict WCB. Age and relationship dynamics also critically influence these behaviors. Additionally, for each year of age, the risk for WCB increased by 22%. This study identified significant associations between different types of violence, substance use, and risky WCB among YBM in Chicago. The results underscore the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive, multifaceted interventions addressing both individual and psychosocial factors behind risky WCB. These interventions are crucial for reducing gun violence and improving urban community safety, offering vital data to inform policies and interventions for youth protection in similar environments.

Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness of Ultrasonic Bone Surgery Among Periodontology and Oral Surgery Postgraduate Students in Maharashtra.

Introduction Ultrasonic bone surgery, or piezosurgery, is a novel technique utilizing ultrasonic vibrations to cut bone while minimizing damage to adjacent soft tissues. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of ultrasonic bone surgery among periodontology and oral surgery postgraduate students in Maharashtra, India. Methods A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 180 postgraduate students (84 in periodontology and 96 in oral surgery). A Google Form questionnaire (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, United States) with 15 close-ended questions was distributed via email. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) employing frequency percentages and Pearson Chi-square tests for intergroup comparisons. Results Of the participants, 80 (95.3%) of periodontology and 91 (94.7%) of oral surgery postgraduates were aware of ultrasonic bone surgery. Significant differences were found in the knowledge of critical bone damage temperature (p=0.009) and postoperative complications (p=0.037), with periodontology postgraduates showing higher awareness. Both groups recognized ultrasonic bone surgery's precision, safety, and reduced trauma advantages. Overall knowledge and awareness were higher among periodontology postgraduates (n=84, 87.5%) than oral surgery postgraduates (n=96, 78.3%). Conclusion Both groups demonstrated a good understanding of ultrasonic bone surgery, with periodontology postgraduates showing notably higher awareness. These findings underscore the importance of integrating ultrasonic bone surgical techniques into dental education to enhance patient care and keep pace with technological advancements. Further studies with larger sample sizes across India are recommended.

Comprehensive Clinical Profile and Hemodialysis Outcomes in Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to serious conditions such as anemia and cardiovascular disease, posing a growing global health challenge. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) requires treatments such as dialysis or kidney transplantation. Despite the widespread impact and rising prevalence of CKD and ESRD, comprehensive data remains limited in India. This study seeks to investigate the clinical, socio-demographic, and etiological profiles of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at a tertiary care hospital, with the goal of enhancing understanding and improving patient care. Methodology This retrospective cohort study, conducted at a tertiary care center, included 500 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, with comprehensive medical records. Data collected covered demographics (age, sex, education, and occupation), CKD etiology, disease duration, hemodialysis duration, viral marker status, blood transfusions, and vascular access details. With continuous variables reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as counts (percentages), statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). The connections were examined using the Pearson Chi-square test, with P≤0.05 being deemed significant. Results The study revealed that hypertension was the primary cause of CKD in 58% of patients, followed by diabetes mellitus in 13%. A significant 93% of patients tested negative for viral markers such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Hemodialysis duration varied, with 68% of patients undergoing dialysis for one to five years. Most patients had two (40%) or three (58%) dialysis sessions per week, and 84% had only one arteriovenous (AV) fistula surgery. Blood transfusions were common, with 62% of patients receiving between one and five transfusions. The gender distribution showed more males (372) than females (201), and the majority of patients were aged between 41 and 60 years. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of early detection and management of CKD, emphasizing preventive health measures, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and sufficient resource allocation to reduce the disease burden. It also calls for further research into unknown CKD causes and strategies to improve patient care and outcomes.

Association between mental health and temporomandibular disorders symptoms of users of a Family health unit in the contexto of Covid-19

The research consisted of carrying out a descriptive cross-sectional study with the aim of evaluating the correlation between mental health and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The study was carried out in a unit of the SUS primary care network. The research involved users of a Family Health Unit, Tangará II and a sample population of 223 patients. Data collection was carried out by applying questionnaires representing demographic data, the anamnestic – anamnestic index, and the DASS-21. The data were transcribed into spreadsheets using the Microsoft® Excel program and statistical analyzes were carried out using the SPSS 22.0 program. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Qualitative variables were presented in simple and relative frequencies. To verify associations between variables, non-parametric tests were performed: Pearson's Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation test for the significance level p < 0.05. The results demonstrated alignment with results already obtained in the literature. It concluded that healthcare professionals dealing with patients with TMD should integrate regular assessments of anxiety and stress into their treatment plans.

Variation in surgical treatment by body mass index in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast.

Patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) face high rates of positive margins and completion mastectomy, which can be improved with the use of specific techniques, such as oncoplastic surgery. However, prior studies have shown that type of breast cancer surgery performed is also associated with patient factors such as elevated body mass index (BMI). Thus, this study investigates whether BMI impacts the type of surgical interventions in patients with ILC. A retrospective analysis of 705 patients with stage I-III ILC from an institutional database was conducted. Patients were stratified by BMI (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese). Pearson's Chi-square, ANOVA, and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship between BMI and surgical procedures. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was the initial operation in 60% of patients, with no significant difference by BMI. Among those undergoing BCS, patients with obese BMI were significantly more likely to undergo oncoplastic surgery (46.9% vs. 7.7%, 37.3%, and 33.6% for underweight, normal, and overweight, respectively, p = 0.032). Obese BMI patients undergoing mastectomy were less likely to have reconstruction compared to those with underweight, normal weight, and overweight BMI (44.2% vs. 50%, 71.1%, and 64.1%, p = 0.002). Overweight/obese BMI patients with ILC underwent different surgical interventions compared to those with lower BMI. While initial BCS rates were similar, overweight/obese patients had higher oncoplastic surgery rates in BCS and lower reconstruction rates in mastectomy. Further research is needed to understand BMI's impact on surgical decisions and outcomes in ILC.

Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perception of Dento-Facial Asymmetry.

Background and Objectives: Facial symmetry is a key component of facial beauty and attractiveness. However, perfect symmetry is rare, and slight asymmetries, also known as natural asymmetries, are common and contribute to the uniqueness of each face. The perception of facial asymmetry varies among individuals and can be influenced by several factors. This study aimed to investigate the self-perception of dento-facial asymmetry among a sample of Romanian individuals, focusing on their awareness, the extent to which it bothers them, and their desire for correction. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with 283 participants from Romania between January and February 2024. Participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess their self-perception of facial asymmetry and socio-demographic characteristics. The questionnaire included 10 questions on self-perception of facial asymmetry and 8 questions on socio-demographic data. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, and the Pearson Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. Results: The sample was predominantly female (75.3%) with an average age of 32.24 years. Most participants were from urban areas (80.6%) and had university degrees (58.7%). About 28.7% of participants observed facial asymmetry, with dental asymmetry being the most frequently reported, followed by asymmetries in the eyebrows and eyelids. The right side of the face was more commonly perceived as asymmetric. Although 24.4% of participants were bothered by their asymmetry, 39.2% expressed a desire to correct it. Conclusions: One-third of participants identified dento-facial asymmetry, with the dental level being the most reported. A significant portion of participants expressed a desire to correct their asymmetries, highlighting the importance of understanding self-perception in the context of facial aesthetics. This study underscores the subjective nature of facial asymmetry perception and the varying thresholds for what is considered bothersome or in need of correction.

Does adding sacroiliac (type IV) resection to periacetabular (type II) resection increase complications or provide worse clinical outcomes? An institutional experience and systematic review

Background and objectivesInternal hemipelvectomy is a limb sparing procedure most commonly indicated for malignant bone and soft tissue tumors of the pelvis. Partial resection and pelvic reconstruction may be challenging for orthopedic oncologists due to late presentation, high tumor burden, and complex anatomy. Specifically, wide resection of tumors involving the periacetabular and sacroiliac (SI) regions may compromise adjacent vital neurovascular structures, impair wound healing, or limit functional recovery. We aimed to present a series of patients treated at our institution who underwent periacetabular internal hemipelvectomy (Type II) with or without sacral extension (Type IV) in combination with a systematic review to investigate postoperative complications, functional outcomes, and implant and patient survival following pelvic tumor resection via Type II hemipelvectomy with or without Type IV resection. Materials and methodsA surgical registry of consecutive patients treated with internal hemipelvectomy for primary or secondary pelvic bone tumors at our institution since 1994 was retrospectively reviewed. All type II resection patients were stratified into two separate cohorts, based on whether or not periacetabular resection was extended beyond the SI joint to include the sacrum (Type IV), as per the Enneking and Dunham classification. Patient demographics, operative parameters, complications, and oncological outcomes were collected. Categorical and continuous variables were compared with Pearson's chi square or Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. Literature review according to PRISMA guidelines queried studies pertaining to patient outcomes following periacetabular internal hemipelvectomy. The search strategy included combinations of the key words “internal hemipelvectomy”, “pelvic reconstruction”, “pelvic tumor”, and “limb salvage”. Pooled data was compared using Pearson's chi square. Statistical significance was established as p < 0.05. ResultsA total of 76 patients were treated at our institution with internal hemipelvectomy for pelvic tumor resection, of whom 21 had periacetabular resection. Fifteen patients underwent Type II resection without Type IV involvement, whereas six patients had combined Type II/IV resection. There were no significant differences between groups in operative time, blood loss, complications, local recurrence, postoperative metastasis, or disease mortality. Systematic review yielded 69 studies comprising 929 patients who underwent internal hemipelvectomy with acetabular resection. Of these, 906 (97.5 %) had only Type II resection while 23 (2.5 %) had concomitant Type II/IV resection. While overall complication rates were comparable, Type II resection alone produced significantly fewer neurological complications when compared to Type II resection with sacral extension (3.9 % vs. 17.4 %, p = 0.001). No significant differences were found between rates of wound complications, infections, or construct failures. Local recurrence, postoperative metastasis, and survival outcomes were similar. Type II internal hemipelvectomy without Type IV resection on average produced higher postoperative MSTS functional scores than with Type IV resection. ConclusionIn our series, the two groups exhibited no differences. From the systematic review, operative parameters, local recurrence or systemic metastasis, implant survival, and disease mortality were comparable in patients undergoing Type II internal hemipelvectomy alone compared to patients undergoing some combination of Type II/IV resection. However, compound resections increased the risk of neurological complications and experienced poorer MSTS functional scores.

Determination of individual disaster resilience levels of hospital staff: A case study of Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kirdar City Hospital

Istanbul is one of Turkey's most important financial and industrial centers, and it is located in a region with a high potential for seismicity. Due to its historical architecture and high level of urbanization, the city has a large population and is particularly vulnerable due to the building stock that will be affected by earthquakes. In the event of a possible earthquake in Istanbul, it is crucial that the hospital staff have high levels of disaster resilience/resilience. This is particularly important given the seismically isolated and earthquake-resistant structure of Istanbul Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital and its capacity to serve those injured by the earthquake. This study examines the resilience levels of hospital staff at Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital in the face of earthquake disasters and the various factors that affect these resilience levels. The data for this study were collected using a 13-question personal information form and the ‘Individual Disaster Resilience Assessment (IDRA)’ scale developed by DiTirro (2018). Descriptive statistics, Pearson Chi-square tests, Independent Samples T-tests, and One-Way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The research found that the hospital staff's IDRA scores averaged 3.27. It was concluded that the mean resilience score of the participants was above the medium level. The research findings show that receiving disaster training or being prepared for disasters in advance significantly influences individual resistance/resilience. In this context, it is essential to determine the earthquake resistance levels of all healthcare workers in Istanbul, especially those at the city hospital where the study was conducted. Necessary training should be provided, and simulation-based disaster drills should be planned and integrated into in-service training programs. Additionally, projects should be developed to ensure that healthcare workers can reach their hospitals safely during disaster situations.

Unmasking caries risk: a multi-regional study in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundDental caries are common and troublesome and may affect individuals’ health conditions. It is crucial to comprehend the caries experience for prevention, management, and enhancing oral health. Techniques such as CAMBRA can help assess an individual’s risk factors for caries lesions. This study aims to assess the caries risk in five distinct regions of Saudi Arabia, utilizing the CAMBRA methodology.MethodsThis multiregional cross-sectional study was conducted at university dental clinics across the five regions of Saudi Arabia, using a Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) tool. This study used binary logistic regression analysis, the Pearson Chi-square test, and descriptive analysis as statistical methods.ResultsA total of 551 respondents participated in the study, with 59.7% being male and 40.3% being female. The age group with the highest proportion was 20–29, making up 31.6% of the participants. All participants exhibited at least one caries lesion (100%), with white spots (66.4%) and enamel lesions (56.1%) being the most prevalent. The moderate-risk category encompassed the largest proportion of participants, accounting for 60% of the total. High caries risk had a significant association with age group (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), profession (P < 0.001), and socio-economic status (P < 0.001). Furthermore, only age and socio-economic status showed a significant relationship with high caries risk in the multiple logistic regression.ConclusionThe CAMBRA tool indicates a high prevalence of moderate risk across the five regions of Saudi Arabia, identifying age and socio-economic status as significant predictors of caries risk.

Temporomandibular joint disorder among Peruvian music students of different instrumental specialties

Background Music, a profound human expression, can have physical implications for its practitioners. Musicians face various physical challenges that can impact their well-being, with craniofacial and temporomandibular pain being prevalent yet understudied. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) affects up to one-third of the population, though prevalence varies by study. While musculoskeletal issues like carpal tunnel syndrome are well-documented in musicians, craniofacial and temporomandibular pain is less explored. This study aims to determine the differences in TMJD frequency among music students of different instrumental specialties. Methods The sample was composed of students between 12 and 25 years of age from the National University of Music of Peru. A stratified random probability sample was chosen. Data were collected using a structured instrument covering general data, academic information, dental malocclusion, the Fonseca Simplified Anamnestic Index, and the Global Stress Perception Scale. Statistical analysis included Pearson's Chi-square test and a generalized linear model regression. Results The sample included 71.4% males with a median age of 23 years. Class II dental occlusion was most common (51.4%). TMJD prevalence was: 14.3% no TMJD, 60.0% mild TMJD, 22.9% moderate TMJD, and 2.9% severe TMJD. Metal wind (PR=0.04, 95%CI [0.00; 50.04], p=0.002) and woodwind players (PR=0.03, 95%CI [0.00; 0.56], p=0.018) had lower TMJD prevalence compared to plucked string and percussion players. Post-regression analysis indicated significant differences between metal wind and percussion students (p=0.030) and between percussion and woodwind students (p=0.025). These results are supported by the adjusted ratio of proportions analysis, which maintains statistical significance. Conclusion We found significant differences in TMJD prevalence among music students based on their instrumental specialty, with lower rates in metal wind and woodwind players compared to plucked string and percussion players.

Clinical Trials in Gastroesophageal Cancers: An Analysis of the Global Landscape of Interventional Trials From ClinicalTrials.gov.

To describe the global landscape of clinical research into interventions for gastroesophageal cancers (GECs), with examination of trial characteristics, geographic distribution of trial sites, and factors associated with trial termination. We queried ClinicalTrials.gov to identify all completed or terminated phase III interventional studies investigating GECs (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [ESCC], esophageal adenocarcinoma [EAC], gastroesophageal junctional [GEJ], and gastric adenocarcinoma). Data on all reported trial characteristics were extracted. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare differences in completed and terminated trials. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated predictors of termination. A total of 179 trials were identified; of these, 90% were therapeutic. Most included sites in Asia (61%) and Europe (32%); few included sites in Africa (4%). Thirty percent included sites in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Most (70%) focused on gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma, 13% on EAC and ESCC, and 9% on ESCC alone. Sixteen percent (n = 29) of trials terminated prematurely. In multivariate analysis, study site number, location of recruitment sites, and patient population emerged as predictors of termination. Trials recruiting from US-based sites were more likely to terminate (odds ratio [OR], 7.22 [95% CI, 1.59 to 32.69]). Trials conducted exclusively in LMICs were less likely to terminate (OR, 0.04 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.59] v conducted in high-income countries [HICs] alone). Studies on ESCC were more likely to terminate (OR, 17.74 [95% CI, 1.49 to 210.69]). Although 80% of GECs occur in LMICs, trial activity disproportionately occurs in HICs. Few trials focus on EAC/ESCC despite being highly fatal, highlighting an unmet need. Overall, this study highlights (1) a missed opportunity to recruit patients from high-incidence regions globally; and (2) a pressing need for increasing funding, infrastructure, and support for GEC trials in LMICs.

Association Between Periodontal Diseases and Hypothyroidism: A Case-Control Study.

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders influenced by systemic health of the individual. This study aimed to investigate the association between hypothyroidism and periodontal disease in a cohort of adult Saudi population. This case-control study included 201 adults with hypothyroidism on hormone replacement therapy and 188 healthy controls. The medical files of patients were reviewed to check thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Participants completed a questionnaire on demographic and health information, followed by a comprehensive periodontal examination. Pearson chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses determined associations, with a significance set at p ≤0.05. Gingivitis was found in 20.9% of cases and 58% of controls. Periodontitis stages I, II, III and IV were in general higher in cases compared to controls (23.4%, 27.9%, 21.9%, 6% in cases versus 13.8%, 17%, 9.6%, 1.6% in controls, respectively). Mean PPD and CAL values were higher in cases (5.54 ± 2.5 and 3.88 ± 3.1) than in controls (4.03 ± 1.6 and 1.72 ± 2.4). Significant associations between periodontal status and hypothyroidism were found (p < 0.0001). The periodontal status in hypothyroid cases correlated significantly with hormone replacement therapy dose and duration (p < 0.0001). The findings of the current study showed that, in a cohort of adult Saudi subjects, patients with hypothyroidism have higher prevalence and more severe periodontal disease symptoms compared to controls, suggesting significant association.

Job satisfaction and performance among employed Bangladeshi women working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic led to the adoption of telework modalities by individuals in Bangladesh. The study's objective was to determine the job satisfaction and performance level of employed Bangladeshi women working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. A cross-sectional study was conducted among women employees of different professions in Dhaka city. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to measure job satisfaction. Work arrangement satisfaction and self-reported performance were measured by two separate subscales which contain five items each. Responses from 118 employed women were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Chi-square tests, Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson Correlation tests through the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 26. The findings indicated that 51.7% of women reported a high degree of satisfaction on the MSQ scale; 61.9% expressed high satisfaction with their work arrangements at home and 66.9% reported a high level of performance. Job satisfaction was significantly associated with the number of children and the number of family members. A positive association was found between job satisfaction and total working experience and work arrangements. Work performance was strongly associated with higher educational qualifications. A statistically significant association between job satisfaction and performance was revealed. The findings from this study indicated a high degree of job satisfaction and a high level of performance found in women employees who worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings encourage organizations to foster more policies for telework alternatives for employed women to help them keep a balance between work responsibilities and household chores.

A multicenter cross-sectional study in China revealing the intrinsic relationship between medical students’ grade and their perceptions of the learning environment

BackgroundMedical school learning environment (MSLE) has a holistic impact on students’ psychosomatic health, academic achievements, and personal development. Students in different grades perceive MSLE in different ways. Thus, it is essential to investigate the specific role of student’s grade in the perception of MSLE.MethodsUsing the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) as a quantification instrument for the perception level of MSLE, 10,901 medical students in 12 universities in China were categorized into low or high JHLES group according to their questionnaires. We investigated the relationship between student’s grade and JHLES category by univariate analysis employing Pearson Chi-square test and Welch’s ANOVA. Then multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the predictive efficacy of student’s grade. A nomogram concerning the prediction of low JHLES score probability in medical students was also constructed.ResultsA significant difference between two JHLES categories among students in different grades was observed (p < 0.001), with the proportion of the high JHLES group dominating in grade 1, 5, and the graduate subgroups (p < 0.001). The mean JHLES score declined especially in the third and fourth graders compared to freshmen (p < 0.001), while the mean score among the fifth graders had a remarkable rebound from the third graders (p < 0.001). Most imperatively, identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis, students in grade 3 (OR = 1.470, 95% CI = 1.265–1.709, p < 0.001) and 4 (OR = 1.578, 95% CI = 1.326–1.878, p < 0.001) perceived more negatively than freshmen. The constructed nomogram provided a promising prediction model for student’s low JHLES score probability, with accuracy, accordance, and discrimination (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.627).ConclusionThe student’s grade was a significant influencing factor in medical students’ perception of MSLE. The perceptions among the third and fourth graders got worse, probably due to the worrying changes in various aspects of MSLE during that period. The relevant and appropriate interventions to improve medical students’ perceptions are urgently needed.

Living Conditions of the Gond Community in Veerdandi Village of Adilabad District in Telangana

The Gond community, one of India’s most prominent tribal groups, boasts a rich history and cultural heritage that dates back to the 9th century AD. Their vibrant art, traditional practices, and festivals were renowned, and they once ruled several prominent kingdoms in the hill Gondwana region. However, the British colonial period disrupted their traditional rule, leading to the current socioeconomic profile of Veerdandi village in Telangana’s Adilabad district, revealing significant challenges. Predominantly male (80%), with a large segment in the 25-35 age group (36.7%), the village faces problems such as low literacy rates (55%), lack of education and health facilities, and heavy reliance on agriculture and labour. Modern agricultural technology is limited despite infrastructure such as roads and emergency transport. Demographic and socioeconomic conditions highlight significant challenges in health, education, and living standards. 56.7% of households don’t possess sanitation facilities in their houses and 78.3% are suffering from nutritional deficiency. This underscores the urgent need for government schemes to address the multifaceted problems faced by tribal communities in Telangana. The Pearson Chi-Square value is 18.400. The p-value (.000) was statistically significant in the government support schemes and in preventing tribes’ malnutrition, health issues, and poverty in the study.

Self-interest or ethic: Consumer segmentation for purchasing agricultural products online based on attitude in China

This paper aims to segment online consumers based on their attitude toward self-interest and ethical attitudes and explore the impact of these attitudes on the purchasing behavior of agricultural products online in China. The study was conducted using 633 online survey responses from consumers who have purchased agricultural products online in China. First, to validate the relationship between attitude and behavior by structural equation modeling. Next, the number of segments was determined using K-means. Finally, Pearson Chi-square difference tests were performed to analyze demographic and behavioral variables and identify each segment’s characteristics. The results of this study provide a segmentation analysis of the online market for agricultural products in China. The four segments identified are pure ethical consumers, information communicators, brand-quality pursuers, and well-heeled shoppers. Additionally, this study reveals the characteristics of each segment based on demographic and behavioral variables. This study provides a novel approach to segmenting Chinese consumers who purchase agricultural products online based on their attitudes toward self-interest and ethical attitudes, aiming to understand the impact of these attitudes on their purchasing behavior. Moreover, from an ethical consumerism perspective, it explores the effect of ethical information on purchasing agricultural products online, highlighting its significant implications for online marketing strategies.

Good learning environment of medical schools is an independent predictor for medical students' study engagement.

Study engagement is regarded important to medical students' physical and mental wellbeing. However, the relationship between learning environment of medical schools and the study engagement of medical students was still unclear. This study was aimed to ascertain the positive effect of learning environment in study engagement. We collected 10,901 valid questionnaires from 12 medical universities in China, and UWES-S was utilized to assess the study engagement levels. Then Pearson Chi-Square test and Welch's ANOVA test were conducted to find the relationship between study engagement and learning environment, and subgroup analysis was used to eradicate possible influence of confounding factors. After that, a multivariate analysis was performed to prove learning environment was an independent factor, and we constructed a nomogram as a predictive model. With Pearson Chi-Square test (p < 0.001) and Welch's ANOVA test (p < 0.001), it proved that a good learning environment contributed to a higher mean of UWES scores. Subgroup analysis also showed statistical significance (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, we could find that, taking "Good" as reference, "Excellent" (OR = 0.329, 95%CI = 0.295-0.366, p < 0.001) learning environment was conducive to one's study engagement, while "Common" (OR = 2.206, 95%CI = 1.989-2.446, p < 0.001), "Bad" (OR = 2.349, 95%CI = 1.597-3.454, p < 0.001), and "Terrible" (OR = 1.696, 95%CI = 1.015-2.834, p = 0.044) learning environment only resulted into relatively bad study engagement. Depending on the result, a nomogram was drawn, which had predictive discrimination and accuracy (AUC = 0.680). We concluded that learning environment of school was an independent factor of medical student's study engagement. A higher level of learning environment of medical school came with a higher level of medical students' study engagement. The nomogram could serve as a predictive reference for the educators and researchers.

Comparative Evaluation of the Survival Rates of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Restorations Using Bilayer Technique along with Nanofilled Coating in Primary Molars: A Clinical Study.

To enhance the survival rate of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations using (class I and class II) bilayer technique of placing glass ionomer cement (GIC) along with nanofilled coating (NC) over the restorations, thereby improving longevity. A total of 178 primary molars in 67 children were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Group IA was treated with a single layer of GIC, followed by a protective layer of petroleum jelly in class I restoration. Group IB was treated with a single layer of GIC, followed by a protective layer of petroleum jelly in class II restoration. Group IIA was treated with bilayer GIC restoration followed by NC of GC-Coat Plus in class I, whereas group IIB was treated with bilayer GIC restoration followed by GC-Coat Plus in class II. Clinical analysis of all three groups was performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months to evaluate the success of treatment procedures using predetermined criteria. Pearson's Chi-square and Kaplan-Meier estimates were utilized to evaluate the success of all four treatment procedures (p < 0.05). Out of 178 teeth, 33 teeth were in group IA, 36 teeth were in group IB, 43 teeth were in group IIA, and 40 teeth were available for evaluation at the end of the 12-month follow-up period. The overall success was determined to be 81% for group IA, 79.2% for group IB, 79.5% for group IIA, and 88.6% for IIB. At 6th-month follow-up, one clinical failure was observed in groups IA and IB. At 9 months follow-up, two clinical failures were observed in both group IA and group IB and three failures were observed in group IIB. At 12 months follow-up, four clinical failures were observed in group IA, three in group IB and one clinical failure was observed in group IIB. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the success of the four groups, suggesting that either of the techniques can be utilized for ART. No statistically significant difference was observed between the survival of class I and class II restorations of both the groups, indicating that either single-layer or bilayer technique along with NC can be adopted for the management of dental caries in primary molars using the ART approach. Khan N, Garg N, Garg N, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Survival Rates of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Restorations Using Bilayer Technique along with Nanofilled Coating in Primary Molars: A Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(S-1):S55-S60.

Exploring the relationship between social activities and financial risk aversion in adults aged 50 + with depression caseness

BackgroundRisk aversion due to depression is common among older adults, and social participation is associated with improved mental health and a lower risk of late-life depression. However, little is known about the connection between participation in social activities and risky financial decisions among adults with depression. Thus, we aim to examine the connection between participation in social activities and taking financial risks and investing in risky financial assets (with high-return potential) in such individuals, differentiated by age and gender. The study also focuses on analyzing the percentage of investors within each social activity, their attendance frequency, and motivation.MethodsThe data was obtained from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database Wave 2 (2006–2010). The study included 8,769 individuals aged 50 + with depression caseness, from 15 European countries and Israel who answered the question on participation in social activities and reported financial risk-taking intentions or behaviors (investing in stocks or shares, mutual funds or managed investment accounts, and both). The study utilized Pearson chi-square, odds ratios, Z, and hierarchical logistic regression tests.ResultsThe odds for taking financial risks and investing in risky financial assets were higher for those participating in social activities compared to those who did not, on both intentional (by 173%) and behavioral (by 240–397%) levels. Such social activities (attended at least once a week, without financial motivation) have been shown to be primarily represented by educational or training courses — where 33% of participants invested in risky financial assets. The connection persisted after controlling for gender, age, marital status, children, income.ConclusionsBy overcoming the subjects’ financial risk aversion, participation in social activities may help improve mental health in individuals aged 50 + with depression caseness. This has important implications for policymakers in healthcare, who by updating healthcare policies can fund and facilitate participation in social activities. As a result, the national healthcare system may benefit from lower hospitalization-related expenses, and generate higher cash flows into the country’s economy using the population’s renewed interest in investing available funds. These results are relevant in the wake of COVID-19 that increased loneliness and depression rates.

Radiopacity and Microleakage Evaluation of Different Intermediate Materials

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the radiopacities of different types of materials with indications for application as a base under restorations and the microleakage of the final restorations with these materials applied as bases. Methods: Standart Class I cavities were prepared in 90 caries-free molar teeth. The cavities were randomly divided into 9 groups according to the type of intermediate material to be applied (n=10): 1. High flowable composite, 2. Low flowable composite, 3. Fiber reinforced composite, 4. Giomer, 5. Ormocer, 6. Alkasite, 7. Bioactive composite, 8. High viscosity glass ionomer, 9. Glass carbomer. The base materials in each group were applied to the cavity floor and restoration was completed using a nanohybrid composite resin and an universal adhesive system. To evaluate radiopacity, radiographic images were taken using direct digital system and mean gray values were measured with ImageJ software. To analyse microleakage, specimens were subjected to thermocycling, immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, sectioned buccolingually and leakage values observed on the half-piece surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope and recorded. Data were analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance, Tukey HSD Test and Pearson Chi-Square with Bonferroni-corrected Z Test (p˂0.05). Results: In terms of radiopacity, while alkasite and low flowable composite showed the highest radiopacity, glass carbomer gave the lowest (p