Peanut Shell Research Articles

Study on the adsorption of chlortetracycline in water on peanut shells decorated with magnetic particles by ultrasonic-assisted method

Study on the adsorption of chlortetracycline in water on peanut shells decorated with magnetic particles by ultrasonic-assisted method

Porous carbon material production from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of peanut shell

Due to the complex porous structure, biochar usually has good adsorption capacity. Therefore, compared with direct combustion, conversion of peanut shell into biochar by pyrolysis is considered to be an environmentally friendly and efficient method for agricultural solid waste disposal. In this study, biochar production from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of peanut shell was detailed. The yields, surface topographies, and pore structures (pore size distribution and micropore volume) of biochars prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures (700, 750, 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C), microwave powers (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 W), and residence times (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 h) were elaborated. The results showed that the biochar yield gradually decreased and finally stabilized to around 30% while the specific surface area improved within the range of 4.68–67.29 m2/g when the pyrolysis temperature, microwave power, or residence time increased. Biochar with micropore was first obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, microwave power of 500 W, and residence time of 2.0 h. This study further proposed quantitative relationships between the pore structures of peanut shell based biochars and experimental conditions (pyrolysis temperature, microwave power and residence time). The results presented in this study can provide guidance for the reuse of peanut shell and the production of porous biochar. The peanut shell biochar prepared in this study can be used in soil remediation, air purification, liquid purification and other fields for its porous structural characteristics.

Detection of adulteration of cumin powder by front-face synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy: The influence of the natural variation of adulterants

For the authentication of powdered spices, the possible impact of the natural variations of adulterants on classification or prediction models is always ignored, and research in this area is still quite scarce. This study takes the application of front-face synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (FFSFS) to the rapid and non-destructive authentication of cumin powder adulterated with ground peanut shells and maize flour as an example to show that how the natural variations of adulterants affect model prediction. Using three samples of each adulterant, two modes of sample set were designed for comparison. Mode 1 used the first adulterant for calibration and the other two for external validation. Mode 2 employed two adulterants in training and the third for external validation. The classification of adulterants by principal component analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis (PCA–LDA) showed that mode 2 had a higher prediction rate (82%) in external validation than mode 1 (63%). For quantification, prediction models were built by partial least square (PLS) regression, and were validated by both cross- and external validation. The result of mode 2 was better than that of mode 1, with the determination coefficients of prediction (Rp2) greater than 0.93, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) < 4.2% and residual predictive deviation (RPD) at least 2.7. This study demonstrates the necessity of the consideration of the natural variations of adulterants when constructing a robust model for adulteration detection.

Immobilizing white-rot fungi laccase: Towardbio-derived supports as a circular economy approach in organochlorine removal.

Despite their high persistence in the environment, organochlorines (OC) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, in plastics, and in the manufacture of pesticides, among other applications. These compounds and the byproducts of their decomposition deserve attention and efficient proposals for their treatment. Among sustainable alternatives, the use of ligninolytic enzymes (LEs) from fungi stands out, as these molecules can catalyze the transformation of a wide range of pollutants. Among LEs, laccases (Lac) are known for their efficiency as biocatalysts in the conversion of organic pollutants. Their application in biotechnological processes is possible, but the enzymes are often unstable and difficult to recover after use, driving up costs. Immobilization of enzymes on a matrix (support or solid carrier) allows recovery and stabilization of this catalytic capacity. Agricultural residual biomass is a passive environmental asset. Although underestimated and still treated as an undesirable component, residual biomass can be used as a low-cost adsorbent and as a support for the immobilization of enzymes. In this review, the adsorption capacity and immobilization of fungal Lacon supports made from residual biomass, including compounds such as biochar, for the removal of OC compounds are analyzed and compared with the use of synthetic supports. A qualitative and quantitative comparison of the reported results was made. In this context, the use of peanut shells is highlighted in view of the increasing peanut production worldwide. The linkage of methods with circular economy approaches that can be applied in practice is discussed.

Unraveling the role of alkali metal in the biochar for enhancing the chemical looping ammonia generation efficiency

Chemical looping ammonia generation (CLAG), efficiently converting C-based material, N2 and H2O into NH3 and CO, is considered to be one of the promising NH3 production technologies. Using biochar as the C-based material is supposed to further improve the “green” level of NH3 but there is rare report about that. This paper was desired to fill this gap. Peanut shell biochar, lotus shell biochar and corncob biochar were used to study the chemical looping ammonia generation performances of the N-support. It was found that metals contained in the biochar significantly affected the nitridation process; alkali metals were simulative while alkaline-earth metals were inhibitory, which indicated that the corncob biochar exhibit the best nitriding properties. In addition, K, with the best positive effect for nitridation, was found to be with negligible negative effect for ammoniation. Furthermore, the carbon conversion efficiency and NH3 production could be still improved by 8.46 % and 9.23 % if the corncob biochar was modified with 2 wt% K (simulating 120 cycles of nitridation/ammoniation reaction). The obtained results indicated that the biochar is a promising carbon source for CLAG.

Structure and Catalytic Performance of Carbon-Based Solid Acids from Biomass Activated by ZnCl2

In the current investigation, carbon-based solid acid catalysts were synthesized from peanut shells (PSs) and rice straw (RS) using ZnCl2 activation and concentrated sulfuric acid sulfonation. These catalysts were then employed for the hydration of pinene to produce terpineol. The research findings suggest that the natural porous structure of RS is more amenable to ZnCl2 activation compared to PSs. Furthermore, the catalysts prepared from fully activated RS by ZnCl2 (RSA-C-S) had a higher SBET and higher density of oxygen-containing groups (–COOH) in comparison with unactivated RS-based solid acids (RSC-S). The characterization outcomes revealed that RSA-C-S possesses a specific surface area of 527.0 m2/g, significantly outperforming RSC-S, which has a surface area of 420.9 m2/g. Additionally, RSA-C-S registered a higher –COOH density of 1.37 mmol/g, as opposed to RSC-S’s, with 1.07 mmol/g, attributable to the partial oxidation of internal –OH groups during activation. Experimental data from hydration tests confirmed that the catalyst’s superior performance is largely attributed to its elevated specific surface area and a high density of –COOH functional groups. Under optimal reaction parameters, RSA-C-S demonstrated unparalleled catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of α-terpineol via hydration of α-pinene, achieving conversion and selectivity rates of 87.15% and 54.19%, respectively.

Peroxyacetic acid activation by cobalt-doped peanut shell biochar for efficient CBZ degradation: Role of organic radicals, singlet oxygen, and high-valent cobalt species

Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) oxidant has a broad application prospect to be combined with biochar in the treatment of organic pollutants due to its excellent characteristics of eco-friendly and easy activation. In this study, peanut shell biochar-loaded Co nanoparticles (Co-BC-850) catalysts were prepared through pyrolysis to activate PAA for carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation. The pyrolysis temperature significantly affected the CBZ degradation efficiency of the catalysts. The experimental results revealed that the Co-BC-850 catalyst exhibited the highest CBZ degradation efficiency. Within 20 min, a CBZ degradation rate of 99.9% was achieved with Co-BC-850 concentration of 50 mg/L and PAA concentration of 1 mM. The Co-BC-850/PAA system achieved high degradation performance for CBZ at a pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0, even in the presence of inorganic anions. The analysis of the Co-BC-850/PAA system revealed a complex interplay of reactive species (RSs). Organic radicals (R-O•), singlet oxygen (1O2), and high-valent cobalt species (Co(IV)) collaboratively contributed to CBZ degradation. These findings revealed the intricate mechanism of CBZ degradation via Co-BC-850-activated PAA, thereby elucidating potential degradation pathways. This study demonstrates the promising application of biochar PAA-based AOPs and offers a sustainable and effective solution for the degradation of CBZ and other potential pharmaceutical compounds in water.

Characterization of Magnetic Biochar Modified Using the One-Step and Electrochemical Methods and Its Impact on Phosphate Adsorption.

The properties and phosphate adsorption capability of the one-step method and electrochemical method in modifying peanut shell biochar have been determined. The one-step method deposits MgO and Fe3O4 onto biochar through chemical impregnation and regularly affects the functional groups and magnetic separation of biochar, thereby enhancing its ability to adsorb phosphate. In contrast, the electrochemical method is not favorable for modifying functional groups of biochar but can promote phosphate adsorption because of the formation of MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4 using electrolysis. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics data suggest that adsorption is monolayer onto a homogeneous surface and phosphate adsorption could be controlled by chemical processes. Biochar with the addition of both Fe2+ and Mg2+ shows better phosphate adsorption capability than those with barely any Fe2+ additions. It was concluded that the one-step method is a better modification method than the electrochemical method for enhancing the phosphate adsorption capability of biochars.

Removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from aqueous solutions by peanut shells (Arachis hypogaea): adsorption kinetic, isothermal, and thermodynamic studies

Abstract This study evaluated the potential of using raw peanut shells as an adsorbent to remove the hormone 17α-ethylestradiol (EE2) from water. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used in the determination of EE2. Kinetics data were tested with the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models, whereas isothermal data were tested with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models, and the parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were evaluated. A maximum removal rate of approximately 90% was observed in a solution with an initial EE2 concentration of 263.2 μg L−1, under the best experimental conditions (stirring speed = 500 rpm, pH = 6, and adsorbent mass = 2 g in 24 h), and showed an adsorption capacity of 17.3 μg g−1 at 306 K. The pseudo-first-order model adjusted better to the data in the studied temperature range, presenting a potential barrier of 16.69 kJ mol−1 (Ea) for adsorption kinetics. The Freundlich model and Sips model adjusted better to the data in the studied temperature range. The negative value of ΔG° (−15.87 kJ mol−1 at 306 K) confirmed the viability and spontaneity of the adsorption process. The positive value of ΔH° (168.9 kJ mol−1) characterized the chemical nature of the adsorption process.

Thermal Behaviour Assessment of a New Local Clay-Based Building Material and Peanut Shell Waste: Experimental and Numerical Approaches

Thermal Behaviour Assessment of a New Local Clay-Based Building Material and Peanut Shell Waste: Experimental and Numerical Approaches

Corrosion mitigation of peanut shell extract as a novel effective corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in sulfuric acid medium

The extract of peanut shell extract (PSE) is firstly utilized as a novel eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for the mitigation of corrosion on carbon steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid medium. The corrosion inhibition performance and adsorption properties of PSE were researched via weight loss, electrochemical measurements and surface characterization analysis. It is demonstrated that the PSE acts as a mixed type inhibitor with a superb inhibition ability of 95 % with the addition of 300 mg/L PSE. The adsorption of the active ingredients in PSE on steel surface contributes to effective corrosion inhibition. The outstanding inhibition efficiency and straightforward extraction method with environment-friendly solvent convincingly demonstrate that the PSE possesses promising application prospects to be a novel eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor in industrial corrosion mitigation.

Utilization of Organic Waste in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell for Sustainable Electricity Generation

There is much organic waste that comes from by-products of agriculture and product processing, solid waste from livestock, and municipal waste. Conventional methods that are widely used for the treatment and management of organic fractions of waste are landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among the above methods, pyrolysis is a relatively simple, robust, and scalable technology for transforming diverse organic waste feedstock into renewable energy products. Recently, the electrochemical conversion of biochar into electricity in direct carbon fuel cells (DCFC) has also been investigated and shown to be feasible and highly efficient. This paper focuses on the utilization of organic waste as a fuel and the investigation of their characteristics during electrochemical reactions in molten hydroxide direct carbon fuel cells (MH-DCFCs). Organic waste of different origins (the food-processing industry, urban and suburban areas, municipal solid organic waste, sewage sludge) with diversified characteristics was used as the main feedstock. The lowest power density was determined for sewage sludge (5.1 mW cm−2), and the best results were obtained for peanut shells (53.14 mW cm−2). This study concludes that higher elemental carbon, lower ash content and the presence of reactive surface oxygen functional groups in biochar obtained from organic waste might contribute to better cell performance. Moreover, the research establishes the potential of carbonized organic waste as a prospective alternative fuel source for power generation in an MH-DCFC.

An mmWave radar-based mass flow sensor using machine learning towards a peanut yield monitor

A millimeter-wave FMCW radar-based mass flow sensor was developed and evaluated to monitor peanut mass flow rate towards development of a peanut yield monitor. The radar sensor components were placed outside a customized plastic duct in the pneumatic conveyor of a peanut combine. Two systems to simulate the mass flow conditions during harvest were built: one for research-scale mass flow rate using a retrofitted 2-row combine blower and one for commercial-scale mass flow rate using a modified 6-row combine. The ground truth for mass flow rate was obtained and the radar sensor was used to acquire range-velocity image time-series. Two datasets were generated using a sliding window techniqueand several machine learning models (i.e., linear regression, k-neighbor regressor, support vector regressor, random forest regressor, and multi-layer perceptron) were trained to predict peanut mass flow rate from radar data. After evaluation of 5-fold cross validation, k-neighbor regression achived the best performance for the research-scale combine system with an RMSE of 0.14 kg/s, a sMAPE of 15 %, and an R2 value of 0.85, while random forest regression achieved the best performance for the commericial-scale combine system with an RMSE of 0.52 kg/s, a sMAPE of 10 %, and an R2 value of 0.71. Moreover, the sensor can potentially provide the combine operator with information about the velocity of the peanuts to adjust the air pressure of the pneumatic conveyor to reduce undesired peanut shelling. While the peanut mass flow prediction results are promising, further field investigation is necessary to evaluate the effects of noise caused by combine movement, foreign materials, peanut varieties, moisture content, and soil type.

Immobilization performance of graphene oxide-based engineered biochar derived from peanut shell towards cationic and anionic dyes

Water pollution due to variety of organic contaminants is a serious global threat due to its adverse effects on aquatic life, terrestrial organisms and environment. In this sense, sustainable wastewater treatment using materials derived from lignocellulosic wastes has received considerable scientific attention because they are abundant, low-cost and functional-group rich. In this work, a facile approach has been demonstrated to design peanut shell biochar-graphene oxide (PBC@GO)-based binary composite. Herein, PBC@GO composite was fabricated and assessed as an adsorptive platform for cationic and anionic dyes viz. Crystal Violet (CV) and Bromophenol Blue (BPB), respectively, as model pollutants. The test materials were characterized by means of SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA. The influence of pH, time, dosage and concentration of model pollutants was ascertained for optimal performance in batch mode. Results showed that PBC@GO efficiently removed CV (97 %) and BPB (87 %), whilst kinetic data accorded well with pseudo-second-order model with R2 values of 0.97 and 0.99 for CV and BPB, respectively. Moreover, equilibrium data was fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models to understand sorption mechanism for CV and BPB dyes. Comparative study showed synergistic effects of PBC and GO in terms of better removal efficiency due to the availability of multi-interaction sites in PBC@GO composite as compared to the precursors. Apart from superior pollutant's uptake ability, high % recoveries obtained by using spiked real water samples as well as long term stability of the prepared composite when subjected to five successive cycle of use without any substantial loss of its ability towards scavenging dyes were crucial for improving sustainability of water treatment systems.

Effect of Electron-Beam Irradiation on Functional Compounds and Biological Activities in Peanut Shells.

Peanut shells, rich in antioxidants, remain underutilized due to limited research. The present study investigated the changes in the functional compound content and skin aging-related enzyme inhibitory activities of peanut shells by electron-beam treatment with different sample states and irradiation doses. In addition, phenolic compounds in the peanut shells were identified and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility mass spectrometry-quadrupole time-of-flight and high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, respectively. Total phenolic compound content in solid treatment gradually increased from 110.31 to 189.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/g as the irradiation dose increased. Additionally, electron-beam irradiation significantly increased 5,7-dihydroxychrome, eriodictyol, and luteolin content in the solid treatment compared to the control. However, liquid treatment was less effective in terms of functional compound content compared to the solid treatment. The enhanced functional compound content in the solid treatment clearly augmented the antioxidant activity of the peanut shells irradiated with an electron-beam. Similarly, electron-beam irradiation substantially increased collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities in the solid treatment. Mutagenicity assay confirmed the stability of toxicity associated with the electron-beam irradiation. In conclusion, electron-beam-irradiated peanut shells could serve as an important by-product with potential applications in functional cosmetic materials.

The Influence Of Product Quality, Price, And Brand Image On Consumer Loyalty Mediated By Consumer Satisfaction (Empirical Study: Consumers Of Kacang Kulit Dua Kelinci In Jakarta)

This research aims to determine how product quality, price, and brand image influence consumer loyalty in consuming Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci, mediated by Consumer Satisfaction. This research uses a quantitative approach. The survey was conducted on 180 respondents who had consumed the Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci in the province of DKI Jakarta. Data analysis was performed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) AMOS. The research results show that the price of Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci has a strong relationship and a significant influence on consumer loyalty in consuming Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci in DKI Jakarta province. Different from product quality and brand image, which do not have a strong relationship and significant influence on consumer loyalty in consuming Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci. However, product quality, price, and brand image significantly influence consumer loyalty when mediated by consumer satisfaction. The research results also show that, in total, price is the most significant contributor to consumer loyalty, followed by product quality as the second largest contributor, then brand image as the most minor contributor. This conclusion shows that the Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci industry can maximally increase consumer loyalty by increasing consumer satisfaction so that consumers become loyal to continue consuming Kacang kulit Dua Kelinci. The limitation of the research is that the respondents collected only live in DKI Jakarta and focused on one product from the Dua Kelinci brand, Peanut Shell.

Enhancing biohydrogen production by peanut shell carrier assisted fermentation at different hydraulic retention time

The microbial immobilization and suitable hydraulic retention time (HRT) are conducive to maintain the biomass for further prompting the hydrogen production efficiency. In this study, peanut shell was employed as carriers to investigate the hydrogen production enhancement and the promotion mechanism at different HRTs with plastic pellet carrier as control. Both of the over-acid phenomenon and the operational stability decreasing occurred when HRT was shorter or longer than 6 h (HRT = 2 h, 4 h, or 8 h) in this study. When peanut shell was used as carrier, the maximum H2 yield of 1.7 L and H2 production rate of 0.58 L/L/d were obtained at HRT of 6 h, which were nearly 20 % and 15 % higher than that of plastic pellet as carriers, respectively. The hydrogen production system with peanut shell as carriers had better hydrogen production capacity and immobilized effect, since peanut shell provided a supplementary substrate for the growth and metabolism of hydrogen producing bacteria, and buffered the acidity of the system. This study provided an application for immobilization technology and the industrialization of bio-hydrogen production.

An Improved Biodegradable Microwave Absorber Based on Peanut Shell Mixed with Metal Free Carbon Nanotube for Ku-Band

An Improved Biodegradable Microwave Absorber Based on Peanut Shell Mixed with Metal Free Carbon Nanotube for Ku-Band

Simulation of dissolved-oxygen distribution in matrix particles during the aerobic composting process of sewage sludge with two-region model

The anaerobic cores of compost particles generate and emit harmful off-gases during composting, and the air-immobile region is a significant factor contributing to an anaerobic environment. However, existing research methods cannot predict the aerobic/anaerobic region distribution of compost particles in air-mobile and air-immobile regions under different flow conditions on the compost pile. Therefore, this study obtained the characteristic parameters of the air-immobile region during composting with different bulking agents using a two-region model (TRM). Furthermore, a fitted equation coupled model was developed to numerically simulate the relationship between the surface oxygen concentration (CO2,S) and aerobic/anaerobic layer thickness (LA/LANA). The results showed that adding peanut shells and wheat straw significantly decreased the proportions of air-immobile regions by 0.02 and 0.07, respectively in the curing phase compared with rice bran treatment (increased by 0.06), although there was no significant change in the early stages of composting. And, the addition of peanut shells and wheat straw enhanced the mass transfer of porous gases between the air-mobile and air-immobile regions of the compost piles during the thermophilic phase (rice bran treatment increased by 0, both peanut shell and wheat straw treatments increased by 0.001); however, there were no observable differences in initial-material, temperature-increasing, and curing phases. The O2 concentrations in the air-mobile and air-immobile regions decreased, and the LANA gradually increased as the composting process progressed and the height of the compost pile increased. The fitted equation coupled model simulates the actual situation well and can support the accurate regulation of harmful gas production in composting systems.

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Peanut Sheller Air–Screen Cleaning Device

To improve its cleaning performance, the peanut sheller’s air–screen cleaning device was used as the research object, and a numerical simulation was carried out. A scheme was proposed to optimize the installation angle of the screen surface of the air–screen cleaning device, and the influence of the airflow velocity of the sieve surface before and after the structural improvement of the machine on the airflow distribution of the whole chamber was evaluated. At the same time, the computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD–DEM) of coupling simulation was used to carry out single-factor simulation tests on the improved air–screen cleaning device, analyze the movement trajectory, velocity, and displacement of the extrudates in the cleaning chamber, characterize the separation law of extrudates, and determine the parameter ranges for each factor. In addition, based on the central composite Box–Behnken design, an orthogonal simulation test was carried out with three factors, including fan speed, amplitude, and vibration frequency, and the influence of each factor on the kernel loss rate and impurity rate was investigated. Furthermore, the influencing factors were optimized, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained; when the fan speed was 1682.72 r/min, the amplitude was 3.74 mm, and the vibration frequency was 492.86 Hz, it was more conducive to the cleaning of kernels. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation and optimization methods was verified via the machine test, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained: at a fan speed of 1680 r/min, an amplitude of 3.7 mm and a vibration frequency of 490 Hz were achieved, and the kernel loss rate and impurity rate were 2.01% and 2.42%, 3.71 and 4.42 percentage points lower than those before optimization, respectively.