Peanut Fruit Research Articles

A Study of Growth and Yield of Four Peanut Varieties with Rhizobia Inoculation under Field Conditions

The symbiotic nitrogen fixation between rhizobia and peanuts offers an advantage in reducing nitrogen fertilizer inputs, decreasing the incidence rate of peanuts, and enhancing soil fertility. Inoculating rhizobia agent is an effective pathway to improve both the quality and yield of peanuts, contributing to food security and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This study conducted a one-year field experiment in a subtropical humid monsoon climate area in Southeast China to investigate the effects of rhizobia agents on the growth and crop yield of four peanut varieties (i.e., Taihua No.4, No.6, No.8, and No.10). Our research showed that inoculation with rhizobia agent can increase the plant height, lateral branch length, fresh root weight, and leaf area of the four peanut varieties. Meanwhile, inoculation with a rhizobia agent can significantly (p < 0.05) increase the ~50% number of root nodules. Especially for the early-maturing and drought-resistant variety, Taihua No.4 exhibited the highest number of nodules and peanut fruits per plant in the pod-setting stage after inoculation with rhizobia agent, i.e., 24.5 and 18.0, respectively. Under the conventional fertilization conditions (N-P2O5-K2O 15-15-15, 450 kg/hm2), Taihua No.4 and No.6 inoculated with rhizobia agent achieved higher yield increase rates of 11.0% and 11.6% compared to other peanut varieties. This study indicated that the Taihua No.4 and No.6 are the most suitable peanut varieties for rhizobia inoculation and promotion, with enormous potential for yield increase. Meanwhile, optimizing rhizobia inoculation techniques and evaluating soil health status, economic benefits of peanuts, and applicable regions should be explored in the future.

Single-nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing analyses provide molecular insights into early pod development of peanut fruit

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important leguminous oil and economic crop that produces flowers aboveground and fruits belowground. Subterranean fruit-pod development, which significantly affects peanut production, involves complex molecular mechanisms that likely require the coordinated regulation of multiple genes in different tissues. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie peanut fruit-pod development, we characterized the anatomical features of early fruit-pod development and integrated single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) and single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (snATAC-seq) data at the single-cell level. We identified distinct cell types, such as meristem, embryo, vascular tissue, cuticular layer, and stele cells within the shell wall. These specific cell types were used to examine potential molecular changes unique to each cell type during pivotal stages of fruit-pod development. snRNA-seq analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed cell-type-specific insights that were not previously obtainable from transcriptome analyses of bulk RNA. For instance, we identified MADS-box genes that contributes to the formation of parenchyma cells and gravity-related genes that are present in the vascular cells, indicating an essential role for the vascular cells in peg gravitropism. Overall, our single-nucleus analysis provides comprehensive and novel information on specific cell types, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility during the early stages of fruit-pod development. This information will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie fruit-pod development in peanut and contribute to efforts aimed at improving peanut production.

Biosynthesis of resveratrol by an endophytic Priestia megaterium PH3 via the phenylpropane pathway.

Resveratrol (RES) is a secondary metabolite synthesized by plants in response to environmental stress and pathogen infection, which is of great significance for the industrial production of RES by fermentation culture. In this study, we aimed to explore the biosynthesis pathway of RES and its key enzymes in the Priestia megaterium PH3, which was isolated and screened from peanut fruit. Through Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, we quantified the RES content and distribution in the culture medium and determined that Priestia megaterium PH3 mainly secreted RES extracellularly. Furthermore, the highest production of RES was observed in YPD, yielding an impressive 127.46 ± 6.11 μg/L. By optimizing the fermentation conditions, we achieved a remarkable RES yield of 946.82 ± 24.74 μg/L within just 2 days, which represents the highest reported yield for a natural isolate produced in such a short time frame. Our investigation revealed that the phenylpropane pathway is responsible for RES synthesis in this bacterium, with cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) identified as the main rate-limiting enzyme. Overall, our findings highlight the robust RES production capabilities of Priestia megaterium PH3, offering novel insights and potential applications for bacterial fermentation in RES production. KEY POINTS: • RES synthesized by the bacterium was confirmed through the phenylpropane pathway. • The key rate-limiting enzyme for biosynthesis-RES is C4H. • RES reached 946.82 ± 24.74 μg/L after fermentation for 2 days.

Experiments and Analysis of a Peanut Semi-Feeding Picking Mechanism Based on the JKR Model

When peanuts are harvested, the high rate of pod crush and pods leakage are the main problems in the current peanut fruit picking process. Optimized peanut picking rollers help to improve peanut harvesting efficiency. This paper investigates the fruit picking system of a three-monopoly, six-row semi-feeding peanut combine harvester, in order to reduce the rate of crush and leakage of peanut pods during the picking process. Firstly, this article specifies the structure and basic parameters of peanut picking pairs of rollers. Secondly, this paper combines JKR (Johnson-Kendall-Roberts) model theory, crash model simulation analysis, a field test, and other methods. Motion and force analysis are presented in detail for the peanut picking mechanism and associated harvesting components. The optimum clamping chain speed, the angle of installation of the picking rollers to the clamping chain, and the picking rollers’ speed are determined. A three-factor, three-level regression orthogonal combination test was designed to obtain regression models for pod crushed and pods leakage rate. The regression model’s response surface analysis concluded that when the clamping chain speed is 0.84–1.2 m/s, the fruit picking roller angle is 10°–11.2° and the fruit picking roller speed is 442 r/min–500 r/min. It is the optimal working parameter for the three-monopoly six-row peanut combine harvester. At this point, the peanut harvesting requirements are met, and the overall performance is significantly improved. This paper lays the foundation for the development of the semi-feeding peanut picking system.

Biotribological Characteristic of Peanut Harvesting Impact-Friction Contact under Different Conditions

Although cutting flow peanut-picking is the main peanut harvesting method, it has the problems of a large harvest loss and a high damage rate of peanut shells. The analysis of impact-friction contact characteristics during peanut fruit picking is crucial to illustrate peanut fruit picking damage. A typical peanut variety, “Dabaisha”, was considered in this study. The characteristics of peanut-picking impact-friction were studied using a peanut-picking impact-friction test bench under different conditions. An orthogonal test with three factors and levels was performed after the single-factor condition was determined. The apparent morphologies of peanut shells before and after the collision and friction tests were compared and analyzed using micro-computed tomography, white-light interferometry, and optical microscopy, whereas the impact-friction damage characteristics of peanuts under the influence of various factors were discussed. The results show that the orders of influence of the coefficient of friction of peanuts and wear loss of peanut pods were as follows: invasion depth > moisture content > contact linear velocity and moisture content > invasion depth > contact linear velocity, respectively. The experimental results and discussion in this study can provide a data reference for developing and designing peanut mechanization production equipment.

Efficient Production of Dried Whole Peanut Fruits Based on Infrared Assisted Spouted Bed Drying.

The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of infrared assisted spouted bed drying (IR-SBD) on the product quality and energy consumption of whole peanut fruits (including peanut kernels and shells). The dehydration of whole peanuts by means of hot-air drying (HD) and infrared drying (ID) were used as the control groups, and the drying characteristics, energy consumption, microstructure, porosity, hardness and fatty acid content were compared. The results showed that, compared to HD and ID, IR-SBD could reduce the drying time by 40% and 33%, respectively, and reduced energy consumption by 66% and 32%, respectively. During the drying process, the structures of both the peanut shells and peanut kernels underwent significant deformation; specifically, the porosity gradually increased gradually. The maximum porosity value was obtained by the samples dried by means of IR-SBD. Under the three drying conditions, the hardness of the peanut shells first decreased and then increased, while the hardness of the peanut kernels showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and finally increasing. Compared to the fresh whole peanuts, the IR-SBD dried samples exhibited a 4.07% decrease in fatty acid. This study shows that IR-SBD is a suitable application for the dehydration process of whole peanuts for the purposes of achieving high-efficiency and -quality production in the industrial sector.

Global transcriptome analysis of subterranean pod and seed in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) unravels the complexity of fruit development under dark condition

Peanut pods develop underground, which is the most salient characteristic in peanut. However, its developmental transcriptome remains largely unknown. In the present study, we sequenced over one billion transcripts to explore the developmental transcriptome of peanut pod using Illumina sequencing. Moreover, we identified and quantified the abundances of 165,689 transcripts in seed and shell tissues along with a pod developmental gradient. The dynamic changes of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were described in seed and shell. Additionally, we found that photosynthetic genes were not only pronouncedly enriched in aerial pod, but also played roles in developing pod under dark condition. Genes functioning in photomorphogenesis showed distinct expression profiles along subterranean pod development. Clustering analysis unraveled a dynamic transcriptome, in which transcripts for DNA synthesis and cell division during pod expansion were transitioning to transcripts for cell expansion and storage activity during seed filling. Collectively, our study formed a transcriptional baseline for peanut fruit development under dark condition.

The Role of the Expansin Gene in the Process of Novel Subterranean Seed Development in Arachis duranensis

Background: Plants in the genus Arachis produce flowers aerially that develop into gynophores that grow into the ground, where they develop into fruits. Although some aerial gynophores develop into pods aboveground, embryo or seed abortion occurs in these individuals. During pod development, the shell wall initially comprises the majority of the fruit volume, but then the seeds expand up to the total pod volume. Expansins are plant cell wall-loosening proteins involved in cell enlargement and a variety of other developmental processes in which cell-wall modification occurs.Methods: In this study, we analyzed the expansin genes during seed development using RNA-seq data by bioinformatic approaches.Results: We identified five expansin genes exhibited up-regulated expression, while four genes were down-regulated expression using Arachis duranensis RAN-seq data. Multiple transcription factors regulate AdEXPs throughout seed development. Genes co-expressed with AdEXPs are involved in metabolic processes throughout pod development into seed development, reframing the current understanding of the novel subterranean peanut fruits.

Uptake, translocation and accumulation of 14C-triclosan in soil-peanut plant system

Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that is ubiquitously present in water, biosolids and soil. Current agricultural practices, such as irrigation with treated wastewater and soil amendment with biosolids, often cause further triclosan contamination in agricultural fields. However, the fate and crop uptake of triclosan in agrofood systems and related human exposure are still not fully understood. In the present study, 14C-triclosan was used to trace the fate and distribution of triclosan in a soil-peanut plant system. 14C-triclosan in the system maintained an excellent mass balance ranging from 92.5% to 102.7%. 14C-triclosan uptake from soil to peanut plants at the harvest stage (120 d) was only 1.02 ± 0.17% of the applied 14C. The bioconcentration factors in different tissues followed the order of roots > stems > leaves > fruits. The concentration of 14C-triclosan in peanut fruits was 0.76–0.84 μg g−1. 14C-triclosan was more easily accumulated in peanut kernels (69.2 ± 6.30%) than peanut hulls (27.5 ± 5.77%) and skin (3.28 ± 0.53%). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values suggested that peanut consumption represented a minimal risk to human health. The results of this study help to develop a better understanding of the fate of triclosan in the soil-peanut plant system and assess its environmental and human health risks.

Detection of seven phytohormones in peanut tissues by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Development of highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of phytohormones is of great significance to study plant hormones and agricultural production. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method was established for separation and quantification of trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin riboside, gibberellin A3, indol-3-acetic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid (JA) without any label. The separation was performed on an Agilent Explus Plus C18 column by using methanol and water as mobile phases with gradient elution. The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by mass spectrum via positive electrospray ionization for trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, and via negative electrospray ionization for gibberellin3, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and JA. The limits of detection ranged from 0.0127 ng L−1 for gibberellin A3 (GA3) to 33.26 ng L−1 for JA and were lower than the currently reported values in literature. The proposed method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytohormones in peanut gynophores and pods. The recoveries of the spiked phytohormones ranged from 80.20 to 102.56%. The contents of seven endogenous hormones varied specifically in different development stages of peanuts. This study provides a highly sensitive and selective detection method for hormones and elucidates the growth and development of the gynophore and peanut fruit, which are controlled by seven endogenous hormones.

High frequency of IgE sensitization towards kiwi seed storage proteins among peanut allergic individuals also reporting allergy to kiwi

BackgroundIgE sensitization to storage proteins from nuts and seed is often related to severe allergic symptoms. There is a risk of immunological IgE cross-reactivity between storage proteins from different species. The potential clinical implication of such cross-reactivity is that allergens other than the known sensitizer can cause allergic symptoms. Previous studies have suggested that kiwi seed storage proteins may constitute hidden food allergens causing cross-reactive IgE-binding with peanut and other tree nut homologs, thereby mediating a potential risk of causing allergy symptoms among peanut ant tree nut allergic individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of sensitization towards kiwi fruit seed storage proteins in a cohort of peanut allergic individuals.MethodsA cohort of 59 adolescents and adults with peanut allergy was studied, and self reported allergies to a number of additional foods were collected. Quantitative IgE measurements to seed storage proteins from kiwi and peanut were performed.ResultsIn the cohort, 23 out of the 59 individuals were reporting kiwi fruit allergy (39%). The frequency of IgE sensitization to kiwi fruit and to any kiwi seed storage protein was higher among peanut allergic individuals also reporting kiwi fruit allergy (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.01). A positive relationship was found between IgE levels to 11S globulin (r = 0.65) and 7S globulin (r = 0.48) allergens from kiwi and peanut, but IgE levels to 2S albumin homologs did not correlate. Patients reporting kiwi fruit allergy also reported allergy to hazelnut (P = 0.015), soy (P < 0.0001), pea (P = 0.0002) and almond (P = 0.016) to a higher extent than peanut allergic individuals without kiwi allergy.ConclusionsThirty-nine percent of the peanut allergic patients in this cohort also reported kiwi fruit allergy, they displayed a higher degree of sensitization to kiwi storage proteins from both kiwi and peanut, and they also reported a higher extent of allergy to other nuts and legumes. On the molecular level, there was a correlation between IgE levels to 11S and 7S storage proteins from kiwi and peanut. Taken together, reported symptoms and serological findings to kiwi in this cohort of patients with concurrent allergy to peanut and kiwi fruit, could be explained by a combination of cross-reactivity between the 11S and 7S globulins and co-sensitization to the 2S albumin Act d 13.

Mathematical modelling of thin-layer drying in peanut fruit

Este trabalho teve por objetivo ajustar modelos matematicos aos dados experimentais da secagem dos frutos de amendoim em camada delgada, submetidos a diferentes temperaturas do ar de secagem. Foram utilizados frutos de amendoim da cultivar IAC 505. Os frutos de amendoim foram submetidos a secagem em estufa de ventilacao forcada com diferentes niveis de temperatura (40; 50; 60 e 70 oC). Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados dez modelos matematicos tradicionalmente utilizados para representacao da cinetica de secagem em camada delgada. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que dentre os modelos ajustados aos dados experimentais, o modelo de Page foi o escolhido para representar o fenomeno de secagem em camada delgada dos frutos de amendoim. O coeficiente de difusao efetivo aumenta com a elevacao da temperatura, e a sua relacao com a temperatura de secagem pode ser descrita pela equacao de Arrhenius. As propriedades termodinâmicas entalpia e entropia tiveram seus valores reduzidos com aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem, enquanto que os valores da energia livre de Gibbs aumentam com o aumento da temperatura.

Comparative proteomics analysis of developing peanut aerial and subterranean pods identifies pod swelling related proteins

The peanut plant produces flowers aerially, while develops the fruits and seeds underground. Pod swelling is a vital process of peanut pod and seed development only occurring after the gynophore carrying the ovule into the soil. The failure of gynophore penetration into the soil leads to suppression of pod swelling initiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the process remains unknown. A comparative proteome analysis between developing aerial and subterranean pods at various developmental stages was performed using 2-DE approach. 47 significantly differentially expressed spots were selected to further identification by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS. They were corresponded to 31 distinct proteins, suggesting that many identified spots were modified in post-translation. Functional annotation revealed their involvement in twelve important biological processes, such as photosynthesis, oxidative stress response, lignin synthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycolysis, protein catabolic process, cellular metabolic process, regulation process, etc. Furthermore, 10 identified proteins were validated by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Several photosynthesis and oxidative stress proteins displayed elevated expression levels in aerial pods. Otherwise, enzymes in lignin synthesis and ubiquitin proteasome system were down-accumulation in subterranean pods. These enzymes might function as potential candidate proteins and play critical roles to regulate pods swelling and development. Pod swelling plays a crucial role in peanut fruit and seed development. However, a large number of aerial pods can't form normal pods due to suppression of swelling initiation by the failure of penetration into the soil, thereby causing to seed yield loss. Limited knowledge is available underlying molecular mechanism regulating initiation of swelling in peg tips and pod development. The results generated in this study may provide evidence for some functional proteins as potential candidates to pod swelling and new molecular insights to improve our understanding of pod development under light and darkness conditions, which may contribute valuable information to high yield breeding in future.

Calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) expression during fruit development in cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) under Ca 2+-sufficient and -deficient growth regimens

Adequate soil calcium (Ca 2+) levels are crucial for sustained reproductive development of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea). A role for calcium dependent protein kinase was evaluated during peanut fruit development under sufficient and deficient soil Ca 2+ conditions. Quantitative RT-PCR and protein gel blot analyses confirmed transcriptional upregulation of CDPK in seeds developing under inadequate soil Ca 2+ regimen, as well as spatiotemporal regulation of CDPK expression during early mitotic growth and later during the storage phase of seed development. However, a consistent basal level of CDPK was present during similar developmental stages of pod tissue, irrespective of the soil Ca 2+ status. Immunolocalization data showed CDPK decoration primarily in the outer most cell layers of the pericarp and around vascular bundles linked by lateral connections in developing pods, as well as the single vascular trace supplying nutrients to the developing seed. Finally, carbohydrate analyses and qRT-PCR data are provided for peanut genes encoding enzymes involved in sucrose cleavage (orthologs of Vicia faba, VfCWI1 and VfCWI2) and utilization ( AhSuSy and AhSpS), and oleosin gene transcripts ( AhOleo17.8 and AhOleo18.5) validating a role for CDPK in the establishment and maintenance of sink strength, and subsequent onset of storage product biosynthetic phase during seed maturation.

Some engineering properties of peanut and kernel

Some physical properties of peanut fruit and kernel were evaluated as functions of moisture content. At the moisture content of 4.85% d.b. the average length, thickness, width, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, unit mass and volume of peanut fruits were 44.53 mm, 15.71 mm, 16.68 mm, 23.00 mm, 51.60%, 2.16 g and 5.17 cm 3, respectively. Corresponding values for kernel at the moisture content of 6.00% d.b. were 20.95 mm, 8.80 mm, 10.44 mm, 12.60 mm, 57.05%, 1.063 g and 1.14 cm 3, respectively. Studies on re-wetted peanuts showed that the bulk density decreased from 243 to 184 kg/m 3, the true density, projected area, and terminal velocity increased from 424 to 545 kg/m 3, 4.88 to 6.85 cm 2 and 7.25 to 7.93 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.; for the kernel, the corresponding values changed from 581 to 539 kg/m 3, 989 to 1088 kg/m 3, 1.53 to 2.09 cm 2 and 7.48 to 8.06 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased. The rupture strength of peanut and kernel decreased as moisture content increased. The dynamic coefficient of friction varied from 0.30 to 0.73 for peanut, and from 0.22 to 0.63 for kernel over different structural surface as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.

Soil Temperature in the Peanut Pod Zone with Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Abstract Maintaining soil temperatures at specified levels (below 29 C) in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is vital to crop growth, development, and pod yield. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are not designed to wet the soil surface. Possible lack of moisture in the pod zone could result in elevated soil temperatures that could be detrimental to the peanut crop. The objective of this study was to document the response of pod zone soil temperature when irrigated with a SDI system. Thermocouple sensors were inserted at 5-cm soil depth in the crop row and at specified distances from the crop row in SDI and nonirrigated (NI) treatments. Maximum hourly and daily soil temperature data were measured at three locations, one in Virginia and two in Georgia. The maximum daily soil temperature decreased as plant canopy increased. During the first 50 d after planting (DAP), the average maximum soil temperature was 1 to 2 C cooler for both the SDI and NI treatments than the average maximum air temperature. From 50 DAP to harvest, the average maximum soil temperatures for SDI and NI treatments were 6 C cooler than the average maximum air temperature. During pod filling and maturation, the average maximum soil temperature was about 5 C cooler (27 C) for SDI treatments than the maximum air temperature and 2 C cooler than the recommended 29 C. Soil temperature in the NI treatments did exceed 29 C during periods of drought but decreased to values similar to SDI treatments immediately following a rainfall event. Overall, SDI can maintain maximum soil temperatures below critical values (29 C) during peanut fruit initiation to crop harvest.

Changes in Auxin Patterns in Developing Gynophores of the Peanut Plant (Arachis hypogaeaL.)

The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaeaL.) produces flowers aerially, but buries the recently fertilized ovules in the soil in order for the fruit and seeds to mature underground. The organ that carries the seeds into the soil is called the gynophore. The growth of the peanut gynophore is regulated primarily by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A monoclonal antibody raised against IAA was used to successfully detect and localize this growth substance in the tissues of developing peanut gynophores. Five different stages of development were analysed: (1) before fertilization; (2) after fertilization; (3) during downwards growth; (4) at soil penetration; and (5) at the early stages of fruit formation. While no auxin signal is visible in the unfertilized ovules and ovary region, an asymmetric signal is observed in the gynophore wall after fertilization. During downwards growth, the auxin signal is located in both the meristematic region and in the area encircling the seeds, as well as in the cortex and epidermis region of the elongation zone. Upon soil penetration, the auxin signal in the meristematic region disappears, and most of the signal is detected in the gynophore wall near the tip. At the early stages of peanut fruit development, auxin signal is found at the lowermost area of the bending fruit, which eventually causes the fruit to be positioned horizontally. The results of this study suggest that the possible source of auxin within the gynophore may be the area of the gynophore wall close to the tip.

P-3-400 - A treatment of Parkinsonism: Intracerebral transplantation

Some physical properties of peanut fruit and kernel were evaluated as functions of moisture content. At the moisture content of 4.85% d.b. the average length, thickness, width, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, unit mass and volume of peanut fruits were 44.53 mm, 15.71 mm, 16.68 mm, 23.00 mm, 51.60%, 2.16 g and 5.17 cm3, respectively. Corresponding values for kernel at the moisture content of 6.00% d.b. were 20.95 mm, 8.80 mm, 10.44 mm, 12.60 mm, 57.05%, 1.063 g and 1.14 cm3, respectively. Studies on re-wetted peanuts showed that the bulk density decreased from 243 to 184 kg/m3, the true density, projected area, and terminal velocity increased from 424 to 545 kg/m3, 4.88 to 6.85 cm2 and 7.25 to 7.93 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.; for the kernel, the corresponding values changed from 581 to 539 kg/m3, 989 to 1088 kg/m3, 1.53 to 2.09 cm2 and 7.48 to 8.06 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased. The rupture strength of peanut and kernel decreased as moisture content increased. The dynamic coefficient of friction varied from 0.30 to 0.73 for peanut, and from 0.22 to 0.63 for kernel over different structural surface as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.

P-3-397 - Stereotaxic cryosurgery in patients with Parkinson's disease. Long-term results

Some physical properties of peanut fruit and kernel were evaluated as functions of moisture content. At the moisture content of 4.85% d.b. the average length, thickness, width, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, unit mass and volume of peanut fruits were 44.53 mm, 15.71 mm, 16.68 mm, 23.00 mm, 51.60%, 2.16 g and 5.17 cm3, respectively. Corresponding values for kernel at the moisture content of 6.00% d.b. were 20.95 mm, 8.80 mm, 10.44 mm, 12.60 mm, 57.05%, 1.063 g and 1.14 cm3, respectively. Studies on re-wetted peanuts showed that the bulk density decreased from 243 to 184 kg/m3, the true density, projected area, and terminal velocity increased from 424 to 545 kg/m3, 4.88 to 6.85 cm2 and 7.25 to 7.93 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.; for the kernel, the corresponding values changed from 581 to 539 kg/m3, 989 to 1088 kg/m3, 1.53 to 2.09 cm2 and 7.48 to 8.06 m/s, respectively as the moisture content increased. The rupture strength of peanut and kernel decreased as moisture content increased. The dynamic coefficient of friction varied from 0.30 to 0.73 for peanut, and from 0.22 to 0.63 for kernel over different structural surface as the moisture content increased from 4.85% to 32.00% d.b.

Translocation and distribution of assimilated carbon in peanut plant

An attempt was made to monitor 13C that had been photosynthetically assimilated in the foliage of the main stem and branches of peanut plant, as well as in a single leaf at different positions on a branch. When the foliage of the main stem or branch was supplied with 13CO2 for 8 h at the vegetative stage, 13C assimilated in the branches was detected in the roots and nodules in addition to the foliage immediately after the exposure, whereas when the main stem was supplied with 13CO2, 13C was not detected in the roots and nodules immediately after 13CO2 feeding. At the reproductive stage, 13C assimilated in the main stem or branch was found in the leaves, stems, fruit (shell, seed coat, and seed), roots, and nodules immediately after assimilation. Photoassimilates from each leaf of the branch at the reproductive stage were exported to the fruit and leaves that were attached to the same branch. Namely, photoassimilates in the leaves of odd nodes were mainly translocated to the fruits attached to the first node, whereas such photoassimilates from the leaf of even nodes were mainly translocated to the fruit attached to the second node. When the foliage of a branch had been fed 13CO2 at the vegetative stage, the loss of the assimilated 13C by respiration was about 40% of the total assimilated 13C within 23 d and about 65% within 93 d after the exposure, and a small amount of photoassimilates was detected in the fruit. On the other hand, at the seed-filling stage, about 35% of the photoassimilates were utilized for seed growth within 10 d after the end of exposure. These results suggest that in the peanut plant, the carbon source of nodules mainly depends on the branch, and the main stem plays an important role as carbon source for the fruit, that a sink organ for carbon is connected with a specific sources leaf by the vascular bundles, and that most of the carbon sources for the growth of peanut fruit depend on the photoassimilates at the reproductive stage.