Peak Load Research Articles

Comparative study of virgin and recycled polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene intermingled thermoplastic composites

AbstractIn this study, a comparative analysis of the use of recycled PET (R‐PET) in synthetic and natural fiber blended composites was made. PET, R‐PET, and PP yarns were folded with reinforcing fibers by commingling technique and then fabrics were prepared using weaving technology. Hot compression molding technology was used for composite fabrication. Tensile and impact characterization revealed the significant influence of reinforcing and TP fibers on mechanical properties. R‐PET matrix glass fiber reinforced composites exhibited 41.77% higher tensile strength than virgin PET and 20.41% higher than PP. In terms of tensile strength for linen reinforced samples, R‐PET shows an impressive 181% improvement over virgin PET and 154% over PP. According to the drop weight test results, glass fiber reinforced R‐PET matrix sample exhibited a peak load value 53% higher than that of the virgin PET matrix, although it was 9.47% lower than the PP matrix. In linen fiber reinforced samples, R‐PET demonstrated a 57.73% improvement over virgin PET but lower by 9.47% compared to the PP matrix. During this time, DSC, TGA, FTIR, and flammability tests were also performed on the composite samples. The results showed that R‐PET has easy processability as a matrix material and provides better wetting of the reinforcing fibers. For this reason, it has been shown that R‐PET matrix samples provide better mechanical properties than both PET and PP matrix samples. It has also been determined that R‐PET is a more suitable matrix material compared with natural fiber reinforced composites.Highlights Commingled yarns were used for preparing composites. R‐PET yarns were used as matrix in preparing glass and linen reinforced composites. R‐PET was compared with virgin PET and PP yarns. R‐PET showed great potential in easy preparation of TP composites. Composites made with R‐PET showed improved thermal and mechanical properties.

Experiments and FE Modeling on the Seismic Behavior of Partially Precast Steel-Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls

This paper proposed an innovative precast steel-reinforced concrete (PPSRC) squat wall to simplify on-site construction. In PPSRC squat shear walls, the hollowly precast RC wall panel can be assembled on-site through the pre-erected steel shapes, and the boundary cores will be filled using fresh concrete together with the slab system. The seismic performance of PPSRC squat walls, influenced by different construction techniques (cast-in-place vs. precast) and steel ratios, was examined through pseudo-static experiments on three specimens. Some key performance indicators, including hysteretic behavior, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and load-carrying capacity, were analyzed in detail. The test results indicated that all the PPSRC squat walls failed in typical shear failure, and no significant slippage between the precast and fresh concrete sections was observed during the loading process, indicating that the composite action could be fully achieved via the novel throat connectors. In addition, the PPSRC squat walls could achieve comparable seismic performance compared with that of cast-in-place SRC shear walls (the peak load of the PPSRC squat wall only increased by 0.26% compared with the control specimen), and the load-carrying capacity and deformability could be enhanced by increasing the steel ratio in the boundary elements. Finally, an elaborate finite element model was developed and validated using ABAQUS software. The parametric analysis of the concrete strengths of precast and cast-in-place parts and the axial load was conducted further to investigate the seismic performance of PPSRC squat walls.

Configurational Design of a Hybrid System Based on an Air–Water Heat Pump and Biomass Boiler for a Rural Dwelling

Hybrid energy systems combine multiple energy sources and storage technologies to enhance performance and meet diverse energy needs. Hybrid heat pump systems are particularly suitable for heating and cooling buildings in rural areas. Air-source heat pumps have two well-known disadvantages during the coldest period of the year, when the building’s heating load is at its peak: the heat pump’s capacity is reduced and it needs to perform defrost cycles. A potential solution is to size the heat pump to cover only a portion of the peak load and to use a second heat generator in a hybrid heat pump system. There is a gap in the literature regarding the configurational analysis of hybrid heat pump (HHP) systems, particularly in terms of combining heat pumps and biomass boilers, and evaluating their efficiency, economic aspects, and environmental impact. Thus, in this research, a dynamic model of a HHP system, consisting of an air-to-water heat pump paired with a biomass boiler as a backup, is presented. Various configurations of the HHP system have been developed to evaluate key performance indicators, such as efficiency, emissions, operational costs, and other relevant factors. The findings of this paper indicate that the energy performance of HHP systems is significantly affected by the system layout, heat pump size, cut-off temperature, and the control algorithm used to activate the heat generators. Moreover, series operation of HHP systems is not only more efficient than parallel operation but also results in lower emissions and reduced operation costs. As expected, the energy loss associated with defrost cycles significantly impacts the overall performance of a hybrid system based on an air-source heat pump. Finally, the impact of the cut-off temperature on the key parameters in the configuration analysis was examined, and the optimal performance of the HHP system, in terms of minimizing operational costs and emissions, was depicted using a heat map diagram.

Fracture Analysis of 316L Specimens Fabricated via Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: Influence of Building Orientation and Notch Acuity

ABSTRACTThree‐point bending tests were performed on notched specimens extracted from cuboids of 316L stainless steel produced via material extrusion additive manufacturing. The cuboids were printed vertically and horizontally on the printing platform to account for the building orientation effect on the mechanical performance. For each orientation, three notch sizes were considered. Overall, the specimens printed with building direction parallel to the loading direction outperformed the others. A significant notch size effect was observed in these specimens since the sharpest notch provoked a decrease in the peak load reached by the specimens in comparison with larger notches. On the contrary, this effect was less relevant among the other specimens, which presented a conspicuous amount of residual porosity that contributed to the premature failure. Further investigations were carried out to correlate the building orientation to the density of the parts and, ultimately, to the investigated mechanical properties. The ASED and TCD criteria were also applied to assess their accuracy in the failure prediction of the tested specimens.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Squat RC Shear Walls with Corrosion Along the Base

In corrosive environments containing chloride and sulfate, the corrosion of steel bars is common along the base of squat RC shear walls (SRCSW) due to problems such as construction quality, concrete stress concentration, local defects, and accumulation of water and corrosive media. In this paper, three SRCSWs are designed and constructed and their mechanical properties assessed. One side of each SRCSW was exposed to a corrosive environment for 70 days, while the other side was subject to the same conditions over different corrosion times (i.e., 0 day, 42 days, and 70 days). Then, the corrosion-induced cracking process, the mechanical properties of SRCSWs corroded along the base, the relationship between the mass loss of total steel bars (MLTSB) in the corroded area and the wall mechanical properties, and the relationship between the average width of corrosion-induced cracks (CICs) and the wall mechanical properties were studied through an accelerated corrosion test and a loading failure test. The results indicate that the area of corrosion-induced cracking on SRCSWs increased with the corrosion time, and the cracking area on the different SRCSWs was approximately identical when the SRCSWs were exposed to the same corrosion time. When the degree of corrosion was different, the loading failure characteristics of the SRCSWs were obviously different, but the failure mode always corresponded to shear failure. The load–displacement curves of the SRCSWs with different degrees of corrosion along the base basically coincided and were linear when the loading was in the elastic stage. Compared to SW-1, the peak load of SW-2 decreased by 4.0%, but that of SW-3 increased by 2.7%. Compared to SW-1, the yield loads of SW-2 and SW-3 decreased by 22.4% and 11.8%, respectively. When the MLTSB increased from 13.05% to 16.71%, the crack, yield, and peak loads of the SRCSWs corroded along the base decreased by 8.8%, 22.4%, and 6.8%, respectively. The cracking, yield, and peak loads of the SRCSWs corroded along the base decreased linearly with the increase in MLTSB and the average width of the CICs, and the corresponding fitting relations were established. The results of this study can serve as a reference for the durability design of SRCSWs in corrosive environments.

Axial compression behavior of mechanized filament-wound GFRP-steel tubed concrete stub columns

Filament-wound is presently the prevailing and efficient process in the field of molding, known for its ability to achieve optimal molding effects. This technique offers numerous advantages, including high precision, a high fiber content. Traditional FRP-steel tubed concrete stub columns (FSTCSCs) are fabricated by longitudinally wrapping FRP sheet, which results in low production efficiency. This paper introduces a mechanized filament-wound FSTCSC, which can achieve overall molding and effectively improve production efficiency. This paper presents an examination of the axial compression performance of mechanically wound FSTCSC. Two variables were considered including FRP wrapping angle and concrete strength. The experimental results reveal that fiber fracture of mechanized filament-wound FSTCSC is a gradual process, with damage starting from the outermost layer. When GFRP undergoes fracture, a higher wrapping angle results in enhanced restraint stiffness but reduced ductility. Moreover, the validated finite element model is used to analyze the parameters such as the wrapping angle and the thickness of GFRP tube, and it is found that adjusting both upward and downward wrapping angles plays a role in boosting the peak load carrying capacity. Furthermore, five models for predicting ultimate strengths were evaluated using test results, followed by the provision of recommendations for practical design.

Decreased proprioception is associated with inferior postural control during unplanned landing in individuals with chronic ankle instability

ABSTRACT Poor postural control during jump landing may increase ankle sprain incidences among people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). The effects of anticipation on it and its relationship with proprioception need further examination. Fifteen participants with CAI and 15 healthy controls were recruited to perform single-leg jump landings when knowing the landing side before (planned) or after (unplanned) take-off respectively, along with a step-down proprioception test differentiating four inclination platforms (inverted 12°, 14°, 16° and 18°). Ground reaction force data (peak force, loading rate and time of stabilisation) during landings and proprioception scores were collected and analysed. The CAI group exhibited a higher loading rate (59.6 ± 7.6 vs 49.4 ± 6.7 N/kg*seconds, p = 0.011) and longer medial-lateral time to stabilisation (4.82 ± 0.69 vs 4.11 ± 0.47 seconds, p = 0.023) compared to the control group during an unplanned landing. Furthermore, the above variables were negatively correlated with the step-down proprioception score only in the unplanned condition but not in the planned condition. CAI participants had inferior medial-lateral time-to-stabilisation and loading attenuation during unplanned jump landing than healthy controls, which were associated with decreased proprioception, highlighting the importance of addressing proprioception to improve balance control during unpredictable landing situations.

Parameters Affecting Seismic Performance of Longitudinally Connected Track Lateral Blocks on Bridges Under Low-Cycle Reciprocating Loads

In the current seismic analysis of high-speed railway track–bridge structures, the constitutive parameters of track lateral blocks (TLBs) are not uniform. A finite element model of the TLB’s main beam is established, which considers concrete plastic damage, interface bond between old and new concrete, and bond slip between anchorage steel bars (ASBs) and concrete. Quasi-static tests of nine TLBs with different numbers and ASB diameters at a 1:2 scale was carried out to verify the accuracy of the TLB finite element model in terms of the failure pattern, interface damage, hysteretic properties, and skeleton model. Based on the verified TLB finite element model, the influence of different TLB design parameters on its seismic performance parameters was studied. The results show that the established TLB finite element model is in good agreement with the test data in terms of failure pattern, interface damage, hysteretic properties, and skeleton model, which verifies the accuracy of the TLB finite element model. ASB number has the greatest influence on the TLB yield load, followed by ASB diameter, concrete strength, ASB strength, and ASB spacing. ASB diameter has the greatest influence on the TLB peak load, followed by ASB number, ASB strength, concrete strength, and ASB spacing. ASB diameter has the greatest influence on the TLB energy dissipation capacity, followed by ASB number, concrete strength, ASB strength, and ASB spacing. With the increase in concrete strength and ASB strength, TLB ductility decreases. When the ASB number is higher than eight or the diameter is higher than 12 mm and the corresponding interfacial steel bar ratio reaches 0.82%, the TLB ductility will decrease.

Waste rubber recycling in concrete-filled steel tube members: Mechanical performance, reliability and life cycle assessment

This paper focuses on the axial compression mechanical performance, reliability analysis and environmental impact of rubber concrete-filled circular steel tube (RuCFST) columns. Initially, the research of the axial compression performance reveals that enhancing the wall-thickness or yield strength of steel tubes variably increases the yield, peak, and ultimate loads of RuCFST columns. The degree of enhancement of each characteristic point by growing the wall thickness of the steel tube is 5 %–44 %, 6 %–44 %, and 9 %–44 %, respectively; while the degree of enforcement is 5 %–55 %, 23 %–53 %, and 24 %–61 %, respectively, upon yield strength increase. Reliability analysis indicates that higher concrete grades decrease the probability of axial compression failure in RuCFST columns. Raising the yield strength and wall-thickness of steel tubes leads to a reduction in the reliability index. Both larger and smaller live-to-dead load effect ratios adversely impact the reliability index. In addition, the life cycle assessment method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of RuCFST columns, and the analysis was made after considering the superposition effect of waste rubber incineration and recycling into rubber aggregates.

Daily peak demand forecasting using Pelican Algorithm optimised Support Vector Machine (POA-SVM)

The knowledge of daily peak load consumption is crucial for energy planning, energy management, and resource allocation, as it is an essential element of supply-side management. This knowledge is obtained from accurate predictions of which traditional methods are falling short due to constantly changing demand. Hence, there is a need for Machine Learning (ML) models that are more efficient in hybridised or enhanced forms. This paper presents the use of a novel Pelican Algorithm optimised Support Vector Machine (POA-SVM), a hybridised ML Algorithm, to predict peak load and its corresponding peak hour for proper planning. It evaluates the performance of four Support Vector Machine (SVM) models: standard SVM, SVM optimised with Bayesian Optimisation (SVMB), SVM optimised with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO-SVM) and POA-SVM on both raw and normalised datasets. Its analysis includes a comparison of performance metrics such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-squared (R²) to determine the models' accuracy and goodness of fit. Furthermore, we experiment with K-fold cross-validation and the hold-out validation method, finding that K-fold cross-validation yields better performance metrics for all models. Notably, the POA-SVM model shows superior performance across all metrics, particularly on the raw dataset, making it a robust choice for forecasting peak demand and its corresponding hour of the day.

Comparative assessment of pollution control measures for urban water bodies in urban small catchment by SWMM

Under the current increasingly serious water pollution situation in urban, the comprehensive treatment and protecting measures in urban small catchment are the necessary step to the water pollution treatment, not only focus on the water bodies themself. In this paper, the Luojiagang river channel and its catchment in Wuhan, which has been heavily impacted by water pollution, are taken as an example for the comparative assessment of pollution control measures in order to explore the effective and sustainable schemes including the LID (Low Impact Development---LID) by using SWMM model (Storm Water Management Model---SWMM). Through the comparison of pollution treatment measures based on scenarios simulation with the baseline scenarios, it was found that the reduction effects of pollutant peak concentrations at the outlet node of Luojiagang River had the decreasing order of: the combined measures (COS) > LID control > the water diversion from Donghu Lake (WAD) > the sewage treatment (SET) > the sediment dredging (SED), and the reduction effects of total pollutant load had the decreasing order of: LID > COS > SET > SED > WAD. The results show that the control of non-point source pollution is the key for the improvement of water quality in Luojiagang River, and LID plays important role in the reduction of both pollutant peak concentrations and load. This study has the implication for the decision making of the water pollution controlling schemes in urban small catchment.

The impact of North American winter weather regimes on electricity load in the central United States

AbstractExtreme wintertime cold in the central United States (US) can drive excessive electricity demand and grid failures, with substantial socioeconomic effects. Predicting cold-induced demand surges is relatively understudied, especially on the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) timescale of 2 weeks to 2 months. North American winter weather regimes are atmospheric tools that are based on persistent atmospheric circulation patterns, and have been linked to potential S2S predictability of extreme cold in the central US. We study the relationship between winter weather regimes and daily peak load across 13 balancing authorities in the Southwest Power Pool. Anomalous ridging across Alaska, the West Coast, and Greenland drive increases in demand and extreme demand risk. Conversely, anomalous troughing across the Arctic and North Pacific reduces extreme demand risk. Thus, weather regimes may not only be an important long-lead predictor for North American electricity load, but potentially a useful tool for end users and stakeholders.

Investigating the influence of geometric configurations and loading modes on mixed mode I/II fracture characteristics of rocks: Part I-Numerical simulation

The influence of geometric configurations and loading modes is a bottleneck that restricts the accurate determination of rock fracture parameters and the precise understanding of fracture mechanisms. Therefore, the phase field method is employed to analyze the influences of specimen geometry and loading modes on the dimensionless stress intensity factors, peak load, fracture toughness, and crack initiation angle during the rock mixed mode I/II fracture process. Three new configurations of specimens are proposed to test rock mixed mode I/II fracture. The research results indicate that as the prefabricated crack inclination angle increases, the peak load of three-point bending type specimen increases, while the peak load of diametric-compression type specimen decreases. Moreover, the influence of geometric configurations on the fracture parameters of three-point bending specimens is greater than that of diametric-compression disk specimens. The research findings of this work can provide basic supporting data for the establishment of mixed mode I/II fracture testing standards.

Evaluation of tomato farmworker upper limb ergonomic risk factors

Research on musculoskeletal disorders among tomato farmworkers is limited. This pilot study aims to generate insights and preliminary data on tasks performed by tomato farmworkers at a demonstration test plot, evaluating associated ergonomic risk factors. A demonstration test plot was constructed to simulate tasks performed by tomato farmworkers. Muscle activity in the anterior deltoid and upper trapezius was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) and compared among tasks. The intensity of physical activity during stake pounding, bucket tossing, and tying tasks was monitored using a GT9X activity monitor. Non-parametric ANOVA revealed that the upper trapezius exhibited the highest muscle activity in all tasks (p < 0.05). Stake pounding showed the highest muscle activity, peak loads, and the most intense physical activity. Future studies will focus on assessing tomato farmworker activities over longer shifts and evaluating the impact of posture, fatigue, and energy expenditure on the risk for musculoskeletal disorders.

Operational optimization of a rural multi-energy system supported by a joint biomass-solid-waste-energy conversion system and supply chain

Biomass, as one of the most accessible renewable resources, could reduce dependency on fossil fuels and mitigate associated environmental impacts. With economic development and improved living standards, biomass in rural areas is converted into various forms of energy to meet high energy demands. However, existing studies on rural multi-energy system operations assume energy production from biomass is a given input parameter and consider it to be a fixed constant or subject to upper and lower bounds, independent of the biomass supply chain. Indeed, biomass energy production is significantly influenced by the collection, transportation, storage, and other processes within the supply chain. This work proposes a mixed integer linear program (MILP) for the joint optimization of an integrated rural multi-biomass-solid waste energy conversion system with a source-grid-demand-based biomass-solid waste supply chain (IRMBS-BSC system). The IRMBS-BSC system encompasses three sub-systems: the biomass-solid waste source sub-system, the biomass-solid waste grid sub-system, and the biomass-solid waste demand sub-system. Various biomass-solid wastes are classified, and a source model is established to evaluate their availability. Subsequently, a supply chain model is developed within the biomass-solid waste grid sub-system. Based on the available and transported quantity from the biomass-solid waste source sub-system and grid sub-system, a multi-energy system operation model, considering refined biomass conversion processes, is proposed. A case study involving a multi-energy system that integrates multiple rural community biomass-solid waste supplies is conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed MILP, which considers the biomass-solid waste supply chain, can reduce energy imports during the load peak periods and can also decrease the overall operational costs of the multi-energy system.

Numerical Study on the Retrofitting of Exterior RC Beam-column Joints with CFRP Composites Using the Grooving Method

Retrofitting seismically deficient beam-column joints (BCJs) in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is crucial to preventing collapse during high-intensity earthquakes. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have proven effective for retrofitting these components, but debonding of the FRP from concrete surfaces remains a challenge. Recently, the grooving method (GM) has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate this issue, enhancing the bond between FRP and concrete. This paper presents a numerical investigation of BCJs retrofitted with FRP composites using the GM, focusing on various design parameters. The study utilized finite element models developed in ABAQUS, incorporating the concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model to simulate the nonlinear behavior of concrete. The interface between the concrete and FRP was modeled as a perfect bond, simulating the strong adhesion provided by the GM. The numerical results were validated against experimental data from two BCJ specimens, showing good agreement in terms of load-displacement behavior, peak loads, and failure modes. Key parameters studied include the beam longitudinal reinforcement ratio, column axial load ratio, and joint aspect ratio. The findings reveal that these parameters significantly affect the shear capacity of retrofitted joints, impacting the efficiency of the retrofitting.

CFD Investigation on Air-Staged Combustion Characteristics of Deep Peak Shaving Wall-Fired Burner Boilers

ABSTRACT In alignment with China’s ambitious goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, stringent load peak regulations are being enforced for coal-fired power generation. This underlines the significance of deploying deep load peaking strategies in coal-fired units. The current research focus is on wall-fired boilers operating under ultra-low loads of 600 MWe. It delves into the flow dynamics, combustion characteristics, component concentration field, and NOx emission characteristics under varying air coefficients in the primary combustion zones (α). The findings suggest the formation of a consistently high-temperature region in the primary combustion zone, where temperatures surpass 1500 K. The middle burner exhibits superior combustion stability compared to the bottom burner. As α diminishes, several changes occur. The flow field intensity in the primary combustion zone lessens, the ignition distance contracts, and the O2 concentration in this area drops. This engenders a reducing atmosphere characterized by low O2 and high CO levels, which hampers the formation of NOx. At α = 0.95, the NO concentration peaks, with the primary generation mechanism being temperature-driven. At this juncture, the NO concentration at the furnace flue gas outlet is 287.36 mg/m3.

Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Cyclic Extrusion Compression on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Pure Aluminum.

The influence of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and cyclic extrusion compression (CEC) of Al-1080 on the pressing load, microstructure, and tensile properties was investigated. The pressing peak loads of the CEC were 218.8-265.4% higher than those of the ECAP, with a more complex load behavior in the CEC process. The deformation morphology of the ECAP samples indicates an improvement in the deformation homogeneity with the number of passes. Shear band morphology with a decrease in the shear band width from the center to the outer surface makes up the predominant pattern of the CEC samples. The ECAP samples have 13.9-44% smaller average grain sizes, with 3.8-8.1% higher high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) than the CECed samples. The ECAP and CEC processing improve the tensile strength. However, the ECAP sample's tensile strength (UTS) and the proof strength (σ0.2) were 11.5-20.6 and 2.6-16.4% higher than that of CEC, without noticeable differences in elongation. The σ0.2 values were predicted accurately with a deviation range of 1.8-7.3% from the experimental one. The ECAP samples are easy to process under lower loads. Moreover, ECAP samples have an equiaxed grain microstructure with a higher degree of deformation homogeneity and tensile strength.

Managing grid impacts from increased electric vehicle adoption in African cities

Electric vehicles are pivotal for global climate solutions, particularly in emerging markets like Africa. Despite the continent’s clean energy potential, electric vehicle adoption faces unique challenges due to inefficiencies and reliability issues of distribution power grids. Here, we analyze the impacts of expanding electric vehicle fleets—private, commercial, and paratransit—on Nairobi’s power grid. We simulate traffic patterns, charging behaviors, and transformer utilization using local mobility data. Our results show that while electric commercial and paratransit fleets may improve power system efficiency, widespread private EV adoption could significantly strain the grid, increasing peak loads and transformer aging. Smart charging strategies could mitigate these issues, reducing potential transformer replacement costs by up to 40%. Our study highlights the importance of tailored demand management and infrastructure planning to support EV growth in African cities, providing critical insights for policymakers, utilities, and transport planners to facilitate sustainable electric mobility transitions.

Multi-objective-based economic dispatch and loss reduction in the presence of electric vehicles considering different optimization techniques

Currently, electric vehicles (EVs) are the most liked mode for green transportation. However, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology can reduce the peak demand on the power grid, which is an efficient way to encourage the integration of EVs. This paper proposes a multi-objective-based economic dispatch management including EVs to minimize the generator cost and active power loss. The entire system is retained for keeping in mind the economic operation of the whole system. Then, EVs are introduced to the system, taking into account vehicle requirements and load demands and considering EV constraints. The target of the proposed work is to demonstrate how effectively large-scale EVs can participate in valley filling and peak load shaving along with multi-objective-based cost and loss reduction. The proposed optimization problem is employed in an IEEE 30-bus system. The multi-objective grasshopper optimization algorithm and the ant-lion optimization are compared to observe the minimum cost and total loss of the system. The results show that the total generation cost and power loss of the system decrease due to the V2G mode of operation. In addition, EVs provide an alternative method for dealing with peak load, while filling the off-peak hours effectively. The total generation cost and power loss for 24 h using MOGOA without implementation of EVs are 8,757.128 $/hr and 65.28509 MW, respectively, and with EVs, the total generation cost and power loss for 24 h are 8,617.077 $/hr and 55.65349 MW, respectively. Thus, with the implementation of EVs, the total generation cost reduced by 1.59% and the total power loss reduced by 14.75%, and with MOALO, the total generation cost and power loss for 24 h without EVs are 8,977.077 $/hr and 44.20877 MW, respectively, and with EVs, the total generation cost and power loss for 24 h are 8,923.529 $/hr and 41.69524 MW, respectively. Thus, with the implementation of EVs, the total generation cost reduced by 0.59% and the total power loss reduced by 5.68%. The analysis of the results demonstrates how effectively EVs in the V2G mode can reduce the dependency over the grid power during the time of peak load demand.