Method Of Peak Load Research Articles

Power Consumption Modeling based on Real-Time Data Traffic for Balancing Power Supply and Energy Demand to Develop Green Telecommunication Tower: A Case Study

Green telecommunication tower primarily depends on renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. This study presents a power consumption model to estimate the load demand of a telecommunication tower (TT) to improve energy efficiency. The method is based on field measurements of real-time data traffic load of the entire operated macrocell telecommunication tower to balance power supply and energy demand. This advanced method is investigated using HOMER Pro simulation and compared with a widely accepted technique called overall peak load method for a chosen case study. The comparison simulation results showed that by using the power consumption model method, the energy-saving efficiency at the TT is improved by 24.19% and the size of the overall system is decreased by 33.33%. Consequently, the annualized cost is reduced by 25.7%. This optimum performance contributes to the effective development of green telecommunication towers.

A simplified extreme method for determining double‐K fracture parameters of concrete using experimental peak load

AbstractA simplified approach to obtain the double‐K fracture parameters of concrete for three‐point bending beams was proposed based on the extreme method. With the proposed method, the double‐K parameters can be easily obtained by the experimental peak load. This method requires fewer parameters or tests than the double‐K method and the peak load method. It also avoids complicated numerical integral compared with the traditional extreme method. The double‐K parameters obtained by the proposed method are slightly smaller than those by the double‐K method, and they do not seem to be influenced by the initial crack length to depth ratio.

Determining double-K fracture parameters of concrete only by the measured peak load

The peak load and critical crack-mouth opening displacement are two essential parameters that should be measured in the conventional analytical method to determine double-K fracture parameters of concrete. In this study, we propose a method to determine the double-K fracture parameters only by using the measured peak load so that both the measurement of critical crack-mouth opening displacement and the limit to require three or more distinct specimens in the conventional peak load method can be avoided. Furthermore, double-K fracture parameters are computed using the conventional analytical method and proposed method respectively through the three-point bending test and the findings in the scientific literature. The results show that the fracture parameters of the double-K fracture model can be determined by using this proposed method without any appreciable error.

Rule-based Energy Management System in an Experimental Microgrid with the Presence of Time of Use Tariffs

This paper aims to investigate a method of peak load shaving through the utilization of solar PV and battery energy storage whilst creating a cost effective Energy Management System (EMS). This is achieved by utilizing a rule-sets to manage and optimize a scheduling system with a forecasting algorithm. As Time of Use (ToU) tariffs change throughout the day, a cost benefit can be achieved when a smart energy storage system is appropriately employed. The EMS operation is tested on an experimental microgrid with commercial load considering payback period calculation.

Determination of double-K fracture parameters of concrete using peak load method

This paper presents application of peak load for determining double-K fracture parameters of concrete. The existing conventional experimental method and analytical methods require measurement of crack opening displacement at critical condition during fracture test whereas this measurement is not required in peak load method. Further, double-K fracture parameters are computed using both conventional analytical method and peak load method for three point bending test of specimen size range 200–500mm. The comparison of the results shows that both the fracture parameters of the double-K fracture model can be determined using peak load method without any appreciable error.

Determination of concrete fracture parameters based on peak-load method with diagonal split-tension cubes

Using the boundary element method, unnotched and notched split tension-cubes were analyzed by applying compressive forces in the diagonal planes. The maximum tensile stress of the unnotched diagonal cubes and the linear elastic fracture mechanics formulas of the notched diagonal cubes, KI, CMOD and COD profile, were determined for different load-distributed widths. Subsequently, to investigate the extent to which the diagonal split-cube tests could simulate the fracture behavior of concrete, four series of tests were performed. Finally, the advantages of diagonal splitting cubes are discussed in comparison to other splitting specimens.

Chevron-Notched Toughness of Materials with Rising Fracture Resistance Curves

The effect of rising resistance curves on the fracture tougness determined from chevron-notched beam tests is estimated via a set of simple numerical calculations. It is shown that for materials with a rising resistance curve, the toughnesses determined by the peak load method and by the work of fracture method are both higher than the initiation toughness, and both depend on the sample size relative to the length over which the resistance curve increases. It is also found that the toughness based on the work of fracture is higher than that based on the peak load. Fracture toughness data obtained from tests of a nickel–alumina composite are discussed in light of the results of the numerical calculation.

A Systematic Method to Determine Optimal Specimen Geometry for Measuring Concrete Fracture Properties by the Peak-Load Method

Abstract The peak-load method is a simple method for determining the fracture properties KIcS and CTODc of the two-parameter fracture model of concrete. With this method, the fracture properties can be determined from the measured peak loads of several different (or distinct) specimens. Specimens can be made distinct in specimen shape, size, notch length, and loading configuration. To quantitatively identify the degree of specimen distinction, a variable named specimen distinction number is proposed. When test specimens are considerably distinct, random experimental errors have negligible effect, and determination KIcS and CTODc is of high accuracy. Thus test specimens can be optimized to obtain the most accurate values of the fracture properties. A previous experimental program found that change in specimen shape (e.g., a hole drilled at the axis of splitting tension cylinder) can largely expand the specimen distinction. An experimental program reported in this paper shows that changing loading configurations of beams (or prisms) from bending to eccentric compression can also largely enhance the specimen distinction and therefore provide KIcS and CTODc determination of high accuracy.

Splitting tension tests to determine concrete fracture parameters by peak-load method

Abstract An experimental program confirms that the peek-load method can be successfully applied to splitting tension tests to determine fracture parameters KIcS and CTODc of the two-parameter fracture model from the measured peak loads. The peak-load method requires distinct specimens. It is found that a hole drilled at the axis of splitting tension cylinder can largely expand the specimen distinction. Combination of tests on splitting tension cylinders with and without a hole raises the reliability of the KIcS and CTODc values determined by the peak-load method.

Splitting Tension Tests to Determine Concrete Fracture Parameters by Peak-Load Method

Splitting Tension Tests to Determine Concrete Fracture Parameters by Peak-Load Method