Peak Ground Acceleration Values Research Articles

Estimation Model Peak Ground Acceleration at Bedrock and Surface of The Pasaman Barat Earthquake on February 25, 2022 M_w 6.1

<p>The earthquake occured on february 25, 2022 in West Pasaman, Province West Sumatera with momen magnitude M<sub>w</sub>6.1, produced strong ground motion so that many several buildings were damaged. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) represents its level ground acceleration in bedrock and peak surface acceleration (PGA<sub>m</sub>) describes the acceleration value on the surface which depends on the amplification factor and the type of soil classification. Information peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak surface acceleration (PGA<sub>m</sub>) values plays an important role in describing the level of damage due to earthquake events. The purpose this study for determine the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak surface acceleration (PGA<sub>m</sub>) for West Pasaman earthquake Mw6.1 using boore (1997) attenuation model. In this study using parameter data main earthquake and then peak ground acceleration (PGA) value calculated each grid points and then analysis peak surface acceleration (PGA<sub>m</sub>) value is based on the effect of site class from information Vs30 USGS model on peak ground acceleration (PGA) at bedrock from SNI 1726 : 2012. The result in this study showed peak ground acceleration and peak surface acceleration value in due West Pasaman earthquake ranged between 0.066 - 0.345 g and 0.223 - 0.627 g. The areas affected by heavy damage occured in Kajai, Rimbo Panti, Malampah and Tigo Nagari Subdistrict with peak ground acceleration and peak surface acceleration value around 0.115 - 0,345 g and 0.423 - 0.627 g respectively and was dominated with type site class moderate soil (SD) based on Vs30 data form USGS model.</p>

Seismic hazard zonation map and definition of seismic actions for Greece in the context of the ongoing revision of EC8

AbstractThe Greek National Annex for current Eurocode 8 has adopted the seismic hazard zonation map published in 2003 as part of the modifications to the Greek Seismic Code EAK 2000 (EAK 2003). This map, which followed the catastrophic earthquakes that hit the country between 1978 and 2001, includes three seismic hazard zones with peak ground acceleration (PGA) ranging between 0.16 and 0.36 g. In this paper, following the significant progress that has been made worldwide in the last two decades towards the improvement of the definition of seismic actions and the seismic hazard maps using fully probabilistic models, we make a complete proposal for the Greek National Annex of the ongoing revision of Eurocode 8, which includes a new seismic hazard zonation map for Greece, as well as a novel site categorization scheme and related site amplification factors. To this end, we use the results of the European Seismic Hazard Model, ESHM20, as reported by Danciu et al. (The 2020 update of the European Seismic Hazard Model: Model Overview, 2021) which will be adopted as informative reference for the seismic hazard at European level in the forthcoming revision of Eurocode 8 (CEN/EC8). The herein proposed ground shaking zonation for rock conditions includes five zones with PGA values ranging between 0.13 and 0.37 g. For each zone, two newly proposed ground motion parameters, i.e., Sα,475 and Sβ,475, are provided, which are the two parameters used for anchoring the elastic response spectrum as defined in CEN/EC8, along with all the other necessary parameters for the definition of the elastic response spectrum, including site amplification. The proposal for the new seismic zonation is supported by a preliminary investigation of the impact of its adoption on the seismic design of new structures and on the seismic risk of the current building stock in Greece, to help gain a better insight on how important the differences imposed by the new zonation might be for the end-users and the administration.

A geological, petrophysical and ground motion model of the Pavoncelli bis hydraulic tunnel (Southern Apennines, Italy): Implications for reservoir analyses

The strong 1980 M6.81 Irpinia earthquake in Southern Italy critically damaged the Pavoncelli hydraulic tunnel. Based on geological, petrophysical and geomechanical investigations and seismological data, a multi-scale geological model was inferred. The detrital mode and key petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability, and nanopore volumes) data have been used for defining the water-reservoir potential of the arenitic successions, with a focus on defining the hydrogeological model. The model was then used to perform a novel back-analysis of the spatial distribution of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) caused by the 1980 earthquake accounting for site-effects in a robust manner. This analysis, which accounts for site-effects in a robust manner, shows high PGA values along the length of the Pavoncelli tunnel, which is located between the causative fault of the 1980 earthquake in the vicinity of the epicenter. The main outcomes of the study are that: (1) the multi-scale and interdisciplinary approach developed in this study can be used in future studies in this and other areas, (2) the spatial 2D-3D geological model must be accounted for when analyzing distributed systems, (3) the hydrogeological model coupled with porosity data allows for reservoir analyses and (4) the complex tectonic environment in the area hosting the Pavoncelli tunnel plays a strong role in the analysis of the spatial distribution of PGA, creating the need for site-specific seismic microzonation studies and the evaluation of near-fault effects.

Developing design response spectra for Benghazi city including soil magnification effects

Earthquakes in some countries worldwide cause loss of lives and properties. In Libya, design of structures to resist earthquake forces was based on a paper work published by Mallick in 1976. In 1977, and after small changes in the earthquake zoning map of Libya, the ministry of housing, at that time, adopted it as a draft code of practice for the design of structures to resist earthquake forces. With Benghazi city undergoing significant rehabilitation and development programs, including major national projects, there is a pressing need to estimate updated probabilistic seismic hazard maps and design response spectra specific to the city. This study presented updated probabilistic seismic hazard ground motion for Benghazi city, considering different return periods and accounting for peak ground acceleration (PGA) values with various soil conditions. Proposed design response spectra for Benghazi City unveils substantial PGA amplifications in soft soil areas.

A dense micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based seismic network in populated areas: rapid estimation of exposure maps in Trentino (NE Italy)

Abstract. The micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-based seismic network of Trentino (NE Italy) consists of 73 low-cost accelerometers installed close to inhabited areas. These sensors have a suitable sensitivity to detect moderate-to-strong earthquakes but are able to record even weaker seismicity. The densely distributed peak ground acceleration values recorded by MEMS and other types of stations are integrated within the existing seismic monitoring procedure in order to automatically obtain a complete set of strong motion parameters a few minutes after the origin time. The exposure of the resident population and critical buildings is estimated by quantifying the different levels of shaking, which is expressed according to the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg intensity scale. These types of results, summarized in synthetic portable document format (PDF), can be useful for civil protection purposes to evaluate the state of emergency after a strong earthquake in a timely manner and to choose how and where to activate first aid measures and targeted structural monitoring.

Investigation of the Seismic Performance of Historical Masonry Aqueducts with Eulerian-Lagrangian Coupled Analysis

ABSTRACT Throughout history, aqueducts have been built to exceed obstacles on the waterway while preserving the energy of water. Our priceless cultural heritage, aqueducts must be protected to be passed on to future generations. Filling the channel with water can increase earthquake resistance due to the damping effect of water. Investigating of fluid and structure interaction of aqueducts through numerical analysis is crucial to understand their behavior under seismic forces. The aqueducts, for which 3D finite element models were prepared, were analyzed using the combined Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, taking into account two main scenarios: with and without fluid-structure interaction. With this approach, it’s aimed to observe the damping effect of the fluid, the sloshing on its surface and possible water overflows. Using the CDP material model for masonry units, the analyzes were diversified with various ground motion records at different Peak Ground Acceleration values. The presence of water in the channel significantly reduced displacements, stresses and damage rates. In addition, it was seen that the spectral acceleration value of the earthquake record was more effective in causing damage rather than the PGA value. Graphics and contour diagrams are given to understand and compare the analysis results of aqueduct models under different conditions.

Vertical Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Interplate and Intermediate-Depth Intraslab Earthquakes at Mexico City’s Hill Zone

ABSTRACT We present ground motion prediction models for spectral pseudo acceleration (5% damping), peak ground velocity, and peak ground acceleration values from interplate and intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes at the so-called hill zone of Mexico City for the vertical component and the vertical-to-horizontal ratio case. There are no previous models for the vertical component from these events in Mexico City. The prediction equations were developed as a function of magnitude and also as a function of distance to the fault surface of earthquakes by using 30 and 26 seismic recordings from interplate (1965–2022) and intermediate-depth intraslab (1964–2017) earthquakes at the hill zone of the city by using Bayesian regression analyses. The attenuation models are developed for interplate events for distances ranging from 280 km to over 500 km and Mw from 6 to 8.1, and for intraslab events for distances to the fault surface ranging from 100 km up to about 600 km, focal depths from 40 km to over 120 km and Mw from 5 to 8.2. Nevertheless, since at large distances ground motions are generally weak, we recommend the applicability of the proposed models to be restricted to up to 400 km. The models are adequate to estimating the seismic hazard at the hill zone of Mexico City, as proved by contrasting analytical versus empirical seismic exceedance rates for the vertical component.

Hazard analysis of earthquake in Pleret, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region based on microtremor data

Pleret, one of the sub-districts in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, is prone to earthquakes. This area is traversed by an active fault system known as the Opak fault, with a maximum magnitude of 6.6 Mw. The local geological conditions can be determined based on microtremor data from 43 measurement points. The purpose of this research is to understand the dynamic characteristics of the local geological conditions, including the dominant frequency (f0), shear wave velocity (Vs30), peak ground acceleration (PGA), and to map the earthquake impacts on the population and structures. Microtremor measurements were conducted for approximately 20 minutes, revealing a dominant frequency range of 0.61-10.85 Hz. The HVSR curve inversion revealed the Vs30 range 213 to 826 m/s distribution. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values varied from 0.16 to 0.26 g. Using InaSAFE software, the estimated affected population reached 49,052 people, with over 23,176 structures affected. The results of this mapping are expected to be utilized as a step towards enhancing disaster preparedness.

Field teams coordination for earthquake-damaged distribution system energization

The re-energization of electrical distribution systems in a post-disaster scenario is of grave importance as most modern infrastructure systems rely heavily on the presence of electricity. This paper introduces a method to coordinate the field teams for the optimal energization of an electrical distribution system after an earthquake-induced blackout. The proposed method utilizes a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to create an optimal energization strategy, which aims to minimize the expected time to energize each distribution system component. The travel duration of each team and the possible outcomes of the energization attempts are considered in the state transitions. The failure probabilities of the system components are computed using the fragility curves of structures and the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values which are encoded to the MDP model via transition probabilities. Furthermore, the proposed solution offers several methods to determine the non-optimal actions during the construction of the MDP and eliminate them in order to improve the run-time performance without sacrificing the optimality of the solution.

Active Tectonics, Quaternary Stress Regime Evolution and Seismotectonic Faults in Southern Central Hispaniola: Implications for the Quantitative Seismic Hazard Assessment

AbstractPresent‐day convergence between Caribbean and North American plates is accommodated by subduction zones, major active thrusts and strike‐slip faults, which are probably the source of the historical large earthquakes on Hispaniola. However, little is known of their geometric and kinematic characteristics, slip rates and seismic activity over time. This information is important to understand the active tectonics in Hispaniola, but it is also crucial to estimate the seismic hazard in the region. Here we show that a relatively constant NE‐directed shortening controlled the geometry and kinematics of main active faults in southern central Hispaniola, as well as the evolution of the Quaternary stress regime. This evolution included a pre‐Early Pleistocene D1 event of NE‐trending compression, which gave rise to the large‐scale fold and thrust structure in the Cordillera Central, Peralta Belt, Sierra Martín García and San Juan‐Azua basin. This was followed by a near pure strike‐slip D2 stress regime, partitioned into the N‐S to NE‐SW transverse Ocoa‐Bonao‐La Guácara and Beata Ridge fault zones, as well as subordinate structures in related sub‐parallel deformation corridors. Shift to D2 strike‐slip deformation was related to indentation of the Beata Ridge in southern Hispaniola from the Early to Middle Pleistocene and continues today. D2 was locally coeval by a more heterogeneous and geographically localized D3 extensional deformation. Defined seismotectonic fault zones divide the region into a set of simplified seismogenic zones as starting point for a seismic hazard modeling. Highest peak ground acceleration values computed in the Ocoa Bay establish a very high seismic hazard.

Comparison of peak ground acceleration using deterministic and probabilistic approach in the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, Indonesia

An area located near an active volcano, subduction zone, and/or active fault has a risk of an earthquake. Earthquakes can cause damage to buildings with a large number of losses. One of the earthquake-related parameters required in planning an earthquake-resistant building is the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). The objective of this study is to compare the PGA value at the coastal area of Loh Buaya, Rinca Island, Indonesia, using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). The DSHA is calculated based on earthquake data series from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in the period between 1922 to 2022. Also, it is calculated using 10 data of Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE). Data from the USGS is constrained with magnitude > 5.0 MW and earthquake distance < 200 km from the study site. The PSHA is based on the Indonesian earthquake hazard map and the de-aggregation map from the National Earthquake Study Centre of Indonesia with a probability exceeding 2% in 50 years. Based on the parameters of PGA maximum, distance, and magnitude, the DSHA by Kanno method has the closest result to the PSHA. It is concluded that this area has a high earthquake risk with a PGA maximum of more than 0.5 g.

Deterministic ground motion modeling with target earthquakes and site effects in eastern Azerbaijan

In the context of assessing seismic hazard, accurately predicting ground motion stands out as a crucial task. Achieving precision in ground motion modeling proves valuable in revealing the actual pattern, even when faced with insufficient data on soil structure, provided there is precise information about the seismic source. This study introduces a methodology for calculating local- and near-field ground motion, expressed in peak ground acceleration (PGA) and intensity values. The deterministic approach is employed, incorporating source characteristics and one-dimensional (1D) site effects. For the chosen test area, the Ismayilli-Shamakhi region on the southeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan, two seismic scenarios are investigated: the 1902 Shamakhi earthquake (magnitude M = 6.8) and the November 25, 2000 Baku-Caspian earthquake (two shocks with moment magnitude Mw = 6.08 and 6.18). Different soil types are considered to validate the proposed methodological procedures. The analysis involves the computation of peak ground acceleration motion for two scenario earthquakes: a local-field event with M = 6.8 and a near-field event with Mw = 6.5, representing the average magnitude of the 2000 Baku-Caspian earthquake. The computed peak ground acceleration values are then used to derive intensities. Notably, the 1902 Shamakhi earthquake and the 2000 Baku-Caspian earthquake exhibit similar trends on surface PGA values. The local-field scenario estimates PGA values ranging from 77 to 328 gal, corresponding to MSK-64 scale intensity levels of VII-IX. The near-field scenario, with PGA values ranging from 28 to 62 gal, aligns with MSK-64 intensity levels of VI–VII. In the final assessment, the amplification factor in the study area varies between 0.55 and 0.83. The seismic hazard level is identified as high in the southern and southeastern regions, particularly in areas with soft shallow and medium-depth soils, indicating a high potential for ground motion amplification.

Estimation of active surface deformation using PSInSAR technique of the Central Himalayan region

The Kumaun Himalaya is considered as the most active part of the Central Seismic gap in the Indian Sub-continent. In this paper, we presented active surface deformation rates of the Kumaun region from February 2017 to February 2021 using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) technique. The cumulative displacement that occurred during the span of 4 years is ±55 mm, whereas the Line of Sight (LOS) deformation velocity rate ranges is ±7 mm/yr. Apart from PSI, we also estimated the b-value of the Kumaun region from 1803 to 2021 (399 events) and its value is 0.54 ± 0.03. A distinct NE-SW trend of b-value is observed where earthquakes with M > 6 occurred towards NE of this trend. The PSI-derived deformation reveals that the central part of the Inner Lesser Himalaya along with the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone is dominated by uplift. The zone between the Munsiari Thrust (MT) and MCT in the central region shows the maximum uplift ranging 5–7 mm/yr which exactly lies above the mid-crustal ramp of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Our results are well corroborated with available observations of geodetic strain and peak ground acceleration values. However, the deformation patterns and high-velocity rates in the central part of the study area between MT and MCT indicate the accumulation of high stress.

ZONATION OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY LEVELS IN SOUTH BENGKULU REGENCY, INDONESIA FOR DISASTER-BASED REGIONAL PLANNING

The accurate prediction and prevention of earthquakes remains challenging. Consequently, the primary approach to mitigate the impact of earthquakes is through disaster risk reduction efforts. One significant strategy involves conducting seismic vulnerability analyses based on disaster scenarios. This study aims to identify and map areas with varying levels of seismic vulnerability, analyzing the factors contributing to vulnerability in the South Bengkulu Regency. Secondary data, including peak ground acceleration (PGA) values, were collected, along with microtremor data obtained through the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. The recorded microtremor data serve as input parameters for PGA, Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), Seismic Vulnerability Index (Kg), shear wave velocity (Vs), and the time-averaged shear wave velocity for the first 30 m depths (Vs30) values. The findings reveal that, overall, seismic vulnerability in the South Bengkulu Regency can be categorized as low. However, specific areas, particularly in the southwestern and northeastern zones, exhibit relatively higher levels of vulnerability. The heightened vulnerability in these areas is attributed to elevated PGA values, despite the region's generally high soil density, which acts as a mitigating factor against earthquake threats.

Evaluasi Ketahanan Gempa pada Fondasi Tangki Minyak 3000 bbl Berdasarkan Metode Analitik dan Elemen Hingga

Oil tank buildings are designed to be earthquake-resistant throughout their lifetime. The foundation of the 3000 bbl petroleum storage tank in Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI) Regency has been designed using previous seismic standards. This encourages the importance of evaluating foundation resilience against the latest standards because the latest standards show an increase in the Peak Ground Acceleration value. This research aims to determine the Safety Factor (FK) and settlement of the existing foundation of a 3000 bbl petroleum storage tank at the Collecting Station in PALI Regency using earthquake parameters in 2022. A quantitative approach was carried out using finite element and analytical analysis. Steel tank structure design, soil investigation, loads, earthquake parameters, and existing foundation design are used. FK and settlement results will be evaluated based on API 650 and SNI 8604:2017 requirements. The analytical and finite element research results show that the FK value meets the requirements. However, the FK value obtained tends to be too large compared to the requirements. Therefore, it is recommended to design a foundation size smaller than the existing foundation as an efficiency measure. Apart from that, the settlement results at the end of the service life (50th year) show that it is still within the settlement limit permitted by API 650. The research results have confirmed that the existing foundation can withstand earthquakes based on earthquake parameters in 2022. So, these results can be used to develop tank foundation designs for earthquake-safe oil storage in similar locations.

Seismic Hazard Assessment in Maluku Province Using PSHA

On 10 January 2023, a strong earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.5 occurred in Banda Sea, Maluku Province. This earthquake caused casualties around the epicentre due to the building collapse which was not an earthquake-resistant structure. A high level of seismic vulnerability and non-standard infrastructure often result in large losses when earthquakes occur. Therefore, mapping of earthquake-prone areas needs to be carried out to optimize the mitigation efforts based on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Spectrum Acceleration (SA) values. In this paper, mitigation efforts are carried out by mapping earthquake-prone areas using Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) which considers the potential of each complex earthquake source in Maluku Province. Input data was obtained from several earthquake catalogues such as Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS), International Seismological Center (ISC), and United States Geological Survey (USGS) which were processed and analyzed using the Matlab, ZMap, and R-CRISIS programs and mapped using the ArcMap program. The results of PSHA show that Maluku Province is a region with varying levels of earthquake vulnerability. The research results show that the distribution hazard value on PGA in Maluku Province reaches 0.02g to 0.48g for a return period of 500 years and 0.04g to 0.79g for a return period of 2,500 years and on SA for periods of 0.20 seconds and 1.00 second reaches 0.04g to 0.89g and 0.01g to 0.22g for a return period of 500 years and 0.07g to 1.48g and 0.02g to 0.35g for a return period of 2,500 years, respectively. The highest level of vulnerability is in the northern region including Seram Island, Way Apu Island and Ambon Island and the lowest level of vulnerability is in the eastern region including Aru Island.

A Study of Building Structure Resilience to Seismic in the Batu Pahat Area using Rapid Visual Screening Method

This study is aimed at evaluating the durability of buildings in Batu Pahat area against seismic activity. To carry out this assessment, data about the building structure is collected, including architect plans, site investigations, and photos. This data is then processed and analysed using manual methods. To determine the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value, the coordinates of Batu Pahat area are needed. This value can be calculated using Mathematica software, which gives a PGA value of 0.0553 g for Batu Pahat area. Based on this value, the Low Map Area form is used for the evaluation, using the ATC-21 form. The evaluation results indicate that 70% of the buildings in the area are in good condition, 25% are in a satisfactory condition, and only 5% are in a weak condition. However, it is important to note that even though only a small percentage of buildings are classified as weak, it does not mean that seismic hazards can be ignored. The study also suggests that the durability of building structures depends on various factors, such as the columns' strength, the building's bottom situation (e.g., empty space or unit), the building's shape (e.g., plan or upright), and the surrounding area's situation. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the durability of buildings in the Batu Pahat area against seismic activity. It provides crucial information for stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding building safety in the region. The study's findings will guide decision-making processes, helping determine necessary precautions, retrofitting measures, or potential relocation of high-risk buildings. By enhancing the resilience of buildings, this evaluation contributes to the safety and well-being of occupants in the face of seismic hazards. Ultimately, the study's comprehensive assessment and subsequent insights lay the groundwork for informed decision-making and proactive measures to mitigate seismic risks, benefiting the overall resilience of buildings in the Batu Pahat District.

Seismic Hazard Map of ASEAN Countries towards Risk Assessment and Sustainability of Structures and Infrastructures

This study contains the most recent seismic hazard map of Southeast Asia. This area is located to the south of the Eurasian plate. The Ring of Fire that surrounds the region makes it one of the most active in terms of earthquakes and volcanoes. Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Brunei are among the countries being studied. The goals of this project are to provide Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values for all regions in ASEAN countries, and then to create seismic zoning maps for these countries so that zones with non-seismic regions can be identified and zones with no special steel reinforcement-detailing requirements can be specified. The final step is to create design response spectra. Based on each nation's most recent body of literature, the PGA hazard map is created. There are two maps that need to be created, one for 10% and one for 2% probability of exceeding. The PGA contours of all the compiled maps were then reconstructed, and the baseline colours were compared to an Indonesia seismic hazard map. The maximum PGA value for Southeast Asia is as high as 0.8g at 10% and 2.0g at 2% probability of exceedance, respectively, whereas the minimum PGA value is typically equal to 0.0g at both 10% and 2% probability of exceedance. The design response spectrum distribution of the stable with moderate earthquake region from 0 to 4 s (including West Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak of East Malaysia) and the distribution of spectra for active earthquake regions including Indonesian cities (including Acheh, Padang and Palu) are plotted. Then, the design response spectra for the selected cities in regions of moderate seismicity and active earthquakes are integrated.

ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD POTENTIAL ANALYSIS AS THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING RECOMMENDATION DKI JAKARTA PROVINCE

Development planning is essential in reducing damage and losses caused by disasters. Development planning in an area can look at the vulnerabilities in the area, from social vulnerability, physical vulnerability, economic vulnerability, and social vulnerability. Disaster mitigation-based development planning is urgently needed in an area to reduce the impact of disasters. However, many regions still have not paid attention to the importance of disaster mitigation in development planning. One type of disaster mitigation-based development planning that can be applied is to build an area or community that is resilient to disasters by taking into account the frequency and impact of disasters, also economic vulnerability due to these disasters, especially in areas around subduction zones that have a depth of fewer than 40 meters (megathrust zone). DKI Jakarta Province is one of Indonesia's provinces, located around the subduction zone. A hazard analysis using the value of peak ground acceleration in bedrock and economic vulnerability will map the impact of risks that will occur due to an upcoming earthquake so that it can be a recommendation for each municipality in determining development plans.

The relationship between peak ground acceleration and landform for earthquake hazard assessment in Bulukumba Regency

The location of Bulukumba Regency, which is traversed by the Walanae Fault, indicates that this area has the potential for earthquakes. The potential for this earthquake is also reinforced by the condition of the Bulukumba Regency landform, which is composed of landforms of volcanic and tectonic origin. The purpose of this study was to analyze the hazard potential of the earthquake through the peak ground acceleration approach and to analyze the relationship between the landform and the peak ground acceleration value in Bulukumba Regency. The methods used in this study are statistical methods, descriptive qualitative, and spatial analysis. The results of this study indicate that the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in Bulukumba Regency based on the earthquake historical report for the period 1921-2023 is 67-121 gal. The PGA value, at 67-88 gal with low hazard criteria, is a site on the land from the volcanic process. The PGA value, at 89-121 gal with low hazard criteria, is a site on the land from structural and fluvial processes. Output of this research be expected can become input for the revision of spatial plan in Bulukumba Regency.