Emission Peak Research Articles

Wide Range Controllable Direction Single Emission Peak Microstructured Lasers Array

Wide Range Controllable Direction Single Emission Peak Microstructured Lasers Array

Investigation of the luminescence mechanism of multi-color nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots and their application in the detection of Fe3+

This study reports the successful preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with a quantum yield of 15 % utilizing the hydrothermal method. Citric acid was employed as the carbon source, while 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol was utilized as the dopant. It was discovered that the emission of synthesized N-CQDs was dependent on concentration and excitation. By altering the N-CQDs concentration, the fluorescence emission peak was shifted from 453 to 574 nm, causing the emission to transition from blue to orange. The presence of multiple fluorescence emission centers within N-CQDs was confirmed through two-dimensional fluorescence matrix scanning. As the concentration of N-CQDs increased, the distance between these centers decreased, ultimately leading to aggregation. The energy or electrons were transferred as a result of the surface functional groups' interaction, which ultimately causes the fluorescence emission peak to shift to the red. Furthermore, an increase in concentration results in the formation of larger aggregates and larger sp2 carbon domains, ultimately resulting in longer wavelengths. Because of the convenience of use, high sensitivity, and rapid response of the fluorescent probe detection approach, multi-color N-CQDs with tunable concentration were used for the identification of Fe3+, with a 10–200 μM linear detection range and limits of detection (LOD) of 0.56 μM.

Assessment of transient hydrogen sulfide peak emissions caused by biogas plant operation

Odor nuisance is a major impediment for public acceptance and wider implementation of biogas plants. Knowledge on composition and dynamics of emissions from these plants is highly needed for development of robust mitigation solutions. In this study, odorant emissions were investigated from two biogas plants of different sizes and capacities. Measurements using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) revealed that hydrogen sulfide was the main odorant and constituted 82% and 71% of the odor activity sums (SOAV) at the two studied plants, respectively. Long-term time-resolved measurements furthermore revealed that emissions were highly dynamic with distinct short-term emission peaks. By deploying an array of electrochemical sensors, the main sources of hydrogen sulfide emission were subsequently identified and correlated with operational data to identify the major causes for the highly fluctuating emissions. Addition of biomasses in the form of animal slurry to pre-tanks, were shown to be the major cause of periodic hydrogen sulfide emission within the range of 50–1200 ppm. Such hydrogen sulfide peak emissions could challenge odor abatement from biogas plants and should be taken into account when designing odor abatement technologies for biogas plants.

A Comparative Study on the Degradation of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange Dyes Under the Irradiation of Visible Light Using GO–CdO Nanocomposites

Cadmium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from alcoholic method using cadmium chloride monohydride and the composites with GO by simple dispersion method. Two nanocomposites with 5 Wt% and 10 Wt% loading of CdO over GO were prepared and named as GC1 and GC2 respectively. From XRD the CdO nanoparticles were of crystalline nature and were indexed to JCPDS card no: 05-0640 corresponding to Cubic lattice system. The particle like morphology of the CdO was confirmed by SEM and TEM. The decoration of monolayer GO sheets by CdO nanoparticles was unveiled through these studies. The Raman analysis reveals the presence of D and G peaks in the composites with an increased ID/IG ratio. UV-Vis study displays the absorption edge of CdO and a redshift is observed for GC2. From PL study, emission peak occurs at 358 nm for composites along with a quenching of intensity for GC2. The TG-DT analysis reveals the thermal stability of pristine and nanocomposites. Photocatalytic degradation of the as synthesized samples was studied for Methylene orange and Methylene blue dye using a Xenon lamp with 500 W. The degradation of the GC2 happens in 90 minutes with degradation efficiency 73% of was achieved for Methyl Orange dye. For Methylene blue the GC2 sample degrades only in 30 minutes with an efficiency of 94% was achieved.

36‐1: Invited Paper: Submicron Narrow‐Band Phosphors in Luminescent Color Filters & Next Generation MiniLED and MicroLED Displays

Both phosphors and quantum dots are currently used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), with GE's KSF narrow red phosphor demonstrating the best possible red color point, reliability, and efficiency. Next generation miniLED and microLED based displays require excellent color quality (gamut) and high brightness which will require color conversion materials with high EQE and narrow emission peaks. Here we describe recent advancements in submicron narrow‐band phosphors which are being implemented in next‐generation miniLED displays, and being considered for enabling full‐color microLED and luminescent color filter displays of the future due to their excellent optical performance and robust nature.

Multi-messenger prospects for black hole – neutron star mergers in the O4 and O5 runs

The existence of merging black hole-neutron star (BHNS) binaries has been ascertained through the observation of their gravitational wave (GW) signals. However, to date, no definitive electromagnetic (EM) emission has been confidently associated with these mergers. Such an association could help unravel crucial information on these systems, for example, their BH spin distribution, the equation of state (EoS) of the neutron star and the rate of heavy element production. We modeled the multi-messenger (MM) emission from BHNS mergers detectable during the fourth (O4) and fifth (O5) observing runs of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) GW detector network in order to provide detailed predictions that can help enhance the effectiveness of observational efforts and extract the highest possible scientific information from such remarkable events. Our methodology is based on a population synthesis approach, which includes the modeling of the signal-to-noise ratio of the GW signal in the detectors, the GW-inferred sky localization of the source, the kilonova (KN) optical and near-infrared light curves, the relativistic jet gamma-ray burst (GRB) prompt emission peak photon flux, and the GRB afterglow light curves in the radio, optical, and X-ray bands. The resulting prospects for BHNS MM detections during O4 are not promising, with an LVK GW detection rate of 15.0−8.8+15.4 yr−1, but joint MM rates of ∼10−1 yr−1 for the KN and ∼10−2 yr−1 for the jet-related emission. In O5, we found an overall increase in expected detection rates by around an order of magnitude, owing to both the enhanced sensitivity of the GW detector network and the coming online of future EM facilities. Considering variations in the NS EoS and BH spin distribution, we find that the detection rates can increase further by up to a factor of several tens. Finally, we discuss direct searches for the GRB radio afterglow with large field-of-view instruments during O5 and beyond as a new possible follow-up strategy in the context of ever-dimming prospects for KN detection due to the recession of the GW horizon.

Dynamic optical information encryption strategy based on rare earth ions doped BaSi2O5 phosphors with adjustable trap distribution

Multi-modal strategies for optical information storage have received a lot of attention to meet the increasing security requirements. In this case, long persistent luminescence (LPL) phosphors with different dopant ions were obtained by introducing Dy3+ and Ho3+ ions into the BaSi2O5:Eu2+ phosphor to adjust the distribution and depth of the trap centers. The generation of the pure phase BaSi2O5 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XRD Rietveld refinement. The peak emission of BaSi2O5: Eu2+ phosphor is about 500 nm with 313 nm excitation. Both BaSi2O5: Eu2+, Dy3+, and BaSi2O5: Eu2+, Ho3+ phosphors exhibit emission characteristics of Eu2+ ions. The trap depths of the three phosphors are different by Gaussian fitting of thermoluminescence (TL) curves, and the depth of BaSi2O5: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphor can reach 1.070 eV. Typically, the flexible luminescent film based on BaSi2O5: Eu2+ phosphor can be written optical pattern using 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) light, such as "DL" and "fireworks" patterns, and subsequently read out by thermal or infrared light stimulus. Further, a strategy for encryption and decryption of dynamic optical information in Morse code has been developed using BaSi2O5: Eu2+, BaSi2O5: Eu2+, Dy3+, and BaSi2O5: Eu2+, Ho3+ phosphors, indicating the prospective use in optical information security.

45‐2: Invited Paper: Emitter Based on Europium as Alternative for Stable, Deep Blue OLED‐emission

Efficient and stable blue is the holy grail of OLED. beeOLED pioneers intra‐metallic Europium emitter that offer a unique combination of deep blue single peak emission spectrum, open shell electronic configuration for 100% efficiency, and potential of high operational stability as no organic bonds are weakened during light generation.

Wavelength-tunable photoluminescence of CsPbBr3 microcrystal via in situ halogen doping

Lead halide perovskite semiconductors have received significant attention in recent years as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. Their controllable bandgap in nanostructures (nanocrystals, nanowires) has been widely and successfully investigated. Intentionally manipulating the atomic behavior with dopants in their macroscopic structure with high quality and stability is still challenging. We studied the crystal structure and photoluminescence (PL) behavior of the anion (Cl) doped CsPbBr3 microcrystals. The doped microcrystal with a low doping concentration has shown a large wavelength-tunable PL emission from 535 nm to 457 nm. Two separate emission peaks (blue and green) are carefully studied in the excitation power dependent PL spectra. The doping and excitation endow the perovskite microcrystal adjustable PL emission band and peak intensities, which may serve as a new degree of manipulation freedom in the color-tunable display and functional optoelectronics.

Monometallic heteroleptic complexes of Dy(III) ion incorporating β-diketone and ancillary moieties: Photophysical and electrochemical analyses

Several luminescent ternary dysprosium complexes were synthesized and examined using diketone ligand 1,3-diphenylprop-1,3-dione (DPD) and various auxiliary ligands. Spectroscopic analysis was carried out to determine the structural and photophysical features of Dy (III) complexes. IR and proton NMR spectroscopic studies suggested the bonding of chelating moieties to the metal ion through oxygen and nitrogen atom. The optical and electronic band gap is evaluated which proposed the conducting behaviour of dysprosium complexes. Upon excitation with UV radiation, three distinct emission peaks of the Dy (III) ion are appeared at about 485 nm (J = 15/2), 575 nm (13/2) and 664 nm (11/2) corresponding to the transitions of type 4F9/2 → 6HJ. The strongest emission peak obtained at ∼ 575 nm is responsible for yellow emission of Dy (III) complexes. The yellow to blue (Y/B) ratio estimated for the transition J = 13/2 / J = 15/2 were found to be in the range of 4.19 – 2.80. The quantum yield was also determined for the Dy (III) complexes which is as: Φ1 = 0.315, Φ2 = 0.261, Φ3 = 0.183, Φ4 = 0.157. The synthesized dysprosium complexes demonstrate luminescence lifetime in decreasing order i.e. 0.600 ms > 0.510 ms > 0.431 ms > 0.323 ms. Furthermore, the chromaticity coordinates also confirm their yellow luminous behavior. These newly synthesized complexes could be utilized for developing systems significant for lighting, OLEDs and displays due to their luminous features.

Unlocking Cr3+-Cr3+ Coupling in Spinel: Ultrabroadband Near-Infrared Emission beyond 900 nm with High Efficiency and Thermal Stability.

Broadband near-infrared (NIR) phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) hold promising potential as next-generation compact, portable, and intelligent NIR light sources. Nonetheless, the lack of high-performance broadband NIR phosphors with an emission peak beyond 900 nm has severely hindered the development and widespread application of NIR pc-LEDs. This study presents a strategy for precise control of energy-state coupling in spinel solid solutions composed of MgxZn1-xGa2O4 to tune the NIR emissions of Cr3+ activators. By combining crystal field engineering and heavy doping, the Cr3+-Cr3+ ion pair emission from the 4T2 state is unlocked, giving rise to unusual broadband NIR emission spanning 650 and 1400 nm with an emission maximum of 913 nm and a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 213 nm. Under an optimal Mg/Zn ratio of 4:1, the sample achieves record-breaking performance, including high internal and external quantum efficiency (IQE = 83.9% and EQE = 35.7%) and excellent thermal stability (I423K/I298K = 75.8%). Encapsulating the as-obtained phosphors into prototype pc-LEDs yields an overwhelming NIR output power of 124.2 mW at a driving current of 840 mA and a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.5% at 30 mA, rendering high performance in NIR imaging applications.

Investigating the influence of carbon dots on β-Ca2SiO4:Ce3+ phosphors derived from agro-waste for diverse applications

A series of blue-emitting composite based on 3 wt% carbon dots in β-Ca2SiO4:Ce3+ (3 wt% CDs@β-CSO:Ce3+) was synthesized through a hydrothermal method, aiming to enhance applications in latent fingerprint (LFP) detection, anti-counterfeiting (AC) measures, and optical thermometry. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that these phosphors possess a monoclinic crystal structure. Under 356 nm excitation, the Ce3+ doped β-Ca2SiO4 phosphors (β-CSO:Ce3+) display a broad blue emission peak at 431 nm, attributed to the 5d → 4f electric dipole transition of Ce3+, while the inclusion of Carbon dots (CDs) shifts this emission to 442 nm. This shift and the improved photoluminescence (PL) intensity are thought to result from the Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) mechanism. The optimal concentration of Ce3+ ions was determined to be 5 mol%, as higher concentrations led to a decrease in emission intensity due to concentration quenching (CQ). Additionally, a fabricated white light diode using these phosphors achieved chromaticity coordinates of (0.344, 0.330) according to the Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE), with the CIE, correlated colour temperature (CCT), and colour purity (CP) metrics indicating a bright green output with values of (0.1486, 0.0433), 1759 K, and 96.4%, respectively. The optimized 3 wt% CDs@β-CSO:5Ce3+ composite demonstrated a remarkable CP of 99.9%. Notably, the phosphors maintained 85.77% of their emission intensity at 423 K, showcasing exceptional thermal stability. A novel approach utilizing sketch pen and brush mode was developed to apply the optimized AC security ink, allowing for the creation of various intricate patterns. The resulting AC tags featured high resolution and durability. These findings underscore the 3wt%CDs@β-CSO:5Ce3+ composite as superior luminescent materials for use in fields requiring LFP, AC strategies, and optical thermometry.

Upconversion luminescence and temperature sensing properties of Tm3+, Yb3+, and Ho3+ doped 12CaO·7Al2O3 single crystals

Tm3+, Yb3+, and Ho3+ doped 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) single crystal exhibiting white light emission has been successfully prepared by the Czochralski method. Under 980 nm excitation, the emission peaks were observed at 475 nm, 550 nm, 653 nm, and 660 nm. As the temperature increased from 403 K to 623 K, the upconversion luminescence color of the Tm3+/Yb3+/Ho3+/C12A7 crystal changed from white to green and exhibited large temperature dependence. In the temperature range of 403K-623 K, the absolute sensitivity (SA) value of the thermal coupling levels (TCLs) fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR, I700/I800) was 1.48×10−5K−1, and the relative sensitivity (SR) value was 7.13×10−3%K−1. The non-thermal coupling levels (NTCLs) FIR (I800/I870) had an SA value of 0.026K−1 and an SR value of 0.014%K−1, which achieved a significant increase in temperature sensitivity compared to the former. It provides a strategy to achieve accurate sensitivity of FIR technology. Rare earth (RE) ions doped C12A7 single crystal material has good research and application prospects in the field of temperature sensing and optoelectronics.

Structural, morphological, elastic, optical and electrical properties of MgO nanostructures

The magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesised by solution combustion method. XRD results confirm the nanophase (crystallite size ∼30 nm) of a prepared sample with cubic structure. Mechanical stability assessments indicated excellent elastic moduli, highlighting the brittle nature of a material. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the agglomerated and porous morphology of the MgO nanoparticles. UV–Visible characterization reveals an absorption peak at 295 nm, corresponding to an optical band gap of 3.6 eV. Photoluminescence spectroscopy identifies emission peaks at 406 nm, 436 nm, and 450 nm attributed to various structural defects. The frequency and temperature dependence on AC electrical properties were investigated at varying temperature (27oC–250oC) and frequency (50 Hz-5 MHz). The electrical modulus and Cole-Cole plots reveal relaxational behaviour and changes in the material's stiffness with temperature. From the obtained results it is evident that the synthesised MgO nanoparticles are suitable for electronic device applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Multiple Stimuli-Responsive Fluorescent Polymer Hydrogels Based on Terpyridine and N-Isopropylacrylamide.

A series of stimuli-responsive fluorescent hydrogels were successfully synthesized via micelle radical copolymerization of hydrophilic acrylamide (AM), hydrophobic chromophore terpyridine-based monomer (TPY), and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). These hydrogels presented blue emissions (423-440 nm) under room temperature, which is caused by the π-π* transition of the conjugated structures. Once the ambient temperature was increased to 55 °C, the fluorescence color changed from blue (430 nm) to pink (575 nm) within 10 min, subsequently to yellow (535 nm), and eventually back to pink. The thermal-responsive properties are attributed to the transition of the TPY units from unimer to dimer aggregation via the intermolecular charge transfer complex at high temperatures. The hydrogels showed pH-responsive properties. The emission peak of the hydrogel exhibited a blue shift of ~54 nm from neuter conditions to acidic conditions, while a 6 nm red shift to an alkaline environment was observed. The hydrogels demonstrated an obvious change in fluorescence intensity and wavelength upon adding different metal ions, which is caused by the coordination between the terpyridine units incorporated on the backbones and the metal ions. As a consequence, the hydrogels presented a sharp quenching fluorescence interaction with Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, and Co2+, while it exhibited an enhanced fluorescence intensity interaction with Sn2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+. The microstructural, mechanical, and rheological properties of these luminescent hydrogels have been systematically investigated.

Achieving Record External Quantum Efficiency of 11.5 % in Solution-Processable Deep-Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Utilizing Hot Exciton Mechanism.

High performance solution-processable deep-blue emitters with a Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of CIEy≤0.08 are highly desired in ultrahigh-definition display. Although, deep-blue materials with hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited-state feature are promising candidates, their rigidity and planar molecular structures limit their application in solution-processing technique. Herein, four novel deep-blue solution-processable HLCT emitters were first proposed by attaching rigid imide aliphatic rings as functional units onto the HLCT emitting core. The functional units not only improve solubility, enhance thermal properties and morphological stability of the emitting core, but also promote photoluminescence efficiency, balance charge carrier transport, and inhibit aggregation-caused quenching effect due to the weak electron-withdrawing property as well as steric hindrance. The corresponding solution-processable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) substantiate an unprecedented maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 11.5 % with an emission peak at 456 nm and excellent colour purity (full width at half maximum=56 nm and CIEy=0.09). These efficiencies represent the state-of-the-art device performance among the solution-processable blue OLEDs based on the "hot exciton" mechanism. This simple strategy opens up a new avenue for designing highly efficient solution-processable deep-blue organic luminescent materials.

Neutral Cyanine: Ultra-Stable NIR-II Merocyanines for Highly Efficient Bioimaging and Tumor-Targeted Phototheranostics.

Fluorescence imaging (FLI)-guided phototheranostics using emission from the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window show significant potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Clinical imaging-used polymethine ionic indocyanine green (ICG) dye is widely adopted for NIR fluorescence imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) research due to its exceptional photophysical properties. However, ICG has limitations such as poor photostability, low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), short-wavelength emission peak, and liver-targeting issues, which restrict its wider use. In this study, two ionic ICG derivatives are transformed into neutral merocyanines (mCy) to achieve much-enhanced performance for NIR-II cancer phototheranostics. Initial designs of two ionic dyes show similar drawbacks as ICG in terms of poor photostability and low photothermal performance. One of the modified neutral molecules, mCy890, shows significantly improved stability, an emission peak over 1000nm, and a high photothermal PCE of 51%, all considerably outperform ICG. In vivo studies demonstrate that nanoparticles of the mCy890 can effectively accumulate at the tumor sites for cancer photothermal therapy guided by NIR-II fluorescence imaging. This research provides valuable insights into the development of neutral merocyanines for enhanced cancer phototheranostics.

Achieving Record External Quantum Efficiency of 11.5 % in Solution‐Processable Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Utilizing Hot Exciton Mechanism

AbstractHigh performance solution‐processable deep‐blue emitters with a Commission International de l′Eclairage (CIE) coordinate of CIEy≤0.08 are highly desired in ultrahigh‐definition display. Although, deep‐blue materials with hybridized local and charge‐transfer (HLCT) excited‐state feature are promising candidates, their rigidity and planar molecular structures limit their application in solution‐processing technique. Herein, four novel deep‐blue solution‐processable HLCT emitters were first proposed by attaching rigid imide aliphatic rings as functional units onto the HLCT emitting core. The functional units not only improve solubility, enhance thermal properties and morphological stability of the emitting core, but also promote photoluminescence efficiency, balance charge carrier transport, and inhibit aggregation‐caused quenching effect due to the weak electron‐withdrawing property as well as steric hindrance. The corresponding solution‐processable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) substantiate an unprecedented maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 11.5 % with an emission peak at 456 nm and excellent colour purity (full width at half maximum=56 nm and CIEy=0.09). These efficiencies represent the state‐of‐the‐art device performance among the solution‐processable blue OLEDs based on the “hot exciton” mechanism. This simple strategy opens up a new avenue for designing highly efficient solution‐processable deep‐blue organic luminescent materials.

Spectrofluorometric determination of futibatinib in human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations

Futibatinib is a powerful inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors that impedes its phosphorylation and subsequently leading to a reduction in in cell viability across various cell lines. Futibatinib was approved for initial use as an effective treatment for several diseases, including non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer. Herein, a novel selective fluorescence probe was created for futibatinib quantification in various matrices, including pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma. The technique primarily depends on futibatinib’s chemical conversion into a fluorescent product through a reaction with trimethylamine and bromoacetyl bromide. The created fluorescent probe exhibits maximum emission peak at 338 nm upon excitation at 248 nm. The method provided a low detection limit of 0.120 ng/mL and maintained a linear concentration-dependent relationship across the range of 1–200 ng/mL. High sensitivity, accuracy and precision were demonstrated for futibatinib quantification in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked plasma matrix by the method, which was validated in accordance with ICH requirements.

Luminescence properties of Tb3+ -doped sodium phosphate glasses for green laser and X-ray imaging application

Tb3+ doped sodium-gadolinium-aluminum-phosphate glass samples (PGNA) with chemical compositions 30Na2CO3:8Gd2O3:5Al2O3:(57- x)P2O5: x Tb4O7 (where x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5 mol. %) were manufactured by using adopting the conventional melt quenching technique. The PXRD study of the prepared samples was used to confirm the amorphous structure. FE-SEM, EDS, and FTIR studies were carried out to analyze the elemental and structural characteristics of synthesized glasses. The X-ray induced luminescence spectra were obtained at room temperature and the emission peak at 311 nm corresponding to Gd3+ transition was observed decreasing with the increase of Tb4O7 concentrations, while emission peak intensities corresponding to Tb3+ electronic transitions increased with the concentrations of Tb4O7. The results from the photoluminescence (PL) studies in the UV–Vis–NIR region showed the glasses emitting intense green light with the highest peak at 544 nm under excitations at 220, 272, and 311 nm. The PL emission intensities were found reasonably high under characteristic excitations of both Gd3+ and Tb3+, peaking at 380, 414, 437, 489, 544, 584, and 623 nm, which corresponding to 5D3→7F6,5D3→7F5, 5D3→7F4, 5D4→7F6, 5D4→7F5, 5D4→7F5, 5D4→7F4, 5D4→7F3 transitions, respectively. The decay time of Tb3+ ions has been observed to decrease when the concentration of Tb4O7 increases. The energy transfer from Gd3+ to Tb3+ was found increased with increasing of Tb3+ concentrations. The CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates of Tb doped PGNA glasses were found to be in the green range, indicating a strong potential for green laser application. The results from X-ray imaging showed that Tb-doped glass scintillators promise of efficient and low-cost solution for X-ray imaging applications.