Peak Consumption Research Articles

Enhancing solar energy output for green hydrogen production: a comparative study on bifacial solar panels in Nepalese cities at household-scale

ABSTRACT Increasing need for renewable energy, especially solar energy holds even greater significance in developing countries like Nepal. Therefore, an on-grid 5-kW solar power plant has been examined in 9 important and populous cities of Nepal. The PVsyst v7.1 software was used for simulation, and to optimise the results, Bifacial solar panels were employed. The economic results were considered in both Fixed Tilted Plane and Seasonal Tilt Adjustment modes. After the simulation, it was found that Dadeldhura has the highest injected electricity into the grid, equivalent to 9.23 MW/year, prevented CO2 emissions of 9.036 tons annually, and the payback period for this city is 8.5 years. Nepal has a great chance to produce green hydrogen, and in the investigated cities, the total amount of hydrogen produced is equal to 1.416 tons/year, of which the highest and lowest shares of hydrogen production belong to Dadeldhura (175.7 kg) and Biratnagar (137.2 kg), respectively. Therefore, the construction of home solar power plants in Nepal is highly cost-effective. The government can not only recover the entire investment in a short period but also contribute to the city grid during peak consumption times. This initiative can enable the entire country to benefit from green energy.

Prognostic value of peak heart rate on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with chronic heart failure

Abstract Backgrounds Many factors are known to be related to impaired exercise capacity or worse clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Peak heart rate achievement by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) can be easily obtained on CPET. However, less data is available regarding the impact of peak heart rate on exercise capacity or long-term clinical outcomes in patients with CHF. Purpose We sought to investigate whether lower heart rate during peak exercise displayed poorer exercise capacity and worse clinical outcomes in patients with CHF. Methods We examined consecutive 435 patients with CHF referred for CPET in our university hospital between 2013 and 2018. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death or hospitalization due to worsening heart failure. Patients were divided into two groups according to the optimal cut-off value of peak heart rate based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Patients with lower peak heart rate (≤112/min, n=164) were older and, higher brain natriuretic peptide level compared to those with higher peak heart rate (>112/min, n=271). Heart rate during peak exercise was significantly correlated with peak oxygen consumption (peak V̇O2) (Figure 1A), peak workload achievement (Figure 1B), and ventilatory efficiency (V̇E/V̇CO2 slope) (Figure 1C). There were 80 patients with events over a median follow-up period of 3.4 (Interquartile range 0.7–5.6) years. Patients with lower peak heart rate had about 3.0-fold higher risk of events compared to those with high peak heart rate (hazard ratio [HR] 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01–4.98) (Figure 2). In a multivariable Cox regression, 10 bpm-decreased in peak heart rate was associated with 12% increased adverse events (HR 0.88; 95%CI, 0.78–0.98). Conclusions Peak heart rate achievement on CPET was associated with reduced exercise capacity and worse clinical outcomes, suggesting that peak heart rate is useful for risk stratification in patients with CHF. Further study is required to identify therapies targeting peak heart rate to improve the exercise capacity or clinical outcomes in patients with CHF.Figure1Figure2

Assessment of Water Consumption Behavior in Single Households Using Smart Water Meters

Smart meters monitor hourly water consumption patterns while reducing the cost and inconvenience of traditional meters. This study comprehensively analyzes 1871 households that previously used traditional meters from the distribution point to the distribution area. All the households were equipped with smart meters and the data collected were used for analysis. On the basis of the total estimated water consumption, 227 households were classified as single households. These households were further classified into single-worker and -nonworker households. This study analyzed smart meter data to evaluate the timings and amounts of water consumption peaks. The results indicate that worker households peaked at 8:00, with 29 L/h of consumption on weekdays, and peaked again on evenings at 20:00–21:00, averaging 32 L/h. For nonworker households, the peak occurred at 9:00, with 20 L/h, with no major changes in the afternoon, and a second peak occurred at 19:00–20:00 in evening, with an average of 19 L/h. Moreover, worker households peaked at 8:00 and 20:00 on weekdays, and at 9:00 and 19:00 on weekends. It was revealed that worker households consume 10% more on weekends than on weekdays, and 262% more from 13:00 to 16:00. These findings may assist in water supply planning by supporting distribution schedules on the basis of peak household consumption, leading to more helpful resource management.

Neighbor patches merging reduces spatial redundancy to accelerate vision transformer

Vision Transformers (ViTs) deliver outstanding performance but often require substantial computational resources. Various token pruning methods have been developed to enhance throughput by removing redundant tokens; however, these methods do not address the peak memory consumption, which remains equivalent to that of the unpruned networks. In this study, we introduce Neighbor Patches Merging (NEPAM), a method that significantly reduces the maximum memory footprint of ViTs while pruning tokens. NEPAM targets spatial redundancy within images and prunes redundant patches at the onset of the model, thereby achieving the optimal throughput-accuracy trade-off without fine-tuning. Experimental results demonstrate that NEPAM can accelerate the inference speed of the Vit-Base-Patch16-384 model by 25% with a negligible accuracy loss of 0.07% and a notable 18% reduction in memory usage. When applied to VideoMAE, NEPAM doubles the throughput with a 0.29% accuracy loss and a 48% reduction in memory usage. These findings underscore the efficacy of NEPAM in mitigating computational requirements while maintaining model performance.

Abnormally narrow peaks in TPR-H2 over Pt/CeO2: Experiment and mathematical modelling

The application and development of methods using hydrogen as a gas for testing active surface sites is of great interest in the study of oxide catalysts. In this work a systematic study of Pt/CeO2 catalysts, depending on the platinum loading and calcination temperature was carried out using the method of temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (TPR-H2). Experimental TPR-H2 curves demonstrated a complex structure over a wide temperature range, including the presence of abnormally narrow consumption peaks (ANCP-H2) at low temperatures. To describe the kinetics, mathematical modeling of H2 consumption by various platinum active centers has been used, including isolated platinum ions (single atoms) and PtOx clusters of 2D and 3D structures on the surface of ceria nanoparticles. We proposed a criterion that makes it possible to extend the analysis of the TPR-H2 curves for reducible metal-supported oxide systems and unambiguously establish the action of the autocatalytic mechanism in hydrogen consumption. The kinetics of ANCP-H2 by cluster PtOx centers with a half-width of several degrees on the base of the autocatalysis mechanism was described on the base of the proposed model. The simulations show that ANCP-H2 are described by synchronous fast formation of metallic centers that provide a sharp acceleration of H2 consumption. In general, the obtained results establish the fundamental aspects of the H2 interaction with heterogeneous catalysts and are of particular interest in the light of various practical applications of hydrogen energy.

The Inca child of the Quehuar volcano: Stable isotopes clue to geographic origin and seasonal diet, with putative seaweed consumption

The Incas occupied the west coast of South America between 1438 and 1532 CE. Among the many rites they practised was the Capacocha, which involved the offering of children. Here we studied the mummy of a child found on the Quehuar volcano, Salta, Argentina. In order to determine the geographical origin of the child and to understand the living habits prior to its presentation as an offering, we incrementally measured the δ13C, δ15N, δ34S and δ2H values of keratin from a hair strand and the δ18O value of apatite phosphate from a rib bone. Although the origin of the child remains uncertain, the oxygen isotope composition of the drinking water deduced from the rib composition argues for an origin between 2,500 and 3,000 m.a.s.l. bordering the Andes. Furthermore, the sinusoidal δ2H signal measured in hair is compatible with the recording of local seasonal precipitation variations. The results indicate that the child did not move or moved only briefly prior to death. This offering may have occurred at the onset of the wet season (summer), as suggested by the hair δ2H values. By combining δ13C, δ15N and δ34S measurements in hair, we also proposed as the most parsimonious hypothesis that seaweed constituted a proportion (16.2 ± 12.9 %) of the diet, with a peak of consumption during the wet season (summer).

An innovative approach to direct recovery and storage of natural gas depressurization wasted energy by using a hybrid pumped-hydro and compressed gas system

A novel mechanism is proposed to simultaneous recovery and storage of energy for use in the natural gas depressurization process. The main idea of this proposal is to use a compressor and a pump coupled with the turbo-expander to directly store the mechanical power produced by the expansion turbine in the energy storage system based on the pumped hydro combined with compressed gas. The compressor is used to create preset pressure in the vessel of the energy storage system, and the pump is used to inject water into the vessel. In this way, the density of energy storage in the system increases. In the discharge stage, electricity is produced by passing water through the turbo-generator during peak consumption hours or when energy prices are higher. The capability of the presented new method has been tested in a natural gas pressure reducing station with a nominal capacity of 50,000 Nm3/h, and the effect of different factors within the energy storage system on its performance, including the preset pressure and the volumetric ratio of water to gas in the pressurized tank, has been studied. By using the proposed plan, due to the elimination of unnecessary energy conversions the efficiency of recovery, storage and release of energy enhances. The results showed that by employing the proposed system, about 1.3 (GWh) of energy can be harvested annually; while this amount of energy is currently wasted. Also, the overall energy conversion efficiency of 48.64 %.

A MATLAB APP FOR BALANCING A CAPACITOR BANK IN THE DOUBLE STAR CONNECTION - NEUTRAL, NOT CONNECTED

This study presents a methodology for maintaining and rebalancing Double Star configuration capacitor banks, which are critical for managing power consumption peaks. As electricity demand is projected to rise by 21% by 2040, efficient maintenance methods are essential to ensure energy security. The paper introduces a novel approach to rebalance capacitor banks using a Matlab application, which simulates the unbalance current that may occur due to capacitive unit failures. Key aspects of capacitor banks, such as construction, connections, and protection methods, were reviewed to inform the methodology. Capacitor banks are used to control voltage, correct power factor, and reduce losses, but they can experience imbalances due to natural variances in capacitance or failures. The study developed a mathematical model to calculate the unbalance current and validated this model through simulations in LTspice software. The resulting rebalancing flowchart provides a step-by-step guide for technicians to follow during maintenance. The project achieved its goals, demonstrating through 24 simulations that the developed methodology and Matlab application could successfully predict unbalance currents with a negligible margin of error. The paper concludes that the methodology is ready for implementation, and each capacitor bank will require a tailored rebalancing application based on the presented calculations.

Percentage Predicted Peak Oxygen Consumption in People With Fontan Circulation: A Rapid Systematic Scoping Review and Validation Study.

Peak oxygen consumption (peak ) is routinely measured in people who have congenital heart disease and is reported as a percentage of predicted value, based upon age- and sex-matched normative reference values (NRVs). This study aimed to identify which NRVs are being used, assess whether NRVs are being applied appropriately, and evaluate if recommended NRVs are valid when applied to people with congenital heart disease. A systematic scoping review identified studies that reported peak percentage of predicted value in people with congenital heart disease. A modified risk of bias tool evaluated the included studies. Forty-five studies reported peak percentage of predicted value, and only 21 (47%) studies described or provided a reference on how their percentage of predicted value was calculated. The most cited NRVs were from Wasserman (n=12) and Cooper and Weiler-Ravell (n=7). Risk of bias analysis judged 63% of studies as having some concerns. The NRVs recommended by the American Heart Association were applied to participants with a Fontan circulation (n=70; aged 26.5±6.4 years; 59% women) to examine validity. Predicted peak values from the Wasserman NRV was not significantly associated to measured peak values (men: b=0.31, R2≤0.01; women: b=0.07, R2=0.02). Numerous NRVs have been applied to individuals with congenital heart disease and are often poorly reported and inappropriately matched to participants. The Wasserman NRV was the most cited but showed poor validity when applied to a Fontan cohort.

Consumption patterns of fresh and frozen chicken: A Ghanaian food policy perspective

AbstractDespite the global increase in poultry consumption, there are different preferences for chicken products in different countries. In Ghana, two main categories dominate the market: live/fresh whole chickens and imported frozen chicken parts. This study leverages data from 13,201 households to explore Ghanaian demand dynamics for these products using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. Findings reveal stark differences between the two. Live/fresh whole chickens, considered luxury goods, display a complex interplay with other non‐chicken meat products, cultural festivities, and various sociodemographic factors. Meanwhile, frozen chicken parts, seen as necessities, exhibit different demand shifters and peak consumption periods. Importantly, these two categories emerge as distinct products, signaling to policymakers the need for differentiated strategies. Simulated policy scenarios further emphasize that reducing prices of live/fresh chickens significantly boosts domestic chicken demand more than policies raising prices of frozen parts. However, the broader implications on alternative protein sources differ between the two policy types. We urge policymakers to adopt an integrated approach, considering these nuances, to strengthen Ghana's domestic poultry sector without unintended market disruptions. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13, Q17, Q18, D12].

Abstract We023: P53 Activation Promotes Maturational Characteristics of Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in 3D Suspension Culture via FOXO-FOXM1 Regulation

Background: Current protocols can generate highly-pure populations of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in vitro that recapitulate key characteristics of mature in vivo cardiomyocytes. Yet, there exists a risk of arrhythmias when hiPSC-CMs are injected into large animal models. This prompts further investigation into the mechanisms of hiPSC-CM maturation to facilitate clinical translation. Hypothesis: The forkhead box (FOX) family of transcription factors can regulate maturation in neonatal cardiomyocytes through a balance between FOXO and FOXM1. We also previously found that p53 activation could enhance hiPSC-CM maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that p53 activation increases FOXO and decreases FOXM1 to promote hiPSC-CM maturation in three-dimensional (3D) suspension culture. Methodology: 3D cultures of hiPSC-CMs were treated with Nutlin-3a (p53 activator), LOM612 (FOXO activator), AS1842856 (FOXO inhibitor), or RCM-1 (FOXM1 inhibitor), starting 2 days after onset of beating. The hiPSC-CMs were assessed for maturation in metabolic, contractile, and electrophysiological properties, by Seahorse mito stress test, Multi electrode array, and VALA kinetic image cytometer respectively. Results: P53 activation promoted FOXO upregulation and FOXM1 downregulation in hiPSC-CMs, measured by RT-qPCR and immunostaining. Alongside this, p53 activation also promoted hiPSC-CM metabolic and contractile maturational characteristics, seen by increase in oxygen consumption and beat amplitude respectively. FOXO inhibition significantly decreased expression of cardiac-specific markers such as TNNT2 and eliminated spontaneous beating. In contrast, FOXO activation or FOXM1 inhibition promoted maturational characteristics of hiPSC-CMs such as increase in contractility, oxygen consumption, and voltage peak maximum upstroke velocity. Further, by single-cell RNAseq, FOXO activated groups showed increase in cardiac maturational pathways compared against DMSO control groups. Conclusions: These results show that p53 activation promotes FOXO and suppresses FOXM1, which modulate hiPSC-CM maturation in 3D suspension. Our study expands current understanding of hiPSC-CM maturational mechanisms in a clinically-relevant 3D culture system.

Dynamics of combatting market-driven epidemics: Insights from U.S. reduction of cigarette, sugar, and prescription opioid consumption.

Misuse and overconsumption of certain consumer products have become major global risk factors for premature deaths, with their total costs in trillions of dollars. Progress in reducing such deaths has been slow and difficult. To address this challenge, this review introduces the definition of market-driven epidemics (MDEs), which arise when companies aggressively market products with proven harms, deny these harms, and resist mitigation efforts. MDEs are a specific within the broader landscape of commercial determinants of health. We selected three illustrative MDE products reflecting different consumer experiences: cigarettes (nicotine delivery product), sugar (food product), and prescription opioids (medical product). Each met the MDE case definition with proven adverse health impacts, well-documented histories, longitudinal product consumption and health impact data, and sustained reduction in product consumption. Based on these epidemics, we describe five MDE phases: market expansion, evidence of harm, corporate resistance, mitigation, and market adaptation. From the peak of consumption to the most recent data, U.S. cigarette sales fell by 82%, sugar consumption by 15%, and prescription opioid prescriptions by 62%. For each, the consumption tipping point occurred when compelling evidence of harm, professional alarm, and an authoritative public health voice and/or public mobilization overcame corporate marketing and resistance efforts. The gap between suspicion of harm and the consumption tipping point ranged from one to five decades-much of which was attributable to the time required to generate sufficient evidence of harm. Market adaptation to the reduced consumption of target products had both negative and positive impacts. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analysis of three successful efforts to change the product consumption patterns and the associated adverse health impacts of these products. The MDE epidemiological approach of shortening the latent time to effective mitigation provides a new method to reduce the impacts of harmful products.

System-wide benefits of temporal alignment of wholesale–retail electricity prices

Exposing residential consumers to real-time pricing (RTP) can yield significant efficiency gains, but may also pose challenges due to the inherent complexity. Using an extensive spectrum of temporal granularities for retail electricity pricing, we analyze to what extent these capture the benefits of RTP while concurrently considering the influence of three distribution tariff types in distorting the pricing signal. Via a mixed complementarity model, we consider both operational and investment decisions at retail as well as wholesale levels, accounting for their interdependencies. Our analysis reveals three key findings. Firstly, we find that decreasing temporal granularity of retail electricity prices increases total system cost due to an increasingly inefficient generation mix, however, three-hourly or six-hourly pricing can approximate RTP benefits. Secondly, decreasing temporal granularity of retail electricity prices raises average offtake and lowers average injection prices for consumers due to changes in wholesale market prices as well as consumption patterns of consumers. Thirdly, capacity-based tariffs reduce system offtake peaks and associated price increases by incentivizing battery discharge during peak consumption while volumetric tariffs, over-incentivizing solar PV investments, result in highest offtake prices and injection peaks.

Consumption of Different Artificial Diets by Apis mellifera L. Colonies During Dearth Period in Morena, M.P., India

Aims: The insufficient availability during the dearth periods poses considerable threat to the sustainability and productivity of Apis mellifera L. colonies. The present study was undertaken to determine how honey bee colonies consume various artificial diets treatments during the times when natural food sources are scarce in the study region. Study Site and Duration: The present experiment was carried out at apiary of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena and at beekeeper’s apiary in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh during 2022-23 and 2023-24. Methodology: Five different artificial diets were formulated and a weighted amount of diets, in the form of patties, were given to experimental colonies in three replicates by wrapping in the butter paper and placed on the top bar over the brood frames starting from October to December at weekly intervals during dearth periods. The net weight of diets consumed (fresh weight - weight of the remaining diet) was measured after each feeding at weekly intervals. Results: The results revealed that significant highest mean consumption was recorded from the colonies fed with Diet 4 with 34.39g/colony (2022-23) and 35.29g/colony (2023-24). The decreasing order of amount of consumption of the different diets was observed as follows: Diet 4 >Diet 1>Diet 3>Diet 2>Diet 5. Regardless of the diets, highest consumption was recorded on November 11th with 58.95g/colony (2022-23) and 61.41g/colony (2023-24) and the lowest consumption of 5.88g/colony (2022-23) and 5.55g/colony (2023-24) on 16th December with no further consumption recorded in any of the diets. Conclusion: The study concluded that Diet 4 exhibited the highest mean consumption indicating the most preferred diet, followed by Diets 1, 3, 2, and 5. Peak consumption was reported on November 11th, and the lowest on December 16th, with no further consumption thereafter.

The effect of an annual temporary abstinence campaign on population-level alcohol consumption in Thailand: a time-series analysis of 23 years

RationaleA small number of earlier studies have suggested an effect of temporary abstinence campaigns on alcohol consumption. However, all were based on self-reported consumption estimates.ObjectivesUsing a time series of 23-year...

P53 Activation Promotes Maturational Characteristics of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in 3-Dimensional Suspension Culture Via FOXO-FOXM1 Regulation.

Current protocols generate highly pure human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) invitro that recapitulate characteristics of mature invivo cardiomyocytes. Yet, a risk of arrhythmias exists when hiPSC-CMs are injected into large animal models. Thus, understanding hiPSC-CM maturational mechanisms is crucial for clinical translation. Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors regulate postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation through a balance between FOXO and FOXM1. We also previously demonstrated that p53 activation enhances hiPSC-CM maturation. Here, we investigate whether p53 activation modulates the FOXO/FOXM1 balance to promote hiPSC-CM maturation in 3-dimensional suspension culture. Three-dimensional cultures of hiPSC-CMs were treated with Nutlin-3a (p53 activator, 10 μM), LOM612 (FOXO relocator, 5 μM), AS1842856 (FOXO inhibitor, 1 μM), or RCM-1 (FOXM1 inhibitor, 1 μM), starting 2 days after onset of beating, with dimethyl sulfoxide (0.2% vehicle) as control. P53 activation promoted hiPSC-CM metabolic and electrophysiological maturation alongside FOXO upregulation and FOXM1 downregulation, in n=3 to 6 per group for all assays. FOXO inhibition significantly decreased expression of cardiac-specific markers such as TNNT2. In contrast, FOXO activation or FOXM1 inhibition promoted maturational characteristics such as increased contractility, oxygen consumption, and voltage peak maximum upstroke velocity, in n=3 to 6 per group for all assays. Further, by single-cell RNA sequencing of n=2 LOM612-treated cells compared with dimethyl sulfoxide, LOM612-mediated FOXO activation promoted expression of cardiac maturational pathways. We show that p53 activation promotes FOXO and suppresses FOXM1 during 3-dimensional hiPSC-CM maturation. These results expand our understanding of hiPSC-CM maturational mechanisms in a clinically-relevant 3-dimensional culture system.

Temporal and individual variation in the feeding habits of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus).

Foraging plays a vital role in the survival of wildlife, and shifts in food availability can impact species fitness and survival. Ursids are known to consume a wide variety of foods and are known to be opportunistic omnivores. Consequently, seasonal shifts in diet, which correspond to temporal and spatial shifts in the availability of food resources, have long captivated researchers studying the foraging behavior of Ursidae. Nevertheless, comprehensive dietary studies encompassing both the population and individual levels remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the dietary patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) at both the population and individual levels, using data collected through GPS collars and field surveys of individual bear scat samples in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from 2016 to 2020. From early April to late June, bears mainly foraged on green vegetation. During this period, male and large-bodied female bears showed a strong preference for green vegetation. Small-bodied female bears also ate mostly green vegetation but tended to consume more fruit than other bears towards the end of this period. From June to October, bears' diets included a substantial amount of fruit, with notable peaks in fruit consumption in late June and early September. During the summer months, female bears often incorporated social insects into their diet compared to the population-level trend. In mid-September, the consumption of seeds from the Fagaceae family surged, becoming the primary dietary component during this period. This trend was consistently observed across the population. These findings underscore the importance conducting in-depth dietary analyses that take into account individual characteristics such as sex, age, and body weight.

Analyzing effective external interventions for optimizing energy hubs with electric and TS: A numerical study from a network topology perspective

Currently, there has been a notable surge in sabotage targeting critical infrastructures, particularly energy hub systems. External interventions on these infrastructures have significantly affected various loads, including electrical and thermal loads. Considering the significance of cybersecurity in energy hubs, there are high expectations for investigating the role of topology in their measures. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of cyber sabotage on energy management within the demand sector, with a specific emphasis on the topology of an energy hub system. According to the structure of the desired energy hub that has been mathematically modeled, the CPLEX solver is used as a powerful optimization tool with the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, which serves as a framework for optimizing the operation cost of the energy hub. The findings reveal the occurrence of false data injection (FDI) into the real network loads. This inconsistency has led to disruption of energy management in the system. Utilizing considered scenarios, the first of them as the base scenario, representing the system under normal network conditions. The second scenario is modeled an attack vector aimed at the electric load, specifically utilizing FDI tactics with an understanding of the network topology. In the third scenario, attention turns to modeling a thermal load attack vector, utilizing FDI tactics with an understanding of its topology. In the final scenario, the emphasis is placed on designing an FDI-based attack vector that targets electric loads within the network, without prior knowledge of the energy hub's topology. Although in all scenarios where the attack is executed, the measuring devices during peak load indicate values lower than the actual ones, the intensity of the attack on the system is considerable in attacks conducted with knowledge of the energy hub topology. Taking into account the importance of the peak load intervals, the maximum changes in electric load during peak hours in the second scenario are compared to those in the first scenario, attributing them to interventions, representing approximately a 17.4 % difference. Similarly, assuming knowledge of the network topology during peak consumption, the impact of the attack on the thermal loads results in changes of 17.17 %. Additionally, in the fourth scenario compared to the first, the maximum changes in electric load during peak hours are approximately 2 %. In the meantime, the optimal cost has remained consistent across all scenarios, rendering the attacks undetectable to the operator and ultimately demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Review about evaluation methods of recoverable reserves of deep water drive gas reservoirs in China

It has been widely accepted that China is one of the biggest natural gas consumers. Related to the imports of LNG, China stands in a very uncomfortable situation. Most domestic gas reservoirs fall within deep water drive gas reservoirs inordinately, which has entered the production depletion stage. Accurate estimation of SEC recoverable reserves of deep water drive gas reservoirs is of great significance for gas consumption planning and peak shaving. The existing calculation methods of recoverable reserves mainly consist of static methods and dynamic methods. In the early stage of exploration and development, the volumetric method has often been utilized to calculate the recoverable reserves. With the continuous development of gas reservoirs, the main methods for evaluation are dynamic methods, including the successive subtraction of production method, water drive curve method, prediction model method, attenuation curve method, improved virtual curve method, and material balance method for deep gas reservoirs.

Aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercise restores muscle blood flow and maximal aerobic capacity in long-term Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

It is unclear whether muscle blood flow (MBF) is altered in long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors. We tested the hypothesis that 1) MBF response during mental stress (MS) is impaired in long-term HL survivors and 2) aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercise (ET) restores MBF responses during MS in these survivors. Eighteen 5-year HL survivors and 10 aged-paired healthy subjects (HC) were studied. Twenty HL survivors were randomly divided into two groups: exercise-trained (HLT, n = 10) and untrained (HLUT, n = 10). Maximal aerobic capacity was evaluated by a cardiopulmonary exercise test and forearm blood flow (FBF) by venous occlusion plethysmography. MS was elicited by Stroop color and word test. ET was conducted for 4 mo, 3/wk for 60 min each session. The aerobic exercise intensity corresponded to anaerobic threshold up to 10% below the respiratory compensation point. The strength exercises consisted of two to three sets of chest press, pulley and squat exercises, 12-15 repetitions each exercise at 30-50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Baseline was similar in HL survivors and HC, except peak oxygen consumption (peak V̇o2, P = 0.013) and FBF (P = 0.006) that were lower in the HL survivors. FBF responses during MS were lower in HL survivors (P < 0.001). ET increased peak V̇o2 (11.59 ± 3.07%, P = 0.002) and FBF at rest (33.74 ± 5.13%, P < 0.001) and during MS (24 ± 5.31%, P = 0.001). Further analysis showed correlation between the changes in peak V̇o2 and the changes in FBF during MS (r = 0.711, P = 0.001). In conclusion, long-term HL survivors have impaired MBF responses during MS. ET restores MBF responses during MS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors have impaired muscle blood flow responses during mental stress and decreased maximal aerobic capacity. Supervised aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercises restores muscle blood flow responses during mental stress and maximal aerobic capacity in these survivors. These findings provide evidence of safety and effectiveness of exercise training in HL survivors. Moreover, they highlight the importance of exercise training in the treatment of this set of patients.