Peaceful Existence Research Articles

THINKING ABOUT EXISTING-BEING IN THE TEACHINGS OF ANCIENT GREEK SAGES AND ANCIENT INDIAN RISHIS (IN THE INTERPRETATION OF MODERN EUROPEAN AND INDIAN PHILOSOPHERS: MARTIN HEIDEGGER AND SRI AUROBINDO GHOSE)

In this study, first of all, it was important to analyze this technique of returning to the ancient tradition of two outstanding thinkers of the 20th century. M. Heidegger and Sri Aurobindo Ghosh in order to understand to what extent the language of the ancient sages and rishis is still accessible to our understanding; Has it not already happened that the voice of the ancient sages will turn out to be completely foreign to us, like the language of the unconscious, which we do not hear and do not understand? The conducted analysis showed that a certain intellectual conflict arose between Heidegger and the ancient Greeks. This conflict connected with the fact that the German thinker, repeatedly turning to different periods of Greek philosophy and different Greek thinkers and trying to apply to them the phenomenological method of his teacher Husserl, being atheistically minded, never managed to capture the original spiritual intuition of the pre-Socratics in the understanding of being. And at the same time, he himself could not find a suitable name for understanding being in modern culture. Where Heidegger still very carefully writes about the “open clearing” as a manifestation of the truth in the original ancient Greek thinkers, the essence of which, from the point of view of the German thinker, was still given to Heraclitus and Parmenides only intuitively (they did not yet understand the reason for this phenomenon of our consciousness), Sri Aurobindo directly indicates the existence of a connection between the ancient rishis and the existence (revelation) of the gods. Moreover, the processes described by the Indian thinker are very similar to those described by Heidegger. Everything indicates that the thinking of the ancient Greeks and ancient Hindus was very similar. The ancient Greeks (pre-Socratics) tried to understand why our consciousness is given to existence at all, and discovered the existence of inner peace in man – human openness to understanding the existence. Vedic sages, listening to the “voice” of the subconscious, discovered the waves of the subconscious and realized that man is like gods. It is important to note the difference between the pre-Socratics and the ancient Indian rishis in their interpretation of knowledge of existence. For the Greeks, true knowledge of being awakens human existence for knowledge (the logos, the world of naming, the world of concepts). According to the ideas of the ancient Indian rishis, when the gods awakened by man descend into their own world of existence, the consciousness of man in his actual existence also awakens. That is why the truth for the Greeks, according to Heidegger, is the opening and concealment of the truth of being (things), and the truth for the Rishi, according to Sri Aurobindo, is the ascent to true existence together with the gods that awaken in us.

Far Away but Similar: Peaceful Coexistence Models in Indonesia and Syria

Successful social coexistence in countries with multiethnic and multireligious populations is rare. Scholars have used different approaches to find the theory that explains the key elements communities perform in reaching an environment of peaceful coexistence. In this regard, the previous theories give us a partial understanding of the successful peaceful existence amid rising conservatism in global scale. Drawing from Robert Putnam’s social capital theory, this article argues that peaceful coexistence in Syria and Indonesia has been successful due to several factors: the historical, trust and reciprocity, social network and the nationalist sentiment. The empirical research was done by analyzing academic, analytic, and historical data, conducting interviews, and fieldwork with community members in Syria and Indonesia.

India’s Strategic Tilt: Global Alliances for National Gain

The research aims to explore India’s strategic tilt towards the great powers. How it creates an effect on its national gains. Study of this research aims to dive into India’s strategies by examining its geo-strategic location which is crucial for the global powers. By analyzing them this paper examines the motives, designs, and tactics of India to become a superpower and also the factors that are contributing to capturing the global powers' attention. This research questions what factors pitch in India's balancing act, specifically in dealing with the relations with the USA, China, and Russia. And in what ways does India’s cultural diplomacy aid in shaping the global perception of the country? The research implies a qualitative method for data collection. Narrative techniques were used for data analysis. The findings of this research will conduce to the understanding of how India strategically plays in the international arena with the great powers and what are their assumptions on it. It is recommended that India play a positive role in the peaceful existence of neighboring nations and resolve all issues with other countries peacefully.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR REVITALIZATION OF RURAL AREAS IN POLAND AND BULGARIA AFTER THE WAR IN UKRAINE

As a result of the armed conflict in Ukraine, nearly a third of Ukrainians have been forcibly displaced from their homes. This is one of the largest displacement crises in the world and in our time. Bulgaria and Poland were among the first EU countries to welcome the migrant wave in the early hours of the war. The aim of this paper is to identify the current problems and certain socio-economic prospects of Ukrainian migrants in Poland and Bulgaria after the start of the military conflict The article also aims to try to answer the question of whether it is possible to revive rural areas in Poland and Bulgaria, given the potential that incoming foreigners (mostly Ukrainian citizens) represent for our countries. To achieve the set goal, the authors use quantitative and qualitative methods, representative official statistical data from the NSI, migration services, non-rovernmental organizations, results of primary research, office studies, Internet sources etc. The application of the scientific method, as well as the inductive and deductive methods helps to analyze demographic and socioeconomic processes in their dynamic development and highlight their impact on the socio-economic environment in Bulgaria and Poland. The authors reveal the need to make more effective use of the economic and social potential of migrants and the opportunities for rural revitalization in both host countries. The integration of migrant business into the economic environment of Bulgaria and Poland requires not only training of the migrants themselves, but also of the institutions and society as a whole regarding the benefits of this activity. This is definitely an underestimated area with huge potential that is underutilized for the socio-economic development of rural areas and ensuring a normal and peaceful existence for Ukrainian families in the chosen host country. Key words: refugees, migration, Ukraine, rural areas JEL: J15, J24, F51

A Narrative of An Ideological Destruction: Where Do We Go Now?

Lebanese filmmaker, actress, and screenwriter Nadine Labaki’s 2011 film Where Do We Go Now? is about the ideological manipulation that gradually results in a big conflict among people in a rural Middle Eastern village where Muslims and Christians live in a peaceful existence. Labaki is known for her politically engaged narratives which refer to the recent political past of Lebanese whilst centralizing strong female figures. Where Do We Go Now? is no exception, and thus, reflects the director's general cinematic style and political attitude. Labaki invites her audience through the comedy to question ideology which interpellates and thus constructs the individual as a subject by revealing the ways ideology creates differences, separation, and conflict among people. In this context, this article strives to analyze the film Where Do We Go Now? employing critical discourse analysis with references to Althusser's conceptualization of ideology and Subject-subject formation.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Healthcare Facilities: A study of Sehat Al Sharq at Al Khobar, KSA

This paper shall cover the existing theories and practices in the field of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design with a special focus on Healthcare Projects. The intention is to address the gap between theory and practices. Safety & Security is one of the basic human needs for peaceful existence. Patient safety and security have always been concerns in the successful operation of a healthcare setup. Nowadays, patient-centric healthcare service has given a competitive edge to the hospital; therefore, safety against crime has become very crucial for the hospitals. Other than the patients, safety and security for staff and visitors are equally important. Safety from data theft and breaches of privacy are other concerns in the healthcare setup. The design approach of best practices, like Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, seeks to create safer spaces through detailed design principles and strategies, and guidelines issued by the International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety. The majority of evidence suggests that designing the physical environment while considering safety features like Access Control, CCTV, Ultrasonic Occupancy Sensor, Public Addressable System & Duress Alarm for healthcare setup, duress alarms have proved to be life-saving measures that are used to alert hospital staff and security personnel when an individual is in need of emergency. In this paper, qualitative research methodology is used as a case study and physical observations to collect qualitative data and analysis of Sehat Al Sharq Hospital, Al Khobar, KSA, shall be included to identify and propose solution factors affecting the design challenges related to CPTED. Furthermore, it aims to recommend a roadmap to address design constraints, optimize efficiency, and improve safety and patient care in the healthcare facility.

“TERRORISM”: REALITY AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The purpose of the article is to embed the modern representation of terrorism into the conceptual framework defined in the horizon of the fundamentals of the dominant liberal version of the economic paradigm of the political (“managerial paradigm”). The political is presented as a balance of interests, fixed at the moment as the result of endless public discussion; politics in this case is management, whose task is to harmonize interests and ensure conditions for peaceful existence - based on a liberal consensus on basic rights. The reality of the political arises in the process of aesthetic/historical representation, for which perspectivism is constitutive; such reality is fragmented and centered relative to an empty place (the exclusion of the sovereign and the sovereign decision), has the properties of hyperreality, the phenomena of which are simulacra of the third level. The absence of the possibility of drawing a border (the exclusive prerogative of a sovereign decision) leads to the non-distinction of “internal” and “external”, the area of “order” and “anomie”. In this situation, war becomes a permanent mechanism for the biopolitical production of life; an unrecognized enemy is a party to the war; the war is presented as fair, the goal is declared to restore the disturbed order. An unrecognized enemy is called a terrorist; the conceptual horizon for defining the concept of “terrorism” is the anti-terrorist war in the nearest way. Thus, the philosophical approach differs from the disciplinary scientific one; the philosophical concept of terrorism has other grounds than its ideal-typical concepts, which are operated by the disciplinarily organized sciences; the evidence of paradigmatic principles makes philosophical conceptualization difficult.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Healthcare Facility: A Study of Sehat Al Sharq at Al Khobar, KSA

This paper shall cover the existing theories and practices in the field of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design with a special focus on Healthcare Projects. The intention is to address the gap between theory and practices. Safety & Security is one of the basic human needs for peaceful existence. Patient safety and security have always been concerns in the successful operation of a healthcare setup. Nowadays, patient-centric healthcare service has given a competitive edge to the hospital; therefore, safety against crime has become very crucial for the hospitals. Other than the patients, safety and security for staff and visitors are equally important. Safety from data theft and breaches of privacy are other concerns in the healthcare setup. The design approach of best practices, like Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, seeks to create safer spaces through detailed design principles and strategies, and guidelines issued by the International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety. The majority of evidence suggests that designing the physical environment while considering safety features like Access Control, CCTV, Ultrasonic Occupancy Sensor, Public Addressable System & Duress Alarm for healthcare setup, duress alarms have proved to be life-saving measures that are used to alert hospital staff and security personnel when an individual is in need of emergency. In this paper, qualitative research methodology is used as a case study and physical observations to collect qualitative data and analysis of Sehat Al Sharq Hospital, Al Khobar, KSA, shall be included to identify and propose solution factors affecting the design challenges related to CPTED. Furthermore, it aims to recommend a roadmap to address design constraints, optimize efficiency, and improve safety and patient care in the healthcare facility.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Healthcare Facility: A Case Study of Sehat Al Sharq at Al Khobar, KSA

This paper shall cover the existing theories and practices in the field of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design with a special focus on Healthcare Projects. The intention is to address the gap between theory and practices. Safety & Security is one of the basic human needs for peaceful existence. Patient safety and security have always been concerns in the successful operation of a healthcare setup. Nowadays, patient-centric healthcare service has given a competitive edge to the hospital; therefore, safety against crime has become very crucial for the hospitals. Other than the patients, safety and security for staff and visitors are equally important. Safety from data theft and breaches of privacy are other concerns in the healthcare setup. The design approach of best practices, like Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, seeks to create safer spaces through detailed design principles and strategies, and guidelines issued by the International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety. The majority of evidence suggests that designing the physical environment while considering safety features like Access Control, CCTV, Ultrasonic Occupancy Sensor, Public Addressable System & Duress Alarm for healthcare setup, duress alarms have proved to be life-saving measures that are used to alert hospital staff and security personnel when an individual is in need of emergency. In this paper, qualitative research methodology is used as a case study and physical observations to collect qualitative data and analysis of Sehat Al Sharq Hospital, Al Khobar, KSA, shall be included to identify and propose solution factors affecting the design challenges related to CPTED. Furthermore, it aims to recommend a roadmap to address design constraints, optimize efficiency, and improve safety and patient care in the healthcare facility.

Religious Education as a Pedagogy of Care in the Context of Violence: Re-Imaging Working and Thinking Together

This qualitative paper couched with the decoloniality theory addresses the question of how religious education as a pedagogy of care can mitigate the ambivalent terrain of school violence. Despite various inventions within South African schools, the classroom remains violent and unsafe for both learners and educators igniting the adoption of religious education as a pedagogy of care. The author used the decoloniality theory since it calls for rehumanisation of people affected by school violence. The findings indicate that despite challenges associated with religious education, the subject can be conceptualised as a pedagogy of care to mitigate the challenges of school violence. The argument of the paper is that education authorities need to re-imagine religion as a pedagogy of care that has the impetus to evoke working and thinking together within the mainstream curriculum practices in South Africa. The paper contributes to knowledge in the sense that it locates arguments in decoloniality calling for equal representation of knowledge in the curriculum to address school violence. It sees religious education as the key to contributing to a peaceful existence in school and society. Keywords: Living and Working together, religion education, school violence, best practices.

Examining the Ideologies of the State and Religion to Understand their Relationships: A Conceptual Review

This paper examines ideologies of the state and religion to establish and understand, their relationships, more so in creating stability in the worldwide management structure of countries. Studies have revealed a very significant relationship between religion and state. Religion and the state are 'twins', to those who promote their side-by-side existence, where religion is considered a foundation, while the state is the guardian of the religion is peaceful existence. The concept of the state and religion’s co-existence is based on the argument that something without a foundation can easily collapse and also noted that an unguarded foundation can easily disappear. In this paper, it is therefore emphasized that the existence of a state is a necessity for world order, world order is a necessity for religious order, and religious order is a necessity for the achievement of welfare in this world and the hereafter. Through literature, it is established that countries that ignore morals and moral ethics have gradually experienced destruction. For this reason, it is concluded that there should be sincere interdependence towards happiness through a combination of science with religion, comprised of general morals and political morals, which have roots in region.

JĘZYK POLSKI NA TLE WOJNY NA UKRAINIE

Since 24 February 2022, Ukraine has been operating in a different reality, which until now has been read about in history textbooks. Russia's invasion of Ukraine took not so much the whole world by surprise as the Ukrainians. Victims of direct contact with the invaders, who have been 'providing' civilian 'liberation services' in Ukraine for a year now, from a civilised life, an acquired property and a peaceful existence, are forced to look all over the world for refuge, safe places and opportunities for survival. Accepting their refugee status, and fleeing the war, they continue to witness the hostilities and wish to report on the events taking place in Ukraine to their families. The term language of war, which appears in the text, is understood in terms of the material used by the media during the conflict, i.e. how journalists express themselves about the situation in Ukraine when presenting war reports, and in terms of social and propaganda narratives. The language of war furthermore defines additional problem planes, e.g. forms of expressing emotions or the creation of various linguistic constructions, as well as the extent to which it functions on the visual plane. The article presents a list of necessary structures, and lexical units, which can be used to formulate a message about the war in Ukraine, and the crimes committed by the Russian occupier, and help in displaying reports from the front line in real-time. The material of the article can be used in lessons of Polish as a foreign language, aid groups and witness accumulation units, and interviews with victims who experienced warfare.

Geothermal Power Corridor- connecting the Middle East Countries

The Middle East economy and life depend on imports, be it food, water, or energy, despite each country in the region having enormous energy resources to exploit and reduce dependency on countries outside the region and develop a socioeconomic model of regional cooperation and synergy. An estimated 371 TWh of electricity available from geothermal energy resources can be utilized by these countries to support basic needs and be free from food-energy-water imports by sharing their energy resources. The total amount of CO2 emissions from these countries is currently 945 x 106 kg, so these countries can further earn about 92 million euros from carbon savings, by using geothermal energy along this corridor. This amount can be utilized for augmenting the energy supply from geothermal sources. In this work, the available geothermal resources are evaluated, and suggestions are made how this energy can be best utilized for peaceful existence and cooperation in the region.

Strengthening the Military Potential of the Bucharest Nine States in the Context of the russian-Ukrainian War.

The article focuses on strengthening the military potential of the Bucharest Nine (B9) states in the context of the russia's war in Ukraine. The authors clarify the reasons and goals of the consolidation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe for cooperation within the framework of the Bucharest format. Prerequisites for changes in defense spending within NATO are described, namely, the russian-Ukrainian war. The reaction of the North Atlantic Alliance to Russia's armed attack on Ukraine is studied, in particular after the full-scale russian invasion. The main results of the NATO summit in Madrid, which took place in 2022, are considered, separately, the adoption of the new Strategic Concept of NATO. The features of the new security and defense model presented by J. Stoltenberg, which includes the protection of the Eastern flank of the Alliance and is based on three key pillars, are pointed, namely: 1) increased forward presence with more combat operations; 2) pre-deployment of military equipment to save time in conditions where mobilization of forces is required; 3) preliminary definition of units - these are forces that will undergo training in a certain territory, where they will have certain duties. The dynamics of defense expenditures of each of the participating countries of the Bucharest Nine format from the beginning of the russian-Ukrainian war in 2014 to the period after the open armed attack on Ukraine on February 24, 2022 is presented. The information on the formation of the newest high-reaction combat groups of the North Atlantic Alliance and their location on the territory of the B9 member states to strengthen the military presence in countries that are at risk in the event of further escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian war is covered. The data related to NATO military exercises within the framework of strengthening the eastern borders in connection with the intensification of the armed aggression of the russian federation are analyzed. As a result of the study, it is concluded that russian aggression against Ukraine is considered by the member states of the Alliance to be a colossal threat to the existence of peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic region. The authors predict a further increase in the military potential of the Bucharest Nine countries to maintain a stable security situation in the subregion.

The World as Existential Security: The Concept of Peace of Third Generation

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that traditional social disciplines have not been able to solve the most important problems of humanity – the elimination of destructive forms of social interactions. The article deals with the problem of conceptualization of the concept of “peace”, the stages of formation of the disciplinary field of peace research. The hypothesis of the study is that understanding the initial intention that prompts the formation of new value orientations in human populations makes it possible to base the modern theory of the world on the concept of existential security. The purpose of the article is to analyze approaches to one of the basic concepts of social and humanitarian disciplines ‒ the category of peace. The use of methods of categorization, retrospective analysis and systematization allowed us to discover the paradigmatic dependence of the content of the concept peace on objective technological and socio-cultural circumstances. The results of the discussion were the following provisions. The first concept of peace, called the negative peace, could not be used as the basis for social construction programs, since it carried all the limitations of the classical paradigm of science, which was formed to serve natural science. The modern, third generation of the concept of peace, which has received the complex name of a multi-inter-transcultural world, is generated by the dangers associated with globalization and entry into digital civilization. Understanding the initial intention that encourages the formation of new value orientations in human populations allows us to base the modern theory of the world on the concept of existential security. The concept of existential security is formulated, which should be understood not as the physical security of an individual, but as the security of the existence of a population that allows preserving the population gene pool. A society that has provided existential security corresponds to people’s ideas of peaceful existence and does not create conditions for war, as one of the forms of violence, or for other forms of structural violence that reduce the adaptive potential of the population. Due to the fact that the adaptability and security of the digital society is ensured by the integrative and communitarian properties of the social system, post-material values are put forward in the first place in the value system in the modern world. They should be the basis of the concept of the existential world.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN NOTARIS YANG MENERBITKAN AKTA BERISI KETERANGAN PALSU (STUDI KASUS PERKARA NOMOR 1362/PID.B/2019/PN.JKT.UTR)

A notary is a public official authorized to make authentic deeds. This authority must be carried out in accordance with the regulations stipulated in the Notary Office Act and not violate the Notary Code of Ethics. However, not a few notaries carry out their duties in accordance with the established regulations, resulting in a party being harmed and the notary being held accountable. This happened in the Decision on Criminal Case Number 1362/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Jkt.Utr. In this decision, notary R forged an authentic deed because he entered information that was not in accordance with the facts and also did not read and sign the deed he made in front of the parties. Therefore, this thesis takes the title Liability of a Notary Who Issues Deeds Containing False Statements (Case Study Case Number 1362/Pid.B/2019/PN.Jkt.Utr). The formulation of the problem in this research is: 1) What are the legal considerations of the judges in deciding case number 1362/Pid.B/2019/PN.Jkt.Utr? 2) What is the responsibility of the notary for the deed he made based on case number 1362/Pid.B/2019/PN.Jkt.Utr? This study uses normative juridical legal research methods, namely the systematic compilation of data, assessment, then concludes on the relationship to the problems studied with the statutory approach. The results of this study are: 1) The basis for the judge's consideration in decision number 1362/Pid.B/2019/PN.Jkt.Utr comes from juridical and non-juridical and grants the indictment of the public prosecutor in accordance with the provisions violated by notary R but the judge does not make the existence of peace into the lightening thing. 2) The responsibility imposed on notary R is administrative sanctions, namely temporary dismissal due to being in custody then the main sanction is imprisonment for 1 (one) year and 8 (eight) months.

The institute of expropriation as a consequence of military operations: historical and legal analysis

As history shows, society has always faced armed conflicts, terrorist attacks, wars, etc. throughout its life cycles. At the same time, in a civilized society, even war is perceived as a phenomenon of legal reality, i.e., it should be conducted strictly within the limits established by existing international legal acts. During military operations, the issues of seizure and further use of the property of the enemy state are relevant, which may be carried out, in particular, through expropriation.
 Expropriation can occur both in peacetime and in wartime, but, as a rule, it is especially important during interstate conflicts, as it is often illegal, as a result of unauthorized seizure of sovereign territories.
 Currently, the issue of expropriation is being widely raised and discussed in the international community with a view to applying it to assets and liabilities belonging to the Russian Federation and its residents in connection with the recognition of the latter as an aggressor against Ukraine and a threat to the peaceful existence of the European continent. 
 In addition, during the military operations of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine, Russia has illegally expropriated a significant amount of both state property and property owned by Ukrainian citizens and other persons on the territories occupied by the aggressor. Such arbitrariness should not be ignored and should not be ignored by international justice institutions, as this raises the risk of further attempts to illegally seize and confiscate property contrary to generally accepted legal norms.
 Despite the fact that the institution of expropriation was known and practiced, in particular, during the First and Second World Wars, in the historical perspective, Russia's current war against Ukraine, which actually began in 2014, should be considered the initial stage of its reform, as a significant number of precedents of legal and illegal forced seizure of property as a result of a military conflict have been and will be created.

The aesthetic analysis of idiomatic expressions in Amaụzari Igbo: A socio-cultural approach

Idiomatic expressions are useful tools for communicating a great deal of meaning in different languages. The purpose and the objective of this study are to examine the aesthetic nature of idiomatic expressions and to illustrate how Igbo people use idiomatic expressions in discourses. This study takes a socio-cultural approach to how words in the language are used in oral expressions for entertainment and peaceful discussions that bind the Amaụzari people together. Amauzari is a town in Isiala Mbano local government area of Imo State, Nigeria. The study used a sample population of over hundred men and women for her data collection. The aesthetic characteristics of idiomatic expressions are exhibited and appreciated especially during cultural ceremonies that attract a lot of people to the villages in Amaụzari. Data for this study were collected from the primary source. We collected data through participant observations of discourse contexts. The study used over hundred men and women as the sample population for data collection. The Theoretical framework we adopted in the study is Linguistic relativity which is known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis shows that the meaning of utterances is from cultural conventions for how the words are used and interpreted. The study discovered that the appropriate use of idiomatic expression is a mark of pragmatic competence. In conclusion, the study shows that the characteristics of idiomatic expressions contribute to the peaceful existence of people according to their cultural backgrounds.

The Role of the United Nations as a Defender of Human Rights: A View from Albania

Background: Every millennium, decade, and century, as well as every passing day, humanity wakes up with a dream of a ‘new world’, a world without wars and bloodshed. Despite this thousand-year-old dream, wars and their devastating consequences hang menacingly over humanity’s head like the sword of Damocles. For this reason, wars have been and will remain a key focus of researchers and philosophers. By studying the numerous causes and consequences of war, the necessary measures to guarantee security and peace worldwide can be determined. Although human society strides towards prosperity, the likelihood of war has not diminished but continues to threaten, with unparalleled ferocity, the existence of human life, peace, and security. The numerous agreements and treaties, both bilateral and multilateral, between different states have only temporarily avoided the outbreak of conflicts and wars. Therefore, the concepts of peace, defence, and the prevention of war remain at the centre of research today. Research works in these fields are geared towards a universal idea: ‘the protection of basic human rights’. Methodology: This paper’s research methodology involves analysing data on the role of the UN as a defender of freedom and human rights. To achieve this, an extensive literature review was conducted. The review covers literature sources in both Albanian and foreign languages, written by well-known authors and provides a large amount of information and thoughts on the topic under consideration. The authors of some of the used works include Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Brian Tamanaha, Alexis Tocqueville, and Servet Pëllumbi. The research was conducted step-by-step and argument-by-argument using the logic of reasoning and the analysis of ideas. The relevant research works relate to the UN’s role as a provider and guarantor of human rights and freedom. Results and Conclusions: In the opinion of the UN, the concept of democracy is closely related to the concept of protecting peace, freedom, and human rights. This is also the reason why the UN cannot remain indifferent in the face of cases of violation of freedoms and human rights under the pretext of respecting ‘state sovereignty’. The UN is today’s most important and powerful organisation for protecting human freedoms and rights, world peace, and international security. Based on the above discussion, a democratic society is nothing but the result of new relations between the power and freedom of an individual. ‘Human rights and freedoms’ do not constitute a mere bureaucratic formula but a request of the people for the development of the society in which they live. They resemble a ‘spiral’ that has only ascended since various theorists first presented their ideas on ‘human rights’. Infringement on human rights would simultaneously mark the infringement and the end of democracy itself.

El poblado de los terapeutas del lago Mareotis como locus amoenus sacro y filosófico

Philo of Alexandria's treatise De vita contemplativa describes the existence and lifestyle of an ascetic group of Jewish men and women called therapeutai and therapeutrides.Themembers of the group live a communal but secluded life in an idyllic landscape on the outskirts of Alexandria, near Lake Mareotis. They have settled in this place to escape from the environment of confusion and conflict of the urban world, trying to find the wisdom that provides a quiet life, dedicated to philosophy and divine service. At the same time, they also found here a peaceful existence away from the anti-Semitic harassment suffered in the metropolis, which would culminate in the general persecution of the year 38 AD. in Alexandria. In this article we intend to know this place and its characteristics as a locus amoenus, namely, as the right place for the development of an ascetic and philosophical way of life.