Peaceful Behavior Research Articles

The emergence of discrimination due to miscategorization

PurposeThis study explores the emergence of discrimination based on observable characteristics. In many instances, agents presume differences arising from traits such as race or gender, even when these parameters are irrelevant to the situation at hand. This paper intends to reveal an emergent behavior and a persistent culture of discrimination caused by miscategorization in strategic interactions.Design/methodology/approachWe assume that agents occasionally engage in conflicts modeled as asymmetric hawk and dove games, where boundedly rational agents may categorize their opponents based on observable traits to make effective decisions. Three categorization strategies are considered: fine-grained, regular, and coarse-grained. Subsequently, an evolutionary agent-based model is employed to examine the performance of these strategies in a dynamic environment.FindingsThe results demonstrate that fine-grained categorization provides an advantage when the cost of fighting is low, while coarse-grained categorizers exhibit more peaceful behavior, gaining an advantage when the cost of conflict is high. Our primary finding indicates the emergence of discrimination based on non-relevant traits, manifested through consistent aggressive behavior towards individuals possessing these traits.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to investigate the emergence of discrimination without assuming prior differences between groups. Previous studies have assumed either an initial population difference or a homophily-based approach. In contrast, we demonstrate that discrimination can emerge even in the absence of such assumptions. Discrimination between two groups may arise as long as there are agents who label these categories.

Understanding the Participation of Peace and Adequate Education as the Pillar of Transforming the African Continent Learning Process

It is through education that people may change. Education has the capacity to strengthen a sense of serenity in its recipient because it is a true source of integration and nation-building.Unorganized educational norms, along with the pervasive issues of corruption, bad governance, conflicts, and wars, have over time hindered African institutions’ ability to empower individuals for peace. Therefore, embracing peace and education in all facets of strong institutions’ activities in Africa will be necessary to empower citizens for peaceful living. Institutions can be changed by peace education, and it can also help them respond effectively to efforts to instill a culture of peace in society. Its values, which are founded on discipline, order,solidarity, equality, forgiveness, reconciliation, respect for diversity, challenging work, and organized society, will help in the building of the proper networks in the institutions. By gaining these values, individuals will change their actions and conduct to fit expected societal values, empowering African citizens to adopt peaceful behaviors. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how peace and education can be used to accomplish these goals.

THE SPREAD OF A CULTURE OF PEACE IS THE PATH TO PEACEKEEPING THROUGH LEGAL TEXTS: ENHANCING THE ROLE OF EDUCATION

spreading a culture of peace in societies goes through the definition of peaceful means and methods for settling disputes. This can be done at the internal level by reforming the justice agencies and building citizens' confidence in them, and organizing and restoring traditional ways of resolving disputes and conflicts through reconciliation and dialogue and Education in order to spread a culture of peace and tolerance in contemporary societies which has become an urgent necessity. Today, education is required to aim at resisting the influence of factors that lead to fear and exclusion of others, and at helping young people to develop their capacities for independence of opinion and critical and moral thinking. Policies and programs should contribute educational curricula and other educational materials in promoting understanding, solidarity and tolerance among individuals and combating violence and extremism. The emergence of democratic culture at the global level is hoped to achieve this goal. In our opinion, the culture of peace is one of the pillars of the culture of democracy. Democratic behaviour is peaceful behaviour. It renounces violence whatever it is, except for legitimate self-defence, which is a natural right, and uses discussion, dialogue and persuasion as a means of dealing. Education aims to develop concepts of education for peace, a better human future, international cooperation and solidarity on the basis of justice, equality, interaction and mutual respect among all nations and peoples. UNESCO stresses that if the goal of education is to raise the level of educational attainment, the most important thing is to link education with life skills in order to prevent violence and build peace. The author addresses the situation at the level of national law, international law and other cultural data related to peace.

The Effect of Social Media on the Development of Peaceful Behavior Among High School Youth in Gorontalo Regency

This study aims to provide an understanding of the influence of social media on the development of peaceful behavior among high school youth in Gorontalo Regency. This research was conducted in ten high schools in Gorontalo Regency, consisting of seven public high schools and three private high schools. Using qualitative research and phenomenological approaches. Respondents in this study were high school students in class XI taken from ten public and private high schools as a representation of the population of high school students in class XI in Gorontalo District High School. The data was obtained by using a questionnaire method which was distributed to 100 respondents regarding the influence of social media on the development of peaceful behavior for high school youth in Gorontalo Regency. The data is then analyzed using the Content Analysis technique to determine the effect of social media on the behavior development of high school youth throughout Gorontalo Regency. The results of this study indicate that adolescents have various concepts of peaceful behavior and one of them is influenced by the media. The concept developed starts from the aspect of how to interact with each other, seen from the effects caused by their behavior, and in terms of the conditions they have. Peaceful behavior among adolescents includes self-directed behavior and behavior directed at others, both protective and promotive. Included in peaceful behavior are all behaviors that individuals themselves feel comfortable with, do not cause problems in society, and behaviors that foster friendship among adolescents.

The role of mandible morphology in termite inquilinism

AbstractIn heterospecific termite–termite (Blattodea, Isoptera) cohabitation, defensive morphologies are more evident in inquiline soldiers than in the workers. Nevertheless, these latter are prone to present defensive adaptations as well. After all, by living and feeding inside the nest of other species, such workers would suffer less pressure from building and foraging, but more demand for defensive adaptations. Interestingly, these three functions – building, foraging, and defense – can be exerted by a single structure, the mandibles. Providing that, in inquilines, defensive needs may prevail over building and foraging, it seems adaptive for inquiline termite workers to have mandibles modified for defense. Here we report on a significant correlation between mandibular modifications in termite workers and their propensity to inquilinism. Using behavioral assays, we show these adaptations to play relevant roles in the defense/attack dynamics of guests and hosts. We show that, in termite workers, the size and position of the apical tooth relative to the marginal teeth may arm termite hosts and termite inquilines with an effective defensive weapon. Hosts may also use it as a weapon to attack inquilines. The latter, however, are unable to do so, confirming previous reports on peaceful behavior as a typical strategy for termite inquilines. We argue that mandibular patterns in termites (as measured by the left mandible index, LMI), more than a product of feeding habit selective pressure, may also serve to mediate nest heterospecific cohabitation.

The Structural Model of Militancy/Peacefulness Morality Association With Psychological Wellbeing

Background and Objectives: People are always looking for new ways to achieve a good and healthy life. They associate such a life with wellbeing and happiness. The World Health Organization defines health as a form of wellbeing, in which each person identifies his or her abilities and plays a role in society effectively. Many studies have shown the correlation between moral virtues and psychological wellbeing. This research aims to study the role of militancy/ peacefulness morality in predicting psychological wellbeing among university students. Methods: This research was a correlational study. The sample size was calculated based on Kline guideline. We included in our study 530 (226 males and 304 females) undergraduate students in humanities, engineering, basic sciences, art, and architecture. They were selected by random cluster sampling method from different faculties of Shiraz University, Shiraz City, Iran, from January to September 2019. Then, they responded to Ryff’s psychological wellbeing scale and researcher-made militancy/peacefulness scale. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in AMOS software. Results: Their Mean±SD total scores of wellbeing and militancy were 21.62±4.54 and 52.75±10.15, respectively. The results of analytical statistics showed that militancy/peacefulness (such as hatred, mischief, slander, and stupidity) is a negative predictor of psychological wellbeing. The obtained results of this analysis also showed that the final model of the study has good fitness. Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, we recommend teaching peaceful behaviors in universities by using educational workshops in the field of moral virtue.

Effect of Peace Interventions on Students’ Peacebuilding Attitudes at Secondary School Level

It is the need of the hour to incorporate peace promotion as one of the significant features of the educational institutions in Pakistan. The present study explores the impact of a peace promotion intervention, with control and experimental groups, in order to understand if specific planned activities can significantly improve the peacebuilding attitudes of students. The study is experimental in nature, administering a pre-test and a post-test for both the control and experimental groups. Two equal samples (n=69) of 10th-grade (secondary school) students were selected — using a random sampling technique — for the control and experimental groups. The results of this study indicated that peace interventions — comprising games, hands-on activities, and dialogues — contributed significantly to improving the peace-building attitudes of the students in the experimental group. In addition, the female students of the experimental group exhibited a greater improvement in their peace building attitudes in the post-test phase as compared to their male counterparts. Furthermore, the study also reveals that the female students in the control group also depicted improvement in the post-test. This research presents implications for policymakers and educationists that need to be considered when introducing peace promotion activities into the (secondary) school curriculum. This article argues that practical activities — targeted to inculcate peaceful behavior in the students — can serve as important tools in establishing an environment of peace in society in general.

Reformulating Jan Tinbergen’s normative vision on welfare and security

This article builds on the intellectual legacy of Jan Tinbergen by extending his analysis on welfare and security into a framework involving strategic interaction. I first incorporate welfare and security in terms of interstate tensions into a single utility or payoff function. An uncertain world is characterized by states that are more peaceful, and others where nations are more hostile to each other. Both conflictual and peaceful outcomes lie along a spectrum of hostility short of war. The strategies adopted by the two countries, which promote peace, can be complements or substitutes. This means that they can go up or down in response to increases in the strategies of its rival. I demonstrate that non-cooperative behaviour between nations is Pareto inferior to cooperative behaviour, because the latter is associated with more actions and efforts to promote peace. Cooperative behaviour is akin to Tinbergen’s notion of world government. Non-cooperative behaviour by states also leads to moral hazard, and there can be free-riding in joint peaceful behaviour by some nations, particularly when the strategies of the countries are substitutes. The model is extended to aggressive international behaviour, including that mandated by populist plebiscites or election victories, as well as an outline of individual behaviour driven by identity-based politics.

ХУДОЖНЄ КІНО ЯК ЕФЕКТИВНИЙ ЗАСІБ ДЕКОНФЛІКТИЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

The author of the article shows that conflicts attract the attention of representatives of various fields of knowledge (philosophy, sociology, conflict studies, psychology, history, political science, jurisprudence, military science, culturology, art, ethnology, pedagogy and etc.), in particular, in order to develop optimal ways to resolve them at various levels of deployment of conflict confrontation between different parties. Emphasizes that conflict should be considered as one of the types of social interaction. Its participants can be individuals, human groups, organizations, institutions, societies, countries, states and so on. Phenomena of conflicts, from ancient times to the present, in various artistic forms reflect the reality of a certain era and features of historical time. Artistic understanding of the phenomena of conflicts complements, strengthens and facilitates the scientific analysis of the problems of conflicts and the dynamics of their course. Analyzes the reasons that, since cinema is one of the most popular art forms of today, combining creativity and production, cinema itself can be actively involved in the processes of deconflict of Ukrainian society. Indicates the specifics of feature film: it affects the deep layers of consciousness, touches all the strings of the human soul and at the same time reflects the current problems of today; forces the viewer to identify with the characters of the film and actively include their ideals, principles, behavior and thinking in their real lives. He concludes that cinema, given its subject matter and plot, plays a significant role in shaping both aggressive and peaceful behavior of people, ie it can contribute to either increasing the level of conflict situations in society, or their leveling. Proves that in order to reduce the level of conflict in society, it is necessary to reduce the number of films that contain open displays of violence, bloody scenes and large-scale plans of terror; it is necessary to increase the number of high-quality Ukrainian films of patriotic orientation.

The portrait of spiritual intelligence and aggressiveness of university students

Aggression is interpreted as a behavior that aims to hurt others physically and verbally. This study used quantitative approach through correlational method to find out the influence of spiritual intelligence (SQ) to the aggressiveness in university students. Students’ aggressiveness was measured using adapted aggression questionnaire, while SQ was measured using the adapted spiritual intelligence scale. The sample technique used proportional random sampling technique and data analysis used regression test through SPSS 22. The findings of the research suggest that spiritual intelligence has a positive and significant effect on students’ aggressiveness. The research results point out that SQ among the students encourages God spot activation. God spot leads students to show ideal behavior and find peaceful solution for every problem. God spot makes students crave on the transcendence; as the consequence, the deep love, peaceful, unity of existence arise in students’ mind and behavior. The peaceful behavior significantly decreases students’ aggressiveness

Pedagogy of Peacefulness as an Effort of Peaceful Education at School

Based on the phenomenon occurred at all level of education, it was found that the circumstances of the schools were unsafe and uncomfortable for students and academics. There were a number of direct and indirect violence carried out at schools and it had impacts on physical and psychological health of students. There was no existence of positive peace in the form of structural violence, socio-cultural violence, ecological violence and negative peace such as tribal warfare, fights and aggression. What happened actually although the nature of man in conscience had the basic harmony and desire to live together in tranquility? Therefore, the common perception of the concept of peace and peace pedagogy was needed to be created. Teachers as peace educators, thus, played an important role as a figure that had the personality of peace in the classroom and at school. The teacher as a peaceful personality consisted of three components: peaceful states, attitudes, and behavior that were consistent across one’s life spaces and life span. Moreover, the school also needed to develop an educational approach in the curriculum in synergy with the goals of education.

Comparing ant behaviour indices for fine-scale analyses

Animal behaviour often is characterised by standardised assays. In social insects such as ants, behaviour assays are for example used to characterise aggressive and peaceful behaviour. Such assays differ in the number of individuals, the duration and place of assays, and the scoring scales. Also the behaviour indices used to summarise the results differ. Here, we compared five behaviour indices (Aggression Index, Mean Maximum Aggression Index; and the newly introduced Mean Maximum Peace Index, Mean Behaviour Index aggressive, and Mean Behaviour Index peaceful) using a scoring scale that comprises peaceful and aggressive behaviour. The indices were applied on eight simulations and three observed data sets. The five indices were correlated but frequently differed in their means. Multiple indices were needed to capture the complete behaviour range. Furthermore, subtle differences in workers’ behaviour, that is, differences that go beyond the presence/absence of aggression, were only identified when considering multiple indices. We infer that the indices applied are differently suited for different analyses. Fine-scale analyses of behavioural variation profit from using more than one index. The particular choice of index or indices likely influences the interpretation of behaviour and should be carefully done in the light of study species and research question.

Passion and moral disengagement: Different pathways to political activism.

Four studies examined the relationship between motivational imbalance-the degree to which a goal dominates other goals-and political activism. Based on the dualistic model of passion (Vallerand, 2015) and recent theorizing on violent extremism (Kruglanski, Jasko, Chernikova, Dugas, & Webber, 2017), we predicted that obsessive passion (OP), which facilitates alternative goal suppression, would increase support for violent political behaviors. In contrast, we predicted that harmonious passion (HP), which facilitates the integration of multiple goal pursuits, would increase support for peaceful political behaviors. Study 1a demonstrated that OP for environmentalism was positively associated with moral disengagement, which in turn predicted violent behaviors. HP was positively associated with peaceful behaviors. Political activism among Democrats yielded similar findings in Study 1b. Study 2 replicated Studies 1a-1b using an implicit measure of moral disengagement. Study 3 replicated Studies 1-2 by demonstrating that experimentally inducing a harmonious (vs. obsessive) passion mindset indirectly reduced violent behaviors through the attenuation of moral disengagement while directly promoting peaceful behaviors. Study 4 conceptually replicated Studies 1-3 by experimentally manipulating moral disengagement. These results offer insights into the workings of radicalization and suggest theory-driven methods of reducing political violence.

SIGNIFICANCE OF LANGUAGE IN PEACE EDUCATION

Peace is another faction of human psychology. When one expresses peaceful behavior, then it signifies that he/she is in a state of spiritual peace and has sufficient knowledge of peaceful qualities with proper endurance of staying clam at any situation.Well it may be defined as the absence of violence and also the presence of states of mind and of society such as harmony, security accord, and mutual understanding. In order to better understand how to achieve peace on the global level, it can be marked as the absence of violent conflicts or wars between nations, states, and communities. It is equally important for us to examine the personal attitudes, values, and knowledge that provide the basis for working toward peace making and keeping it.While almost all of us want peace and prefer to live and work in a peaceful situation, there are some who wants to lead an anarchical life, since they are ignorant about the values of peace in their lives. The elements of peace must be explored and incorporated in the language we use in our discussions. Tolerance, understanding, empathy, cooperation, respect and gratitude are at the core of our peaceful coexistence on earth, but each of us may interpret these concepts somewhat differently based on our social and cultural values, our life experiences, and our beliefs about the world.Students and the peers are the building blocks of each and every generation and hence they must be equipped with various peaceful qualities such that they can carry this exclusive thought forward in the near future. For reflecting ideas, beliefs and concepts, children are encouraged to cooperate with peers to share information. Students are left to discuss, comment or decide about the solution to the problems regarding unethical activities. Students are also invited to ask questions throughout the peace education classes.We are growing up in a world where the remedy of every problem; may it be political or racial or religious or otherwise, tends to be solved through means of violence or unethical means. We have fallen prey to numerous World Wars, countless rebellions and mass massacres which ultimately leads to mass murders or genocide. These phenomenon have increased generation wise and now we are standing on the grounds of the 21st century. To maintain peace all over the world, several nations have indulged in making peace treaties to maintain international relations among them. Well, a better solution to maintain peace at high grounds is peace education which is a bright and innovative step to equip the countrymen with sufficient knowledge and different values of peace. It is a fact that peace education is one of the most planned processes to raise the learners ‘critical and psychic consciousness. Mostly peace educators believe that it provides students with a better understanding of their social, cultural as well as political contexts while at the same time considering the possibilities for action and change.Therefore, in our paper we would like to discuss on why and how language is the core requirement for peace education at both academic and international level.

Piaroa Shamanic Ethics and Ethos: Living by the Law and the Good Life of Tranquillity

The Amazonian cosmos is a battlefield where beauty is possible but violent chaos rules. As a result, the Piaroa world is characterised by an ongoing battle between shamans who uphold, on behalf of all Piaroa, the ideal of ethical living, and forces of chaos and destruction, epitomised by malevolent spirits (mari) and dangerous sorcerers. This essay draws on ethnographic research involving shamanic apprenticeship conducted between 1999 and 2002 to explore the ethics of Piaroa shamanic practice. Given the ambivalent nature of the Amazonian shaman as healer and sorcerer, what constitutes ethical shamanic practice? How is good defined relative to the potential for social and self-harm? I argue that the Piaroa notions of ‘living by the law’ and ‘the good life of tranquillity’ amount to a theory of shamanic ethics and an ethos in the sense of a culturally entrained system of moral and emotional sensibilities. This ethos turns on the importance of guiding pro-social, cooperative and peaceful behaviour in the context of a cosmos marked by violent chaos. Shamanic ethics also pivots around the ever-present possibility that visionary power dissolves into self- and social destruction. Ethical shamanic practice is contingent on shamans turning their own mastery of the social ecology of emotions into a communitarian reality.

Social contagion of ethnic hostility

Interethnic conflicts often escalate rapidly. Why does the behavior of masses easily change from cooperation to aggression? This paper provides an experimental test of whether ethnic hostility is contagious. Using incentivized tasks, we measured willingness to sacrifice one's own resources to harm others among adolescents from a region with a history of animosities toward the Roma people, the largest ethnic minority in Europe. To identify the influence of peers, subjects made choices after observing either destructive or peaceful behavior of peers in the same task. We found that susceptibility to follow destructive behavior more than doubled when harm was targeted against Roma rather than against coethnics. When peers were peaceful, subjects did not discriminate. We observed very similar patterns in a norms-elicitation experiment: destructive behavior toward Roma was not generally rated as more socially appropriate than when directed at coethnics, but the ratings were more sensitive to social contexts. The findings may illuminate why ethnic hostilities can spread quickly, even in societies with few visible signs of interethnic hatred.

Self-reported Peaceful Conflict Resolution Behaviour in Iranian and Finnish Adolescents

Abstract The study investigated self-reported conflict behavior in 1,244 Iranian adolescents (649 boys, 595 girls; M age = 12.7 years, SD = 2.1 years) and in 620 Finnish adolescents (324 boys and 296 girls; M age = 12,7 years, SD = 2.0). The adolescents filled in a paper-and-pencil questionnaire with items inquiring about how they behaved when they themselves were in conflict with their peers, and when they were witnessing conflicts between others. The results showed that the Iranian adolescents were more inclined than the Finnish ones to make compromises and resolve conflicts peacefully. This was in particular true for Iranian boys. The results are in line with Hofstede’s (1980) cultural theory, according to which Iran is a typically collectivistic one, while Finland is a typically individualistic one.

Do Democracies Support Violent Non-governmental Organizations Less Than Autocracies Do?

This study draws attention to the question: Do democracies fight indirectly through material support to violent non-governmental organizations (VNGOs) which wage intrastate war against other states in general and against democracies in particular, or are democracies less warlike by proxy? The main conclusions are: democracies are less warlike by proxy than non-democratic states, and the more democratic the regime the lower the probability that it will support VNGOs waging war against other states, both in general and against other democracies in particular. The results do not unequivocally support both the monadic or dyadic argument of democratic peaceful behaviour

Aggressive and peaceful behavior in multiagent systems on cellular space

One of the key issues in Multi-Agent simulation approach is a consolidation of great model variety. Many researches govern own unique that are similar in basic principles but for complex adaptive systems such as Artificial Ecosystems slight difference in architecture and parameters calibration could affect crucially on the emergent properties of the model. As it was denoted by the pioneers of the Artificial Ecosystems modelling Robert Axtell and Robert Axelrod: variety of Multi-Agent need introduction of methods and technics that allows consolidating of its results. In work we present modification of model similar to classic Artificial Life spatial lattice and trace the exhibition of aggressive and peaceful behavior depending on the income resource. We consider results of both models’ simulation as it was proposed in docking models method by Axtell and Axelrod.

Fossil Fuel Rents: Who Initiates International Crises?

AbstractExisting research suggests that both natural resource abundance and scarcity are likely to increase the risk of interstate and domestic conflict. Two crucial aspects, however, have largely been neglected in the existing literature: (1) the analysis of international crises (i.e. non-violent conflicts) and (2) the effects of different market conditions of energy resources. Especially a growing number of market participants can affect the strategic value of natural resources and, thus, the incentives for international crisis initiation. It is argued that different market structures make countries to adopt either aggressive or more peaceful behavior towards other states, and this is why I empirically then disaggregate fossil fuels along with the market that they belong to. This study examines 179 countries at the monadic level since 1980. The results suggest variation on the incentives of crisis initiation along the different fossil fuels, while I also correct for potential endogeneity issues.