Peace Attitudes Research Articles

Sınıf Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı Öğrencileri için Barış Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sınıf eğitimi anabilim dalı öğrencilerinin barış tutum düzeylerinin anlaşılması için kullanılacak bir barış tutum ölçeği geliştirmektir. İlk olarak, ilgili araştırmalardan yola çıkılarak, barış tutumu bir çerçeve ile tanımlanmıştır. Daha sonra 81 öğretmen / öğretmen adayından barışa ilişkin duygu ve düşünceleri alınmıştır. Literatürdeki benzer ölçekler incelenerek, bu araştırmanın amacına uygun olan maddeler alınmıştır. Bu ölçeklerden alınan toplam 24 maddenin, barış tutumunun bazı boyutlarını karşıladığı ancak belirlenen alt boyutları karşılamada yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Eksik kalan alt boyutlar ile ilgili araştırmacı tarafından 9 madde daha oluşturulmuştur. Maddeler için uzman görüşü alınarak ön uygulama için hazır hale getirilen ölçek, farklı üniversitelerde öğrenim gören sınıf eğitimi anabilim dalı öğrencilerine uygulanmıştır. Güvenilirlik analizi için Cronbach Alpha katsayısı hesaplanmış, geçerlik için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda 5 faktöre dağılmış 25 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Bu 5 faktör, ölçek varyansının %47,02’sini açıklamaktadır. Ölçek için güvenirlik katsayısı Cronbach Alpha 0,89 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortaya çıkan barış tutumunun yapısının açıklanması ilgili literatür taramasıyla desteklenmiştir. Ölçeğin, benzer çalışmalara katkısının olacağı umulmaktadır.

The Contribution of the Literary Works of François Fénelon ‘The Adventures of Telemachus, Son of Ulysses’ and of Voltaire ‘Candide’, to the Cultivation of Humanitarian Awareness

Fenelon and Voltaire, the two French philosophers and pedagogues, influenced a wide range of people in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. The philosophers who followed were inspired by their work which contained ideological hints and promoted humanitarian awareness. We followed the historical analysis method, we intend to present through Fenelon’s ‘The Adventures of Telemachus, Son of Ulysses’ and Voltaire’s ‘Candide’ how these literary works act as a dynamic change agent in order to promote peaceful attitude, develop empathy, foster tolerance for diversity, cultivate morality, but also motivate young people. Fenelon promotes his views on political wisdom and denounces the greed for wealth and the expansionist wars. Voltaire parodies optimism and criticizes war. The ideological background of the two men is completely opposite; Fenelon is religious and his work is based on his faith, whereas Voltaire struggles against Church. Nevertheless, they both denounce the atrocities committed during war, the vanity of wealth, whilst they both use a utopia to describe the ideal society. In this paper, we will discuss similarities and differences between these two books, the way their writers approach the factors that lead to human suffering, their proposals on anthropocentric policy which should be followed by “kings” for the avoidance of war and the support for peace and justice, the way they encourage their readers to behave and live their lives, because they are themes which strike the modern reader too. The study of these books helps people cultivate critical thinking, get knowledge which leads to wisdom and derive from them social, philosophical, religious, political and pedagogical elements in order to foster solidarity.

Pedagogy of Peacefulness as an Effort of Peaceful Education at School

Based on the phenomenon occurred at all level of education, it was found that the circumstances of the schools were unsafe and uncomfortable for students and academics. There were a number of direct and indirect violence carried out at schools and it had impacts on physical and psychological health of students. There was no existence of positive peace in the form of structural violence, socio-cultural violence, ecological violence and negative peace such as tribal warfare, fights and aggression. What happened actually although the nature of man in conscience had the basic harmony and desire to live together in tranquility? Therefore, the common perception of the concept of peace and peace pedagogy was needed to be created. Teachers as peace educators, thus, played an important role as a figure that had the personality of peace in the classroom and at school. The teacher as a peaceful personality consisted of three components: peaceful states, attitudes, and behavior that were consistent across one’s life spaces and life span. Moreover, the school also needed to develop an educational approach in the curriculum in synergy with the goals of education.

Does cross-Strait tourism induce peace? Evidence from survey data on Chinese tourists and non-tourists

Abstract Recent studies revisit the debate over whether tourism promotes peace via intergroup contacts. In this article, we examine the case of China-Taiwan confrontation and argue that the increase of Chinese tourists visiting Taiwan contributes to peace across the Taiwan Strait. Specifically, the touristic experiences and interactions with Taiwanese improve Chinese people’s understanding of Taiwan, fostering a patient and peaceful attitude toward the prospect of cross-Strait relations. With the survey data collected during July and September 2013, we find that Chinese people who were visiting Taiwan for the first time were less likely to support a rapid pace to the unification between China and Taiwan or unification by force than those who had never visited Taiwan. Additionally, the attitude is stronger among independent tourists than those who came in escorted tour groups. Our findings suggest that contacts between tourists and locals are effective in alleviating political tension across the Taiwan Strait.

Pendidikan Islam Multikultural Upaya Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Multikultural

Islam moderate, is a typical Indonesian Islam that has been tested by history, and became the inspiration of international Muslims. Islam and Indonesian Muslims continue to find their momentum as a religion that promotes moderate, inclusive, humanist, tolerant and peaceful attitudes, isathiyah Islam is a typical Indonesian Islam. But lately, the uniqueness began to shift. In facts about the conflict and violence perpetrated by individuals and groups in the name of religion even under the pretext of defending religion have undermined diversity and tolerance itself

Pendidikan Islam Multikultural Upaya Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Multikultural

Islam moderate, is a typical Indonesian Islam that has been tested by history, and became the inspiration of international Muslims. Islam and Indonesian Muslims continue to find their momentum as a religion that promotes moderate, inclusive, humanist, tolerant and peaceful attitudes, isathiyah Islam is a typical Indonesian Islam. But lately, the uniqueness began to shift. In facts about the conflict and violence perpetrated by individuals and groups in the name of religion even under the pretext of defending religion have undermined diversity and tolerance itself

NEED OF PEACE EDUCATION IN TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES

Under the present predicament there is a growing realization in the world of education today that children should be educated in the art of peaceful living. As a result, more and more peace concepts, attitudes, values and behavioral skills are being integrated in to school curricula in many countries. There is also renewed interest to develop peace related disciplines such as value education, moral education, global education, etc. In the past we seemed to have assumed that the more knowledge people have, the better they are. Accordingly, we stressed cognitive learning in schools at the cost of developing children’s emotional, social, moral, and humanistic aspects. The consequence of such imbalanced learning is evident today in the forms of youth unrest with their antisocial attitudes and behavioral problems. The paper focuses on the inculcation of education for peace as an integral part of the teacher training programme. Education for peace implies an active concept of peace through values, life skills and knowledge in a spirit of equality, respect, empathy, understanding and mutual appreciation among individuals, groups and nations.

Conflict and Peace Attitudes of Black Sea Region States

Conflict and Peace Attitudes of Black Sea Region States

Pacific men: how the feminist gap explains hostility

ABSTRACTThe gender gap in attitudes to foreign policy is well established in public opinion literature. Studies have repeatedly reported that women tend to be more peaceful and less militaristic than men. This article reexamines attitudes of individuals in relation to foreign policy and pits the gender gap against the largely forgotten feminist gap. We argue that the individual-level relationship between gender equality attitudes on the one hand, and tolerance and benevolence on the other, is under-researched, but also that key contributions about the effects of feminism have been mostly ignored in research on the gender gap in public opinion. We return to the notion of a causal relationship between gender equality attitudes, and peaceful attitudes, and of a feminist gap that also exists among men. In a series of novel empirical tests, we demonstrate that attitudes to gender equality, not biological sex, explain attitudes towards other nationalities and religious groups. Using individual-level survey data from five countries around the Pacific: China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and the United States of America, we show that both men and women who reject gender equality are much more hostile both to other nations and to minorities in their own country.

Testosterone and Homicide (An African Perspective)

The enigma of the relationship between testosterone and violence remained of blurred boundaries, yet a challenging conundrum for forensic psychiatry and psychology. This article presents the outcome of a case controlled study comparing testosterone blood level from 50 inmates convicted for murder with 50 cross matched control. A positive association was found between inmates convicted for murder and high testosterone blood level. Moreover, the relationship is even stronger between high testosterone blood level and individuals with recurrent aggressive intensions and who experienced recurrent criminal thoughts that are completely opposite with individuals who are possessed with peaceful attitudes, with P value of 0.002, 0.0001 and 0.000 consecutively.

Representations of Armed Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Tajikistan: Describing and Restricting Women’s Agency

In both Soviet and post-Soviet Tajikistan, representations of armed women are a key propaganda topic for the regime, as it allows the production and imposition of gender roles, including norms of femininity. This article analyses the representations of armed women presented in both the state press and state-funded research in Soviet and post-Soviet Tajikistan. The analysis reveals the making of the Soviet periphery and questions the continuities and ruptures between Soviet and post-Soviet regimes. Part one analyses how Tajikistani armed women were represented in the collective memories of the Great Patriotic War, revealing gender hierarchies and hierarchies between Soviet centre and periphery. In the second part of the article, I analyse how representations of armed women changed in the post-Soviet regime. In the post-conflict context, women are mainly celebrated by the nationalist state for their peaceful attitude and “pure” behaviour. Whilst Tajikistani women are encouraged to join the police forces by the government, the state press dedicated to women promotes a double burden for women: to be a woman in uniform and to be a mother.

The Mediating and Moderating Role of Self-efficacy in the Relationship between Hope and Peace Attitudes

Article History: Received 21.02.2016 Received in revised form 18.03.2016 Accepted 20.03.2016 Available online 23.03.2016 The current study was designed to investigate the mediating and moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between hope and peace attitudes. The participants were 293 adolescents who are continuing their high school education. 57% of the students were females, 43% of them were males. Their ages were between 14 and 16. The following inventories were used to collect data: Turkish version of Children’s Hope Scale to assess hope, Self-efficacy Scale for Children to evaluate selfefficacy, and Peace Attitudes Scale to measure attitudes towards peace. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to investigate the mediator and moderator role of self-efficacy. The results pointed out that self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between hope and peace attitudes, and plays also a moderator role in this relationship. Mediation indicates that as hope increases peace attitudes increase as well and self-efficacy has a mediator effect in this enhancement. Moderator role indicates that that self-efficacy strengthened the relation between hope and peace attitudes. The importance of the results is discussed in the light of literature. © 2016 IOJES. All rights reserved

Francis of Assisi and the Sultan

In 1219, Francis of Assisi had an encounter with Sultan Melek al-Kamil in Egypt. The interpretation of this meeting is controversial. On the one hand it is seen as a paradigm of a peaceful interreligious dialogue; on the other, mediaevalists think this idea was inconceivable in the 13th century. The mediaeval sources are contradictory. This article raises the question if Francis’s deed was a breach in the spirituality of his days, and if so, how that is traceable. The sources tend to adapt Francis’s attitude to the expectations of his age. The oldest source states that Francis “made little progress” in converting the Sultan but also that the Sultan and the Saint understood each other. Francis’s Rule, written at the same time, shows that he advocated a peaceful attitude towards the Muslims. Because this was so uncommon, both his contemporaries and historians have difficulties in perceiving this breach.

Subjective well-being as a predictor of peace attitudes in adolescents<p>Ergenlerde barışa yönelik tutumların yordayıcısı olarak öznel iyi oluş

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate attitudes towards peace with respect to subjective wellbeing and gender. The participants of the study were 240 students who were taking their high school education in Kocaeli. Two different inventories were applied to the students; Adolescent Subjective Wellbeing Inventory and Peace Attitudes Scale. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate if and to which degree subjective wellbeing predicts peace attitudes. To examine the relation between peace attitudes and gender, independent sample t-test was conducted. The results indicated that the peace attitudes of adolescents does not change according to gender (t238= -.153; p>.05). According to the Pearson correlation coefficients, there is positive relations ranged from .30 to .65 between peace attitudes and four subscales of subjective well-being (p<.001). The multiple regression analysis that was held to investigate the predictor role of subjective wellbeing on peace attitudes revealed that family relations satisfaction and positive feelings explains peace attitudes significantly (R<sup>2</sup>= .48 ; F reg= 53,468; p< .001).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Bu çalışmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinin barışa yönelik tutumlarının öznel iyi oluş (aile ilişkilerinde doyum, önemli diğer kişilerle ilişkide doyum, yaşam doyumu, olumlu duygular) ve cinsiyet açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırma verileri, 2014-2015 Eğitim ve Öğretim Yılı'nda Kocaeli ilinde üç lisede eğitim gören 14-16 yaşları arasında 240 öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri kişisel bilgi formu, ergen öznel iyi oluş ölçeği ve barışa yönelik tutumlar ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada veri analizinde cinsiyete göre barışa yönelik tutumların değişip değişmediğini test etmek için t-testi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, kız (X=16.297) ve erkek (X=16.356) öğrencilerin barışa yönelik tutumları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamaktadır (t238=-.153; p>.05). Değişkenler arasındaki ilişki pearson korelasyon katsayısı ile incelendiğinde, barışa yönelik tutumlar ile öznel iyi oluşun dört alt boyutu arasındaki korelasyonların .30 ile .65 arasında değiştiği gözlenmiştir (p<.001). Öznel iyi oluşun barışa yönelik tutumlarını açıklayıp açıklamadığını incelemek için yapılan çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise öznel iyi oluşun aile ilişkilerinde doyum ve olumlu duygular alt boyutlarının barışa yönelik tutumlar üzerinde açıklanan varyansa katkısının anlamlı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. (R<sup>2</sup>= .48 ; F reg= 53,468; p< .001). <strong></strong></p>

Relationship of peace attitudes with personality traits, gender and age groups

Relationship of peace attitudes with personality traits, gender and age groups Objective: Aim of this study is to examine the associations between attitudes towards peace and personality traits, gender and different age groups. Method: A total of 236 individuals, of whom 118 were adolescents and 118 were elders (111 males and 125 females), completed the NEO Five Factor Inventory and the Peace Attitudes Scale. In this study, hierarchical regression analysis were used in order to determine which personality traits predicts peace attitudes. In order to investigate the associations of the attitudes towards peace with gender and different age groups, independent t-test methods were used. Results: According to results, female adolescents have higher positive attitudes towards peace than male adolescents. On the other hand, there is no gender difference according to attitudes towards peace among elders. Besides, elders have much positive attitudes towards peace than adolescents. In addition to this, agreeableness of five-factor personality model predicted attitudes towards peace among both adolescents and elders. Conclusion: Among personality traits agreeableness effects attitudes towards peace. While gender is an important factor for attitudes towards peace among adolescents, it is not important among elders. Reason for this may be the gender roles and development of these roles.

Speaking about the War of 1812: Reinterpreting History in the Rhetoric Surrounding Canada’s Inter-War Diplomacy (1919–1939)

A remarkable feature of Canada’s external relations in the years between the two world wars of the twentieth century is the extent to which Canada’s conduct and speeches by its representatives on international affairs were dominated by imagery of North American harmony. Past clashes, most notably the War of 1812, or simply differences of views were forgotten or overlooked in the construction of a myth that served to justify inaction and the denial of commitments in imperial and world affairs. An aloof, unhelpful stance internationally was depicted more positively as a worthy example of peaceful attitudes and conduct. Thus, the inter-war period was dominated by rhetoric about ‘the longest undefended border in the world,’ ‘[more than a] century of peace in North America,’ and the contrast between the ‘New World’ and the ‘Old World’ in world affairs. No Canadian speech in an international forum seemed complete without some variation on these themes and without an admonition to Europeans and other miscreants to settle disputes by conciliation, negotiation and arbitration – rather than resort to war – as was the tradition in relations between Canada and the United States. This paper deals with the development, application and effect in the inter-war period of the lessons supposedly drawn from the experience and especially the aftermath of the War of 1812.

Subjective Well‐Being and Peace

Hierarchical generalized linear modeling was employed to examine the relations between person‐level subjective well‐being (SWB) and peace‐relevant attitudes, and how these relations vary across nations in the World Values Survey. Person‐level SWB was associated with more confidence in the government and armed forces, greater emphasis on postmaterialist values, stronger support for democracy, less intolerance of immigrants and racial groups, and greater willingness to fight for one's country. These associations were moderated at the nation level by liberal development, violent inequality, gross domestic product, and nation‐level SWB. The moderator effects indicate that happy people are not completely blind to the conditions of their society and that their endorsement of peace attitudes is sensitive to whether the conditions for peace do exist.

Exploratory study of changing ethnic stereotypes of the Ukrainian teacher candidates towards peaceful attitudes

The study focuses on exploring the method of changing pre‐service teachers’ stereotypes about different ethnicities. The purpose of the study is to test, or try out, an approach for changing beliefs and attitudes of teacher candidates towards peacebuilding, democracy, humanism, and accepting others. The procedure for this study involved investigating teacher candidates’ attitudes or ethnic stereotypes about different nations bordering Ukraine and about themselves as well, conducting attitudes/stereotypes’ intervention towards the formation of teachers’ peaceful attitudes, and analyzing the consequences of this intervention. The article specifically analyses the research experience for teacher candidates as they reflected on their multi‐ethic practices. It also utilizes the research findings to inform the field of teacher education for peace.

The Baha’i curriculum for peace education

Although efforts to teach peaceful attitudes and behaviors have been documented in many countries, those very institutions centrally concerned with education have proven themselves ineffective in educating citizens to better learn to live together. This paper addresses peace education from the perspective of the Baha’i faith, which has concerned itself with peace education since its inception in the early 1800s. A description of peaceful behaviors is presented within an international overview of peace education generally. This leads to an overview of Baha’i peace program principles and practice within formal and informal settings. Comparisons with other peace education programs in both secular and religious contexts are provided, along with a general critique of all peace education attempts. Suggestions for addressing program weaknesses according to Baha’i guidelines for building unity are proposed as possible descriptors and assessment tools for peaceful behavior.

Top dogs have set the agenda for peace: international social position and peace attitudes

Everybody agrees that peace is good, but not on how to achieve it. The Y2K study contained many questions on peace proposals, as well as on prospects for East/West and North/South peace. It ranked these proposals by popularity and studied how the social positions of the 1967 respondents and their countries affected what proposals were preferred and their predictions on peace or war. It now turns out that, neither centre, nor periphery got it quite right. In the former East, the people set the agenda and removed the iron curtain. In the West, however, the top dogs set the agenda, with military intervention, even called ‘peace enforcement’, high on it. Recent political and military developments indicate that ‘peace’ is likely to remain ‘peace between top dogs’; there will be few advocates for putting severe conflicts and violations of human rights in the periphery (e.g. Burundi and Sudan) high on the peace agenda.