Times Of Peace Research Articles

사회과에서의 4·3 수업 실천 의미: 중학교 사회과 교사의 자기 연구

The generational transmission of Jeju 4‧3 after the 4‧3 is a calling of the times. The most effective and formal way to achieve this generational transmission to the post-experience generation of Jeju 4‧3 is through school education. Despite the importance of Jeju 4‧3 education, there is a lack of research addressing the practical aspects of education on Jeju 4‧3. Therefore, this study aims to examine the practices and educational significance of classes on Jeju 4‧3 conducted by a social studies teacher at a middle school in Jeju. To this end, the researcher, a social studies teacher at K Middle School in Hagwi-ri, Aewol-eup, Jeju City, conducted a self-study. Through this self-study, the researcher reflected on classes on Jeju 4‧3 practiced from 2023 to 2024 and on the teacher as the principal agent of these class practices. In 2023 and 2024, the researcher practiced classes titled ‘Peaceful Times: Focusing on Human Rights Violations and Restoration of Jeju 4‧3’ and ‘Those Left Behind After Jeju 4‧3: Breaking the Enforced Silence and Advancing Beyond Jeju 4‧3 Special Act’ in the third-and first-year social studies classes, respectively. Practicing 4‧3 classes based on achievement standards within the social studies curriculum over these two years holds meanings such as implementing community-based social studies education, teaching transitional justice, teaching difficult history, and overcoming teachers’ self-censorship. Finally, the researcher suggested tasks for collaboration among the Office of Education, teacher education institution to support the implementation of Jeju 4‧3 classes by teachers. It is hoped that this study will contribute to broadening the horizon of social studies class research and Jeju 4‧3 education research with themes of state violence and truth and justice.

Aktuální problémy provádění závazků mezinárodního humanitárního práva v době míru

This contribution deals with measures that have to be taken in time of peace in order to render states capable of fulfilling all international humanitarian law obligations. It focuses on measures that are necessary due to their nature, rather than measures expressly required by international instruments. These measures involve mainly the coordination of activities of state bodies and other subjects, precautions against the effects of attacks, the preparation of camps for prisoners of war and civilian detainees, identification of persons and the preparation of information bureaus.

Coordinated One Health investigation and management of outbreaks in humans and animals caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses.

When investigating and controlling outbreaks caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIV), a One Health approach is key. However, knowledge-sharing on AIV-specific One Health strategies, tools and action plans remains limited across the EU/EEA. It is crucial to establish responsibilities, capacity requirements, and collaboration mechanisms during 'peace time' to enable timely and effective outbreak investigations and management. This report focuses on five scenarios for outbreak investigation and management of zoonotic AIV at the human-animal-environment interface, emphasising key actions for the stakeholders involved. The document primarily highlights the collaborative framework necessary for interdisciplinary coordinated responses, referring to more detailed guidance and technical reports published elsewhere when applicable. Three scenarios are triggered by suspected outbreaks in animals, including kept animals of listed species, non-listed species, companion animals and wild birds/mammals. The other two scenarios are initiated by a probable human case or detection of the virus in wastewater or environmental samples (e.g. surface water or other sources). All scenarios require cross-sectoral coordination and a One Health approach. While the specific sequence of actions and communication needs may differ across scenarios, the overarching response mechanisms for outbreak investigations and management remain consistent. By presenting each scenario alongside the integrated actions of stakeholders, the report identifies critical development needs, such as tools (e.g. communication and data sharing platforms); key points for information exchange across sectors, triggers for joint risk assessments, and gaps in existing knowledge. The document should assist in developing guidance documents to facilitate coordinated One Health investigations and the management of outbreaks in humans and animals caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses.

Civic Activity in Non-Governmental Organizations for Ensuring Security of Local Communities

ObjectivesThe aim of the article is to identify the role that the activity of members of these communities organized in non-governmental organizations plays in ensuring the safety of local communities. The article also aims to identify factors that favor and disfavor the creation of grassroots social initiatives in conditions of deficiencies in civil society, which allow for a more complete understanding of the opportunities and challenges related to the use of social potential to ensure the security of local communities.Material and methodsThe basic research technique used in the article was content analysis. The article analyzes mainly the content of the literature on the subject. Available source materials and existing legal acts were also used. The results of research on the functioning of the third sector in Poland were also analyzed in the text.ResultsNon-governmental organizations, due to their "local nature", have much greater opportunities to engage in the implementation of tasks related to the security of local communities than, for example, in the field of national security. In local communities, especially small towns and villages, there is also an increased demand for support from non-state entities to meet the security needs of residents. However, the role of the third sector in ensuring the security of local communities will always be regulated by state law and the state of functioning of the state.ConclusionsThe tasks of non-governmental organizations to ensure security will be different in times of peace, different in times of crisis, and still different in times of war. According to Polish law, the activities of non-governmental organizations during war or martial law may be suspended, may, however, be used to conduct military operations.

Development of Maritime Area Resilience in The Indonesian Border Areas As Implementation of A Total War Strategy in Peace Times

Development of Maritime Area Resilience in The Indonesian Border Areas As Implementation of A Total War Strategy in Peace Times

The reconstruction and new role of the defense industry in Central Europe - experiences from the war in Ukraine

This paper presents two major issues. Firstly, the impact of Russian aggression on how security is perceived in Central Europe, and secondly, the importance of changing security policies, with a special focus on the defense industry. Our findings in these areas will permit us to answer the main question of the research - on the reconstruction and new role of the defense industry in Central Europe since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022. The arms industry was one of the pillars of the Cold War economic and political system, and was a crucial asset in the blocks’ rivalry. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the beginning of a structural transformation in Central Europe. Released from the Soviet grip, countries in the region turned to Western institutions and became an important part of them. The year 1989 seemed to close a period of tough historical experience, and the 30 years that followed were a time of peace and growing prosperity. Yet a resurgence of Russian imperialism brought old anxieties back to the surface and ultimately caused Europe’s architecture of security to falter. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 released the demons of the past, and has seriously reoriented politics - not only in Central and Eastern Europe.

Is China-Taiwan Rapprochement Possible? Experimental Evidence From Taiwan

Any peaceful resolution to the Cross-Strait conflict between China and Taiwan is likely to be composed of give-and-take between the two sides, and any agreement will ultimately require the support of Taiwan’s citizens, by whom Taiwan’s leaders are held accountable. Yet little is known about the actual tradeoffs Taiwanese citizens are willing to make in pursuit of an agreement in a time of peace. In conjoint experiments fielded in Taiwan in April 2022, we present Taiwanese respondents with hypothetical Cross-Strait agreements that randomly assign economic, security, and sovereignty-related concessions by the two sides. We find that support for agreements is conditioned by the concessions included, with sovereignty-related or security-related concessions by Taiwan lowering support, and sovereignty or security-related concessions by China increasing support. Additionally, respondents indicate that neither US support nor PRC threats significantly influence support for agreements, and that Taiwan's acceptance of an agreement substantially reduces the perceived likelihood of conflict.

North Africa in the Foreign Policy of Catherine II

The 18th century represented a transformative era for the Russian Empire, characterized by substantial internal reforms and notable foreign policy achievements. Amidst sweeping modernization efforts, Russia secured significant victories on the international stage. Under Peter I, Russia "opened a window" to Europe, while Catherine II's reign expanded Russia's geopolitical reach to the Black Sea, facilitating access to fertile southern territories and establishing crucial maritime routes for international trade. These strategic advancements considerably enhanced Russia's influence and strategic capacities. During Catherine II’s reign, Russia also initiated its first forays into North Africa, a region previously beyond the empire's strategic horizon. Prior to gaining maritime access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas, Russian interaction with North African territories was negligible. However, the geopolitical landscape of Catherine's era prompted the necessity of engaging with Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Tripoli.This article investigates the principal foreign policy initiatives of Russia toward North Africa during the latter half of the 18th century. These efforts served as ancillary operations to Russia's overarching conflict with the Ottoman Empire. Throughout the Russo-Turkish Wars, Russia exploited separatist movements within the Ottoman periphery to weaken its adversary strategically. In times of peace, Russian priorities shifted to safeguarding merchant vessels in the Mediterranean from attacks by Barbary corsairs—specifically from Tunisia, Algeria, and Tripoli. To mitigate these threats, Russia employed diplomatic pressure on the Sublime Porte and sought to negotiate peace agreements with North African states. Nevertheless, these early Russian engagements in North Africa were tentative and often marked by limited success and instances of diplomatic adventurism, leaving several initiatives unrealized.Utilizing archival documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI) and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA), this article provides a detailed examination of Russia’s diplomatic decision-making and negotiations with North African states. While prior Russian and foreign scholarship has analyzed specific events and countries in this context, this study seeks to offer a more holistic understanding of Russia’s foreign policy objectives and actions in North Africa during the 18th century.

Tuberculosis in Times of War and Peace

This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of tuberculosis (TB) across different historical contexts of war and peace, underscoring the disease’s resilience and adaptability. It highlights the exacerbation of TB transmission due to war-related factors such as mass displacement, malnutrition, and compromised healthcare systems, while also noting periods of peace as opportunities for advancing TB control measures. The chapter examines the impact of major conflicts on TB incidence and management, including World Wars I and II and more recent conflicts like the Ukraine war. It also discusses the evolution of TB control efforts, from the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to modern strategies against drug-resistant TB, emphasizing the importance of international collaboration and integrated public health strategies to combat this enduring global health challenge.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Pada Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional

Introductioan: Cases of sexual violence against children in non-international armed conflicts have long been recognized as deliberate and systematic violence. After that, legal protection against violence becomes very important to provide not only in times of peace but also in times of conflict. Sexual violence committed in non-international armed conflicts is categorized as a war crime and a crime against humanity, especially for minors as victims. So it is necessary to implement legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Purposes of the Research: Examining and analyzing the legal protection provided to children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Methods of the Research: The research was conducted through normative legal research with a legal approach to examine and analyze regulations relating to the legal protection of children as victims of sexual violence in non-international armed conflicts.Results of the Research: There are regulations relating to the protection of victims of sexual violence, especially children, committed intentionally by combatants in armed conflict. Legal protection, especially in non-international armed conflicts, is also part of the State's responsibility in resolving this case. So that there is implementation of rules related to the protection of human rights in armed conflict with all assistance from international organizations based on international humanitarian law which has provided legal protection for victims of sexual violence.

Intergenerational Conflict in Contemporary Cuba: Rivalry within Las Congas Santiagueras

The current article reflects on the topic of intergenerational conflict between those Cubans who lived closer to the beginning of the Castro-led Revolution of 1959, and those who were born closer to the beginning of the 1990s, during the fall of the Soviet Union, now referred to as the Special Period in the Time of Peace. In the documentary Lázaro and the Shark: Cuba under the Surface (2022), Cuban exile director William Sabourin O'Reilly showcases this national conflict. Through the screen, O’Reilly highlights the beauty of the Afro-influence combined with the intimate and lively rivalry between Santiago’s local Conga groups in a country riddled by harsh conditions to dive deeper into the ever-growing intergenerational conflict. Within this current conflict, Cuba’s generations are separated into Fidelists and Oppositionalists; in opposition to the Pragmatist and the Disengaged generation (Krull and Kobayashi). With recent restrictive legislation for Cuban filmmakers, the director’s ability to make a controversial documentary of this nature is only possible from outside of Cuba as an exile.

The Internet of Peace: Unpacking the Gender-IoT-peacebuilding Nexus in Sudan and Colombia

This research explored the linkages between gender, internet of things and peacebuilding in conflict and in peace times. A desk review of literature and a case analysis of two countries, Sudan and Colombia, were utilised to collect data for the study. The Feminist Techno-science Framework was applied to the study, to analyse how technologies can be used and designed to promote inclusive social justice and peace and it assesses how women’s experiences and perspectives can inform and shape technological innovation and draws the marginalised to the centre of peacebuilding action. The study concluded that inclusive usage of IoT advances the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda by providing opportunities for women's participation in peacebuilding processes, enhancing their social, economic, political, and environmental engagement, provided that operating legal frameworks for ICT usage are gender inclusive.

Influence of the Russian-Ukrainian war on changes in restoration and monuments protection activities

It is analyzed how the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war influenced the change in the tasks of post-war reconstruction. Considering the scale of destruction and the number of damaged objects of cultural heritage, it is necessary to attract foreign investments and private investors for reconstruction, and this requires a change in approaches to the use of architectural monuments. Since the main destruction is not caused by natural phenomena, but by weapons, it is necessary to develop technologies for restoring objects after being hit by drones, missiles and their fragments, shells, etc. It is also necessary to train experts to assess damage in the regions and improve the legal framework. On the basis of theoretical and practical research carried out by the author, which related to the systematization of data and surveys of damaged and destroyed objects of historical and cultural heritage, the analysis of foreign experience, the scale of the loss of cultural heritage was determined. As a result of the processed information, it is assumed that there will be fundamental changes in the legal field, since without this it is impossible to attract investments, including foreign ones. Since damage to objects in times of war is different than in times of peace, technologies for the reconstruction of objects after being hit by drones, missiles, their fragments, and shelling must appear. This is possible on the basis of a consolidated systematization of data on how different structural schemes react to different types of destruction by weapons. In parallel with the development of special technologies for reconstruction after destruction caused by weapons, technologies for natural causes of the state of emergency (wetting, biofouling, cracks from subsidence, etc.) will also remain relevant. Often destruction by weapons also activates this type of state of emergency, the destroyed part of the house without primary roofing will begin to lock, biofouling will appear, etc. That is, the causes of the state of emergency from the war and the traditional causes become interdependent in this case.

Gênero, corpos e desejos nas ruínas de O Rei de Havana

Abstract This article proposes a reading of The King of Havana (1999), a novel by Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, keeping in mind the connection between the text, the political project of the New Man, implemented by the Socialist Government of Fidel Castro, and the economic crisis in Cuba, in the 1990s, during the Special Period in Times of Peace. In addition to the fractures of the Cuban economic and social project, the narrative explores processes of production of bodies and the instability of the categories sex, gender and desire in order to contest the hegemonic heterosexual matrix (Butler, 2003).

Navigating Minefields: Social Work with People with Disabilities in the Context of War

The systematic dehumanization of people with disabilities in peaceful times is magnified in times of war and during post-war periods, especially in regions and countries with prevalent medical-pathological approaches towards individuals with disabilities. This discussion combines historical, current, and anticipated impacts and integrates the experiences of practitioners and communities. Using critical social work and critical disability studies perspectives, we have questioned what we need to attend to in social work to ensure that, in war, we do not overlook people with impairments. We also ask how the lives of people living in long-term institutions have been affected and what has changed since the outbreak of war. Their rights have long been overlooked. The war zone in Ukraine provides a critical case study intended to increase sensitivity and understanding among academics and social work professionals about the needs and rights of people with disabilities, and about the multi-dimensional barriers and hazards, visible and invisible, that they experience in times of armed conflict and its aftermath. It is argued that this is a global and mainstream concern, not a marginal topic. New emphasis is given to social work's potential and shared responsibilities to contribute to the realization of the rights of people with disabilities in a war context, through training, research, practice, and policy.

Civil-Military Participation in Hostility Model: Theorizing attack of security personnel by civilians and vice versa

Theorizing civilian attacks on military and police officers in Ghana, the author adopted the Direct Participation in Hostilities concept applied in International Humanitarian Law during war time to protect civilians in the “Civil-Military Participation in Hostility Model”. It seeks to theorize the factors coalescing into incidence of hostilities during peace time by civilians against agents of State Security and vice versa. The Direct Participation in Hostilities refers to the cancellation of security protection of civilians during war, when they opt to participate in hostilities caused by the enemy, military or police intervention or operations. That conduct evaporates the expectation of protection from the military or police personnel, which makes the civilians targets in war times. In peace time, when civilians attack security personnel for cause or without cause, the withdrawal of protective performative services by State Security services should be the same as if it is war time situation justified by the concepts of self-defence and State Security. The “Civil-Military Participation in Hostilities Model” is a constructivist and realist approach to the resulting harm either perpetrated by civilians on the security personnel or the security personnel attacks due to civilian infractions or breach of public order. The eruption of hostilities from either angle may be due to the absence of a capable guardian or legal framework; and the absence of culpability, probity and accountability in security services delivery post-facto.

THE LANGUAGE OF PEACE AND WAR: UKRAINIAN FANDOM ON THE WAY TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION

The article discusses the peculiarities of the functioning of Ukrainian fantasy fandom as well as its transformations related to two main aspects: 1) from “the old” fandom to the new one and 2) from the ordinary forms of existence during the peaceful times to existence during the wartime after Russian full-scale invasion in Ukraine in February 2022.The article indicates the general transformation of the scholarly research of the fandom in the Western academic context. It is possible to present it as the flow from an “ethnographic” or external interpretation of the fandom as a part of the mass culture that depends on the specifics of the popular culture production, to the “internal” or integrated descriptions of the fandom functioning as a separated sphere of social activity.The article argues that there are two stages of the existence of Ukrainian fantasy-related fandom. “The old” fandom emerged in the pre-computer era and was based on the Soviet fandom, which influenced its peculiarities. For instance, there are such aspects as statelessness, the absence of national representation (and the dominance of Russo-centrism as the common cultural platform), the importance of direct interpersonal contacts, distancing from contact with authorities, and the tendency to reduce the presence of the fandom in the shared urban space.Unlike “the old” fandom, “the new” one is developing under the influence of new communicational technologies, which erases the barriers to entering the fandom for new members, enlarges the zones of potential contacts, eliminates geographic and territorial barriers, etc. Moreover, “the new” fandom is more integrated into the urban space and is more available for communications. For the Ukrainian fandom, the transition from “the old” fandom to the “new one” means focusing on domestic cultural issues as the fandom becomes Ukraine-centric.Russian military aggression against Ukraine, from annexing Crimea in 2014 to the full-scale invasion in 2022, became the inner catalyst for the development and transformation of the Ukrainian fandom. The external existential threat led to the transformation of the practices, implemented by the fandom and to the rise of the Ukrainian popular culture, which is closely related to the fandom. During the full-scale invasion, the Ukrainian fandom, preserving its core responsibilities (communication and social activity around popular culture functioning), spreads its new topical responsibilities: apart from the domestic volunteer work, which unites the majority of Ukrainian communities, it includes the educational activity, gaining subjectivity during international communication with the foreign fandom of Europe and the USA, charitable activity, etc.

The development of AUKUS in the Indo-Pacific region and its influence on Indonesia’s policy as a global maritime fulcrum

The trilateral defense and security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States has strong impact to the security dynamics in the Indo-Pacific area. This agreement entails a strengthened alliance between Australia and enhanced military collaboration with the United States and the United Kingdom resulting in regional volatility. This paper aims to examine the AUKUS (Australia–United Kingdom–United States Partnership) agreement and the resulting ensuing instability in the Indo-Pacific region, specifically from Indonesia’s perspective. The focus of the research is on the interplay between Indonesia’s diplomacy capability and the military functions of the Indonesian Navy as security policy. This study employs a qualitative approach to delve into in-depth insights into the evolution of AUKUS in the Indo-Pacific region, which triggered a series of responses from many countries subsequent to the announcement of the establishment of the AUKUS Defense Pact. The AUKUS establishment simply reinforces the notion that geopolitical tensions are pulling the area apart. The influence of the AUKUS-China war can jeopardize regional stability since the US and China continuously demonstrate the supremacy of their armaments in order to dissuade one another. The AUKUS-China contest has had a highly adverse impact on Indonesia. This article argues that the Indonesian Navy’s diplomatic prowess is crucial because it has the potential to play a big influence in the Indo-Pacific region’s international political dynamics concerning the South China Sea. Furthermore, the Indonesian Navy must proactively prepare for potential armed conflicts in Indonesian territorial seas by developing a comprehensive maritime policy during times of peace, leveraging its geographical advantages.

INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES OF THE SPEECH BEHAVIOR OF A FEMALE REBEL IN TAMARA HORIKHA ZERNYA’S NOVEL "DAUGHTER"

Rebellion as a form of deviant behavior has been studied by psychologists, sociologists, literary critics and linguists. In linguistics, this type of behavior (speech behavior in particular) can be studied through the lens of various fields of knowledge — linguistic personology, pragmatics, gender linguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. This study is an attempt to analyze rebellion as a peculiar type of personal behavior at different levels: verbal and action, which was expressed in specific words, phrases and actions. The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that, firstly, rebellion is described within the framework of psycholinguistics, taking into account the archetypes identified by Carl Jung on the basis of the novel "Daughter" by Tamara Horikha Zernya about the war that began in 2014; secondly, the dynamics of rebellion in all its manifestations is observed: in the speech behavior and in the specific actions of a young woman who consciously resists in the occupied territory of Donetsk. The purpose of the study is to analyze the manifestations of a woman’s individual rebellion expressed by linguistic means in different communicative situations and in the process of auto-communication. The object of the research was the protagonist’s dialogues and monologues in the process of the occupiers’ military actions. The subject of the study is the linguistic means of expressing the increasing level of rebellion in a woman’s mental state as a counteraction to enemies. The research material is the text of the fictional work of the documentary book "Daughter". In the process of analysis, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, descriptive method, inductive method, as well as the method of psycholinguistic and contextual-interpretive analysis. The Daughter experiences different mental states, as evidenced by her speech. During peaceful times, she does not use rude words. With the enemies, she switches to the language of the occupiers, puts on different masks: a frightened girl, a grown woman and a sister who rejoices in the "liberators" as well as a brave fighter etc. The prospect for further research lies in the analysis of contemporary texts about the war, which describe the rebellion of Ukrainian heroes.

What Law “Is” Possible in Wartime?

During the peaceful time law is silence. It is a silent background of the everyday life, where to give money means to receive goods, to buy a ticket – to reach your destination, to go out from home means a safety walk through the streets and parks. In such cases law is hidden behind similar practice. It’s like an air or light, which exist in the space without self-presentation. And similar to the air and light as the part of our world law as the silent background of our everydayness makes the latter possible. Metaphorically say, law lets the whole social world to be – and lets us to be as the part of this world. It is Adalbert Stifter’s “soft law” (“sanfte Gesetz”) which brings us to the truth of our Being and gives possibility for us to be, who we are – purchases and sellers, neighbors, employers, pedestrians and drivers and so many other modes of being-as-someone (das Alssein, in terms of W. Maihofer), which are derived from the horizon of the social world. In opposite, a war is loud. The sounds of shelling, rocket strikes or air bombardments are deafening the silence of the “soft law,” silence of the mute background which gives the word to the truth of our life with one another. In the similar case silence as the tissue of our common Being, which is woven by the law, is broken apart by the shelling, gun machine’s bursts or sirens of air-raid warnings. If in peaceful times we “inhale” the law or “light up” our lives by the law “in the background regime” then during the war we don’t have “enough air or light.” We try to “inhale breath of law” frantically or – during the discrete “flash of law” – to look, who we are, where we are and is there any world yet – common world of our Being-with-others or the whole horizon of the social possibilities is closed already? In other words, in the war times the silence of law is broken and law exists not as silent continual background, but only as discrete spark in the darkness of war. The world is closed by the war.