Peace Situations Research Articles

Stakeholders’ Contribution to the Cotabato Historical Conflict: Experiences and Perspectives on Conflict

Understanding stakeholders' contributions to the Cotabato historical conflict has agreeable benefits for the community, especially for human security. Stakeholders were the primary actors in times of conflict. This study employed phenomenological research design to capture stakeholders' experiences about their contributions in pre- and post-conflict scenarios. Results show promising initiatives on how the inter-agency collaborative efforts stabilize and maintain the safety among the people. The historical conflicts in Cotabato come in series, massive displacement and attacks. Cultural stereotyping and misunderstanding became the dividing factors that caused the conflict to last so long. The late 1960s to 2000s were the years when the province suffered from economic losses and failure, unstable living conditions, starvation, and discrimination brought by different parties involved between GRP vs. Blackshirt; this war was between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro people who inhabited the Province of Cotabato that called themselves as Blackshirt, GRP vs. NPA; this war was between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the New Peoples' Army who fought for reform the government; GRP and a group of Umbrakato and ILAGA vs. Moro; the Ilonggo Land Grabbers Association was headed by Umbrakato who fought against the Moro and maintained alliance with the Philippine government. However, LGU, military, and barangay officials' commitment to normalizing the situation was the highest support. As a result, people return home confident in a peaceful situation and hoping for peace. Another striking initiative was headed by LGUs, NGOs, and religious groups to health care facilities and food. A community-based program like Duyog Ramadhan helped increase community awareness and encourage cooperation. On the other hand, establishing military camps and observatory units to identify conflicted areas improves human security. This study, therefore, provides a meaningful reference to how, in conflict situations, stakeholders can improve areas where human security is challenged.

Civil Protection in Peace Forces Missions: Challenges and Solutions (Case Study of UNAMID in Darfur)

Civilian protection in peacekeeping missions is important in both war and peace situations. Civilian protection in peace missions faces various challenges in its implementation. Civilian protection efforts involve a variety of strategies designed to reduce risks and protect civilians from the dangers of armed conflict. These challenges include limited resources and personnel, security instability, and the complexity of relationships with various related parties. These factors pose significant obstacles to the effectiveness of peacekeepers in carrying out their duties. The research method used in this paper is a quantitative approach with a literature review design. By using a library review design, researchers can investigate the problems in the research. The findings of this research indicate that civilian protection in peacekeeping missions requires a comprehensive, holistic approach. This approach must involve synergy and collaboration between various related parties to achieve optimal results. Civilian protection is not only limited to physical security from threats of violence, but also includes social, humanitarian and political dimensions that are interrelated and very complex.

Analisis Semantik Pada Puisi "Sajak Matahari" Karya W.S Rendra

Poetry is a literary work that is produced from someone's experiences. A poem is composed using beautiful language and meaningful words written in the form of verses. To understand the meaning conveyed in a poem, semantic analysis needs to be conducted. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that discusses meaning and significance. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the meanings contained in W.S. Rendra's poem titled "Sajak Matahari" (The Sun Poem). Semantic analysis in this study is focused on analyzing lexical meaning, referential meaning, grammatical meaning, and figurative meaning. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. The qualitative descriptive approach will allow researchers to analyze the details of meaning in the poem to explain the meaning more deeply. In collecting research data, researchers use reading and note-taking techniques. The reading technique is carried out by reading the contents of the poem, then the results of reading the poem to examine the meaning. Note-taking technique is used to record lexical, referential, grammatical, and figurative meanings. The result of the meaning analysis in the poem "Sajak Matahari" is a poem that discusses perseverance/call for creating change in society, thus creating a fair and peaceful situation.

“Online group discussion was challenging but we enjoyed it!” an exploratory practice in extensive reading

PurposeWhile many works have reported adopting exploratory practice (EP) principles in language teaching research, only a few studies have explored the enactment of EP in an online extensive reading of students majoring in English education. Given the relative paucity of attention to the use of EP as the practitioner research in English language teaching (ELT), the present EP investigates how students understand online extensive reading practice mediated by online group discussion and extensive reading logs, where the first author served as the online extensive reading practice instructor.Design/methodology/approachThe exploratory practice focuses on incorporating research into pedagogy and fastens the importance of the quality-of-life in the classroom. The data were collected through students reading logs and semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using the thematic analysis. In this case, there were six phases including familiarizing with the data, generating initial codes, searching for the themes, reviewing the themes, defining the theme and writing up.FindingsThe findings reveal that online group work driven by EP enables everybody to engage in learning activities. EP assists the students in perceiving their potential and gaining a better awareness of the need to devote themselves to the class. In the EP activities, they work together to build a peaceful situation to advance the quality of learning in EFL classrooms.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study’s limitation is the small sample. Apart from that, the research results cannot be generalized to other places.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that EP is suitable to create a mutual understanding among the learners and teachers. To conclude, English language competency can be achieved in a pleasant atmosphere through EP.Originality/valueThe present study succeeded in adding new literature studies related to EPs by discussing online group discussions and their challenges during the learning process. These aspects were identified through reading logs and interviews with students. Thus, it focuses on the implementation and challenges of online group discussions.

Harmonizing Religious Diversity: Exploring Effective Intercultural Communication in Dukuh Sampetan Village

Religious tolerance is important to be instilled and carried out in building an interaction relationship in order to avoid divisions that can lead to conflict in society. The existence of a tolerant attitude towards religious differences and is expected to encourage the creation of a peaceful situation so as to create harmony in the interaction of people of different religions. In addition, it is also necessary to foster good harmonious communication so that it can form an understanding that leads to unity. Dukuh Sampetan is one of the dukuhs in Sampetan Village whose people consist of various religions, namely Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. This research uses qualitative research and the theory used is Effective Intercultural Workgroup Communication Theory. This research discusses cultural diversity, which means religious diversity in community groups in Sampetan Village in forming group communication that is able to achieve decisions, satisfaction and effectiveness of group performance in fostering tolerance between religious communities. The conclusion in this study is that communication that occurs in social life in Dukuh Sampetan runs effectively so that religious tolerance exists there is indeed true, seen from the forms of communication seen from general activities, communication that is usually carried out and religious activities.

Who Wants to Leave? Global Survey Evidence on How Individual Emigration Aspirations Differ Between Peaceful and Conflict-Affected Contexts

Does conflict change who desires to emigrate? Surprisingly, we still lack globally comparable empirical evidence on whether the types of individuals who want to leave their country differ between peaceful and conflict-affected locations. In this paper, we address this gap. We analyze unique survey data with global coverage to assess whether individual-level determinants of international permanent emigration aspirations differ during intrastate armed conflict compared to peaceful times and regions. We argue that armed conflict acts as an equalizer that attenuates the effect which individual economic and demographic variables have on international permanent emigration aspirations in peaceful contexts. As a result, aspirations to relocate permanently to another country increase among those demographic groups which are less inclined to move in peaceful situations. Our results indicate that variables related to a longer-term economic cost-benefit analysis, such as income or age, significantly lose importance for international permanent emigration aspirations in conflict situations. This demographic-specific effect explains an overall increase in emigration aspirations during conflicts. On average, we find no evidence that conflict increases the aspirations of all respondents to permanently move to another country. In contrast to income and age, the effects of demographic variables such as gender, household composition, or marital status are not significantly different across contexts.

Japan’s Contribution to International Peace: Restrictions and Advantages

Japan is said to be a peace-loving country. In fact, the State’s history indicates that Japan and its politicians have surely sought positive ways to dispatch Japan’s SDF personnel to UN or international operations for the pursuit of UN-centred policy, despite the State’s constitutional constraints. For example, Japan created or amended several laws including the PKO Law in 1992 as well as the JDR Law in 1987 and the Anti-Terrorism Law in 2001. Therefore, one can identify the evolving process of Japan’s contribution to international peace. However, at the time of writing, Japan’s contribution to UN peacekeeping is token. This article points out several restrictions and advantages for Japan to dispatch forces to overseas operations. The restrictions include legal, diplomatic, and situational ones. The advantages include ones due to the State’s record in the UN, due to the state’s diverse and comprehensive approaches to international peace, and those due to the current situation of international peace and security. Japan should take advantage of its middle-power status for its contribution to international peace. Keywords: Japan; International peace; The UN; Middle power

CONTEMPORARY INDONESIAN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN SUPPORTING PEACE IN ASEAN

This study aims to analyze Contemporary Indonesian Islamic Civilization in Supporting Peace in ASEAN. This study using library research produces research data that; (1) The existence of Indonesian Islam which has peaceful and moderate characteristics supports the establishment of a peaceful situation in ASEAN. (2) Differences between Indonesian Islam and several ASEAN member countries result in differences in social life. (3) Indonesian Islam and its contribution to the global civilization of Indonesian Islam. This study has implications for learning how to increase Islamic peace in ASEAN which is being pursued at the lecture level.

Mãe há só muitas: a figura materna nos contos de Lygia Fagundes Telles

The paper analyses the representation of the mother figure in thirteen short stories by Lygia Fagundes Telles, published between 1949 and 2007. Proving her status as a major figure in contemporary Brazilian literature, Lygia poses the question from multiple perspectives, also using a wide diversity of styles and tones. In some of the narratives, more or less common and reasonably peaceful situations are enacted, but there are others that could illustrate a psychiatry or psychoanalysis manual. The set, by the way, provides material that could serve as a basis for a history of contemporary women

Development of Russian tourism in the contemporary social and ethnocultural conditions

The author considers tourism as a relevant social-cultural phenomenon of contemporary Russia, which is important for economic development and establishing interethnic and interreligious balance in the cultural-axiological space of Russa. The author pays special attention to the migration processes in their connection with the situation in the tourism and hospitality industry and prospects for its development. Considering the global diversity of migration forms and types, the category of legal foreign labor migration is analyzed to clarify some substantial issues of external labor migration as having social and intercultural meanings. The author explains the efficiency of labor migrant flows in the renewing Russian touristic sphere; emphasizes the ethnocultural specificity of tourism and the ethnic character of migration; considers the regional situation through the host population’s perception of labor migrants and the native population’s assessment of the ambiguous role of foreign specialists in the formation of ethnic-cultural and civil identities in the multicultural Russian society. Tourism is defined as a significant economic and intercultural stabilizing factor contributing to the development of a tolerant environment and integrating external migrants into the host society. The article describes the relationship between the effective development of internal tourism and the progressive regulation of foreign labor migration. The analysis of the features of migration processes shows the changing nature of external labor migration due to objective socialeconomic factors, and the role of labor migrants in the formation of the all-Russian civil identity. The author insists on the correlation between the growing attractiveness of tourist sites and a stable and peaceful situation in the sphere of interethnic and interreligious relations, including between the autochthonous and allochthonous peoples of multinational Russia.

Indo-Pak Water Disputes: Causes and Consequences

Study Aim: The main objective of this research is to explore water conflicts between Pakistan and India and their effects on bilateral relations of both states. Indian concern to uphold hydro hegemony on the Western Rivers of Pakistan is also the main rationale of this research. The primary purpose of the study is to answer the research questions and explain the causes and consequences of water disputes between Pakistan and India. Methodology: Secondary sources are used to collect data and the analyses are made under the paradigm of qualitative content analysis method. The Indo-Pakistan water disputes are hampering the peaceful situation of South Asian region and it may lead the region towards the massive conflict. Findings: The South Asian region is counted as one of the most dangerous regions of the world due to persistent rivalry of Islamabad and New Delhi. The hostility between Pakistan and India is not novel but some issues are watering the plant of antagonism historically and it may be resulted into a war. There are many factors behind these adverse bilateral relations but Kashmir issue and water conflicts are more prominent and have potential to trigger any misadventure. Water security is gaining more significance as non-traditional security threats are becoming primary concern of every state. Initially, Indus Water Treaty (IWT) resolved the water issues between both states but in 21st century, it reemerged owing to the building of many hydropower projects on the Chenab, Jhelum and Indus rivers by India. Conclusion: Due to growing needs of water and decreasing supply, further tensions are increasing between Islamabad and New Delhi, which, are needed to be resolved immediately. Regular talks at Indus Water Commissioners level should be conducted and all reservations should be addressed. Efforts to maintain hydro-hegemony should also be avoided by India. It is also highly needed and required that confidence-building measures should be adopted by both states to avoid any futuristic combat like situation over water issues.

THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE ADMINISTRATION MECHANISMS IN THE SPHERE OF PREVENTING AND COMBATING ILLEGAL MIGRATION

The article analyzed global migration processes in recent decades. It was found that the development of modern civilization is directly related to the strengthening of globalization processes. Thus, the processes of globalization, European integration and destabilization of the peaceful situation in Ukraine and the peace system at the geopolitical level have become the newest challenges, including for the state migration policy. Migration processes have acquired not only a mass character, but also uncontrolled forms. As a result of forced migrations in the 20th century, about 100 million people in the world lost their place of residence, including 50 million migrants in Europe. Thus, international illegal migration creates real and potential threats to almost any aspect of the security of the receiving party, distorting the social, demographic, territorial structure, intensifying competition in the local labor and housing markets, creating entire employment sectors that do not have legislative regulation. The lack of regulation causes social tension, the growth of xenophobia and extremism. The most dangerous challenge for developed countries, where security has become one of the most important cultural values, illegal migration is increasingly seen as one of the possible ways of spreading international terrorism, which is a real threat to both national and personal security. Keywords: implementation, illegal migration, immigration, emigration, the geopolitical level, internal migration, social and economic development, potential migrants.

Virtues in “Arthamulla Indhu Matham”

Kanadhasan’s “Arthamulla Indhu Matham” contains ten parts. Religious concepts of Hinduism are handled very well in this book. Religions are doing the humane work of improving man. Religion is an effective tool to improve relationships between human minds. Religion is a teacher and it teaches love and virtue to all people. Religion helps to make the feeling of unity prevail and love to blossom in the hearts of people. This article brings forth the concepts of individual human morality, social life, development of moral thinking, family, life thoughts and so on. A man who live his life between moral and peaceful situation is considered to be good in the society. Kanadhasan mentions that by serving the world one can forget his difficulties and one should not be selfish rather should help others. The Bible says to love your neighbor as you love yourself. Love is an important thing in human life. One can change the path of life through the virtue of love.

Contribution of Social Identity, Stereotypes and Prejudice on Intention of Social Conflict

The intention to accurately predict the performance of social conflict behavior is influenced by stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice. Based on the dynamics of the relationship, this research aims to find the relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of doing social conflict. Based on the analysis result, intentions are useful for preventing social conflict. This study used purposive sampling with the participants of 150 students in the 10th grade of State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Belitang in East Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research data were collected using a social conflict intention scale with a total of 21 items with the item determinant (rit) ranging from 0.274-0.777, a stereotypes scale with a total of 24 items ranging from 0.291 to 0.841, a social identity scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.290 to 0.897, and a prejudice scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.400. -0.796. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regression showed that the correlation coefficient of R is 0.269 with the p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which showed a significant positive relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of social conflict. Based on the research results, the intention of a social conflict occurs because of stereotypes in which people give negative attributes or traits to other parties, social identity that causes bias to judge other groups, and prejudice that causes hostility to members of other groups. These findings can be used for conflict prevention by minimizing the intention of social conflict by changing stereotypes into positive judgment, knowing that social identity does not affect the objective judgment of other groups, and reducing prejudice so that a peaceful situation can be realized.

A Brief Analysis of Conflict Intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War

Since the post–Cold War era to the current development of world multi-polarization, the global society has maintained a situation of overall peace, ease and stability, but local wars, turbulence and tension, among which conflict intervention has increasingly become a hot issue. Rather than being a conventional form of confrontation just involving the two sides, a conflict will always involve third-party actors such as great powers and international institutions. This article aims to illustrate the most appropriate role for international actors in a conflict society through analyzing the intervention case in the Sri Lankan Civil War while referencing some arguments about international norms and morality.

Arbitration Laws and Judicial Response to Settling the Disputes Through Arbitration in Nepal

The article aims to analyze the arbitration-related laws in Nepal, the domestication of international arbitration treaties and conventions, settlement procedures of arbitration disputes and the role of the Nepalese judiciary to settle the disputes through arbitration. To settle disputes outside the court through a mutual agreement in a peaceful situation, ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) is the best method practiced worldwide since time immemorial; Nepal has also proclaimed various provisions in different statutes and rules. Arbitration Act, 2055 is the current statute that governs arbitration matters and Arbitration (Court procedures) Rule, 2059 governs the court proceedings. The various provisions of Arbitration Laws and Rules have been proclaimed to mitigate the international arbitration laws and rules. Nepalese judiciary especially the supreme court and high court has played a pivotal role to settle the dispute that arose during arbitration, arbitral award, its implementation, the appointment of arbitrator etc. The finding of the study is there have been significant changes in the decision-making process by the court and new trends mitigating the international proceedings have been followed. The analysis is significant as it helps to understand the arbitration laws and procedures and new trends adopted by the courts to settle disputes.

Syrians In Marwanid Period

Mervânîler, 983-1085 yılları arasında Kuzey Mezopotamya’da hüküm sürmüş İslam devletlerinden biridir. Bu bölgede, Hulefa-i Raşidin döneminde başlayan İslamlaşma süreci Mervânîler döneminde daha da hızlanmıştır. Mervânîler hâkim oldukları topraklarda Müslüman nüfusun yerleşmesine yardımcı olurken bölgenin kadim sakinleri olan ve Hıristiyanlığa mensup Süryani, Ermeni ve Rumlar’ın yanısıra bölgede az da olsa yaşayan Yahudiler’e dokunmadılar. Aksine daha sonraki Müslüman idarelere örnek teşkil edecek bir hoşgörülü yaklaşım yoluna gittiler. Öyle ki liyakat esasına dayanarak Gayri Müslimler’i Vezirlik, Tabiplik, Vakıf Nazırlığı, Divan Kâtipliği, Arızu’l-Ceyşlik gibi önemli devlet konumlarına getirdiler. Hatta durum öyle oldu ki Mervânîler’in bu uygulamalarda aşırıya gittiğini düşünenler bile oldu. Müslümanlar dışındaki din mensuplarının inanç özgürlüğü, ibadethane açma hürriyeti ve ibadetlerini herhangi bir baskı altında kalmadan yapmaları hususunda azami özen gösterilmiştir. Bu dönemde Mervânîler’in Gayri Müslim tebaasına karşı takındığı en ufak bir olumsuz tavra rastlanmamaktadır. Bizans gibi Hıristiyanlığı resmi din olarak kabul eden devletlerin baskısından bunalan farklı Hıristiyan gruplar Mervânî ülkesindeki özgür ortamdan ötürü bu ülkeye akın ettiler. Süryani patrikliğinin Diyarbakır’a taşınması da bu dönemde gerçekleşen önemli olaylardan biridir.

Analisis Human Security dalam Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa (DK PBB) No. 2334 Tahun 2016

<p>UN Security Council resolution no. 2334 is issued to resolve the conflict between Palestine and Israel. This resolution contains orders for Israel to halt the expansion of settlements and to stop the demolition of Palestinian homes. Basically, the resolution aims to defuse conflict and to create peace in the region. The expected peaceful situation will affect security for humans. Therefore, this paper will analyze UN Security Council resolution no. 2334 with a human security approach. This paper finds that UN Security Council resolution 2334 fulfilled the indicator of human security approach because the resolution urges the parties to comply with the laws of Geneva Convention IV, international humanitarian law, the opinion of the International Court of Justice, the Quartet Roadmap, as well as many previous resolutions. All international instruments that are mentioned are focused on discussion to protect human in economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, political and human rights. However, in practice, this resolution met many obstacles, and even tended to be ignored by Israel. This paper uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques carried out through a literature review.</p>

Effects of the Doctrine of Discovery: A Strive to Build Sustainable and Peaceful Communities in North East India

The article analyzes the Doctrine of Discovery, which advocates racial superiority and colonization of indigenous lands. Indigenous people of North East India continually strive for sustainable and peaceful situation. A strong relational bond between the ethnic tribes and the environment is fundamental for self-determination, sustainability, and peace. Consequently, humans bond with land stirs a readiness to sacrifice their lives for their motherland juxtaposed in the precarious context of international boundaries and past colonial annexations. The colonial-influenced literature has molded their ethnic identity. This further leads to an upsurge of emic historical and anthropological perspective writings, framing their history, interaction with the environment, the rise of ethnic consciousness and identity politics. There is a continuous struggle to free themselves from the colonial enslavement of the Doctrine of Discovery that has ultimately encroached on their land and culture.

Opportunities and Advantages of Agricultural Reform and Opening up in Guinea

Guinean agriculture has important assets that offer many opportunities to accelerate growth and create sustainable jobs in the agricultural sector. This potential has the ability both to ensure the food self-sufficiency of the Guinean population and to generate significant export revenues, especially thanks to the opportunities and advantages that pave the way for profitable investments because reforms bring added value. Identified as a priority growth sector along with those of energy and mining, agriculture has recently begun a trend towards diversification with the revival of several agricultural sectors. This vision is based first of all on a national situation of peace and prosperity supported by justice and solidarity between the various components of the Guinean nation, with a public administration at the service of agricultural development, characterized by values of good governance, a human capital conducive to the emergence, a national wealth equitably shared between the different socio-professional strata and between the territories of the nation, a sustainable living environment favorable to current and future generations and a significant and unanimously recognized contribution to the positive transformation of Guinean agriculture towards the rest of the world. It is in this logic that we demonstrate the opportunities and advantages of reforming and opening up agriculture in our country.