Framework For Peace Research Articles

Making sense of peace in exile? Displaced people’s intersectional perceptions of peace

ABSTRACT This article enquires into how people with lived experiences of conflict and displacement make sense of peace in exile. For the analysis, the article focuses on displaced individuals in Kenya and Germany and theoretically complements the varieties of peace framework, situated knowledge and an intersectional approach. Findings reveal multifaceted perceptions revolving around the three dimensions of structural, collective and individual peace, outlooks shaped by gender-specific experiences, religious beliefs and familial relations. Interlocutors associate structural peace with experiences of sociopolitical, economic and legal conditions in exile, collective peace with support systems and harmonious interactions in communities, and individual or inner peace with desires for and feelings of happiness, hope and healing. Although analytically distinguishable, these three dimensions are inherently intertwined in interlocutors’ daily lives due to their lived experiences prior to and once in exile.

Implementation lead nurses to lead EBP quality improvement project using the PEACE framework.

Implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical practice is an ongoing challenge for nurses. EQUIP-Evidence-based QUality Improvement Project- is a multiphase project aimed at equipping nurses with the essential skills to implement EBP and advanced nursing practice. EQUIP embraces the assumption that implementation science models and partnership models can facilitate the implementation process of EBP, leading to successful and sustainable change. The current study is one of the EQUIP feasibility investigations in which the perspective of 12 implementation lead nurses (IL nurses) who attended a 1-day PEACE-based workshop was explored. Thematic analysis identified 2 overarching themes, 6 themes, and 18 subthemes. The first overarching theme showed that the PEACE-based workshop has successfully achieved its intended training implications, and the second overarching theme gave insight into factors that may influence the role of IL nurses. IL nurses reported general satisfaction and willingness to use the PEACE model at work; however, some IL nurses found Step 3 difficult to apply. The study's findings provide evidence of the perceived usefulness of adopting the PEACE model as an augmented approach in the EQUIP and the interest and enthusiasm of IL nurses in receiving more training on the implementation process of EBP.

Systemic conflict transformation approach to ethnic conflicts: a reflection from Balochistan, Pakistan

This research aimed to construct a model to examine the root causes, design the peace structure for intervention, and plan the pathways for transforming ethnic conflicts in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The current approaches to intervention in ethnic conflicts often lack a thorough analysis of the complexity of conflicts and transformation plans. This research adopted the Systemic Conflict Transformation framework of the Berghof Foundation for Peace Support of 2006, with certain amendments to suit the context of Balochistan. The project is significant because implementing this model would lead to conflict resolution, relation-building, and peace in the region. A qualitative methodology with the case study approach has been employed to address the research objectives. This study incorporated non-structure interviews, a review of existing literature, and personal reflections for constructing a peace framework. The findings indicate that the systemic conflict model is applicable in the context of Balochistan. It effectively identifies the apparent and hidden factors of conflicts and offers a comprehensive and actionable plan for conflict transformation, providing a comprehensive solution. This study recommends adopting this model by state authorities, government, and peace agents involved in ethnic conflicts to foster peace and harmony and rebuild regional relations.

Mapping the South China Sea Conflict through the Dynamic Framework Theory on Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding

he dynamics of the South China Sea conflict hold the potential for certain levels of escalation. The complexity of the conflict in the South China Sea needs to be specifically unraveled through the theory of the dynamic framework for conflict prevention and peace. This involves identifying the components that trigger and drive the conflict, which can then serve as a reference for formulating measures to prevent the escalation of the conflict. In this study, the South China Sea conflict is the primary object of exploration using the dynamic framework theory for conflict identification. The dynamic conflict framework has interrelated components that can be synthesized to determine that the South China Sea conflict is in a critical situation

A forest peacebuilding mechanism for the world’s most fragile states

Resource scarcity within a fragile state can lead to cooperation or within-state conflict. Cooperation is more likely when local peacebuilding mechanisms are part of a national peace framework. A new local peacebuilding mechanism, shared forest cooperatives (SFC), is proposed here. Designed to stabilize peace in rural communities, SFC refers to a network of local councils. Each council manages a living bank, namely annual dividends harvested from a forest ecosystem or other perennial plants. SFC’s backbone for managing forest dividends is Elinor Ostrom’s common-pool resource principles. Each SFC group relies on the backbone when choosing its own rights, rules and obligations. Ostrom’s monitoring principle of higher-level support, or polycentrism, presents difficulty for fragile states. Outside intervention covers binding decisions, technical expertise and hosting neutral space for face-to-face dialogue initially. SFC’s design, theory and practice draws from four elements: 1) where SFC fits within the current intervention practices, 2) SFC’s reliance on shared land usage and occupancy typical for most of the world’s nine most fragile states, namely Somalia, Yemen, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Sudan, Afghanistan, Central African Republic and Syria, 3) adapting Elinor Ostrom’s common-pool resource principles for sharing each living bank’s dividends 4) better governance based on local peace council experiences. Elements are folded into a synthesis and its critique then policy implications. Socially fragile, SFC is proposed as a 2-for-1 mechanism for building peace in rural communities while minimizing forest loss.

Civilizational Deviation in Collective Mediation: A Comparative Analysis of the Cretan Question and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

ABSTRACT This study explores the phenomenon of “civilizational deviation” in collective mediation processes within international conflicts, where perceived civilizational identities significantly impact outcomes. Comparing the late 19th-century Cretan Question and the 1988–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, it reveals how civilizational factors obstruct collective mediation processes. In both cases, conflicting parties held perceptions of civilizational proximity or distance to the collective mediators, diverting mediation process from established international peace frameworks. The mediation process in Crete failed to deter separatism driven by religious self-determination, resulting in a peace design incongruent with prevailing international peace framework (Richmond, Oliver P. 2022. The Grand Design: The Evolution of the International Peace Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2021. Similarly, the OSCE Minsk Group’s efforts in Nagorno-Karabakh faced challenges aligning with normative mandates from the UN peace framework. This analysis illuminates complexities in mediation influenced by civilizational perceptions and highlighting the need to address civilizational deviation for international peace.

Peace Reporting: Intra-afghan Dialogue and Role of Media

John Gatling's model of journalism has been applied to coverage of newspaper reports on peace in Afghanistan in three leading English newspapers: the New York Times, Outlook Afghanistan, and the Daily Dawn. As an important pillar of the state, the media plays an important role in resolving disputes through its news reporting. By shaping it, they shape and edit people's opinions. In this way, the media is a powerful tool for shaping the nation's policy in international communication. So, the social responsibility theory of the press is discussed in this regard. The purpose of this study is to explore the coverage pattern of "terrorism and the ongoing war in Afghanistan" through print media in the framework of peace. News from three major newspapers shows that the coverage of the war and peace efforts in Afghanistan is dominated by the framework of peace journalism. Each story was coded for Peace Journalism as modeled by John Gatling. The three salient features of peace journalism that have been observed are the unbiased approach, the multidisciplinary approach, and the avoiding evil language. All three newspapers were objective and reported in their entire context. Most of the time, newspapers' approach was to resolve disputes rather than to direct them.

Beyond Liberal Peace: Religious Violence and Tactical Peacebuilding in Indonesia

Since the downfall of Suharto’s authoritarian government in 1998, Indonesia has witnessed a variety of violent conflicts, intergroup tensions and Islamist radicalism, which in turn pose threats to the country’s security, safety and peace. This article examines various forms of religious violence, particularly Islamist violence, and ways of overcoming them tactically or strategically in post-Suharto Indonesia. This article underscores the need to go beyond the liberal peace framework, underlines the significance of the implementation of tactical peacebuilding and highlights the central roles of domestic religious actors in the peace and reconciliation processes. This article suggests that tactical peacebuilding requires multiple approaches that utilise various sources, including religion and culture, and needs a strategic collaboration among manifold actors—religious and secular, state and society, domestic and foreign. The Indonesian case shows that religion is not only a source of conflict, violence and ‘violence-building’ but also a useful resource for reconciliation, conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

Registered Dietitian Nutritionists' Perceptions of the Relationship between Food and Peace in the United States Food System: A Qualitative Study.

In the United States, persistent food insecurity alongside social and health disparities limit peace in the food system. A peacebuilding approach offers a potential paradigm shift integrating food in the context of peace to foster right and just relationships with self, others, and the Earth for sustainable, resilient, and equitable food systems. This qualitative study sought to explore registered dietitian nutritionists' (RDNs) perceptions of the relationship between food and peace and to identify implications of food as grounds for peacebuilding, using a Food Peace Framework in the field of nutrition and dietetics. Virtual, semistructured individual interviews elicited the perceptions and understandings of a purposive sample of RDNs working within the US food system. Twenty-two purposively sampled RDNs of differing races, ethnicities, ages, places of employment, years of work experience, and diverse geographic locations across the United States were interviewed from October 2021 to January2022. Qualitative grounded theory iterative coding was performed in three phases: initial, focused, and theoretical coding. Thematic coding analysis with NVivo (version 12.0) was used to organize and interpret data. Four themes on the perceptions of peace within the US food system emerged, including (1) barriers to peace; (2) conflict in the US food system; (3) values in systems; and (4) new understandings of peacebuilding in the US food system. Four themes of implications of the Food Peace Framework emerged, including implications for (1) education and research communities; (2) nutrition counseling and health care settings; (3) local organizations and programs; and (4) policy. This initial study revealed a gap in RDNs' current understandings of peacebuilding in the context of food and acknowledged the need for future research. The Food Peace Framework could offer a comprehensive and inclusive model with the potential to initiate conversations that could address root causes of economic despair, social injustices, and political oppression in food systems.

Can P/CVE be salvaged? Lessons and questions from gendered practice

This article argues that the problem-oriented framing of the international agenda for preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) has limited the conception of gender in P/CVE and constrained the work of women-led civil society organisations. Through a meta-analysis of the cases profiled in Case Studies on the Role of Gender and Identity in Shaping Positive Alternatives to Extremisms, this article assesses the gendered interventions made by women peacebuilders and pro-peace organisations, noting their role in providing positive alternatives to extremism grounded in the framework of peace, resilience, equal rights and pluralism proposed by Sanam Naraghi Anderlini. The article argues that salvaging P/CVE practice requires recognition of the leadership of women peacebuilders and presents strategies that should inform future P/CVE practice, including the holistic integration of gender and identity, the leveraging of cultural credibility and trust, and the important role of power-building.

The Impact of the Theory of Liberalism on the United Nations’ and African Union’s Approach to Global Peace and Security

This article presents a critical analysis of the impact (influence) of the theory of liberalism on the United Nations’ (UN) and Africa Union’s (AU) approach to global peace and security. There are various and sometimes conflicting theories of international relations relating to how world politics functions, including international and regional peace and security. Which theory of international relations and peace would explain the United Nations' role in promoting worldwide peace and security, as well as the African Union's role in promoting regional peace and security within the African continent? Even though this question is difficult to answer and no single theory can fully capture the complexities surrounding the issues at hand, this article contends that the liberal peace framework has had a profound influence on the creation of the United Nations and the African Union, as well as their roles in international and regional peace and security. To this purpose, the study adopts a qualitative critical research strategy with secondary data collection and analytical approaches which comprise characterizing, thematizing, and contextualizing the topic at hand. The paper explains how liberalism influenced the essential thinking, values and norms, institutional legitimacy and mandate. It also conceptualizes and operationalizes peace and security concerns at the UN and AU. This is tied to UN-led global action which, when paired with the AU's considerable continental role, illustrates liberalism's impact in terms of laws, conventions, principles, and practices, facilitating cooperative peacebuilding efforts. Despite some critical theoretical and practical shortcomings, this paper argues that liberalism is still essential to achieving the UN’s and AU's, agenda for global peace and security.

“Go Out to the Peripheries”: The Social Vision of Pope Francis

In this essay, the author describes the trajectory toward a just peace framework in contemporary Catholic social teaching, as well as similar trends in the broader Christian community. He articulates a refined just peace framework or process that has arisen from and within a pastoral approach that listens to the experiences and voices of people in conflict situations across various cultural spaces. He then turns to the recent and challenging case of the war in Ukraine to explore and argue for a just peace approach rooted in the praxis of accompaniment. The author also reflects on the distinction between and implications of an accompaniment approach and a justification-of-war approach to initiate more inquiry on this topic.

Praxis of Accompaniment: A Way of Just Peace amid the War in Ukraine

In this essay, the author describes the trajectory toward a just peace framework in contemporary Catholic social teaching, as well as similar trends in the broader Christian community. He articulates a refined just peace framework or process that has arisen from and within a pastoral approach that listens to the experiences and voices of people in conflict situations across various cultural spaces. He then turns to the recent and challenging case of the war in Ukraine to explore and argue for a just peace approach rooted in the praxis of accompaniment. The author also reflects on the distinction between and implications of an accompaniment approach and a justification-of-war approach to initiate more inquiry on this topic.

Culture of Dependency and Federal Spirit in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Almost thirty years after the General Framework for Peace (DPA) was initialled in Dayton and then signed in Paris, Bosnia and Herzegovina has not taken full ownership over its governance. The Office of the High Representative (OHR), which has been given the responsibility to oversee the civilian implementation of the DPA, has been heavily criticized for being controversial, undemocratic, illegal, and it has been seen as an obstacle to the EU integration of the country. This paper analyses the effects of civilian international presence on the governance of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It argues that such strong and long-lasting international control fosters a culture of dependency in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which in turn jeopardizes the creation of federal spirit in the country.

Building relational peace: police-community relations in post-accord Colombia

ABSTRACT As an important pillar of building sustainable peace after protracted violent conflict, security sector reform (SSR) has the objective to prepare state security actors, who often have been active conflict participants, for work within the frameworks of democracy, adherence to human and civil rights, and civilian rule. A major component of SSR is the re-training and re-education of local police to improve their relationship with the local communities. This relationship has often been severely strained by human rights abuses committed by police against community members during the conflict, and it continues to be put to the test in fragile post-accord environments by persisting high levels of violence. However, research on how to improve that relationship, particularly from a bottom-up perspective, remains scarce. This study analyses the dynamics of the relationship between the police and communities in the transition period from war to peace in Colombia, a country tormented by continued violence even after the signing of the 2016 peace agreement that was to set an end to the country’s decades of internal conflict. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted during the fall of 2019, it applies the theoretical lens of the relational peace framework that approaches peace in terms of relationships between different sets of interdependent actors. The findings indicate that the relationship between the communities and the police has not reached satisfactory levels of relational peace, suggesting a set-back in security-related peacebuilding. The paper concludes with recommendations, including from interviewees, on how to improve that relationship.

Occupied by non-violence: Exploring male Palestinian resistance activists’ use of strategic silences in (re)narrating the Palestinian struggle

Liberal peacebuilding has had its fair share of critiques. Along with highlighting its neo-liberal and Western-centric foundations, scholars have also drawn attention to its disregard for Indigenous peace frameworks. Peacebuilding in Palestine is no exception. Based on ethnographic research in the West Bank, this paper examines Orientalist narratives of Palestinian men embedded within the liberal peacebuilding framework and highlights the way that men engaged in unarmed resistance have navigated this terrain through the adoption of public transcripts which (re)narrate the Palestinian story/experience. I argue that this adoption can be interpreted as an act of critical agency where the silencing of their own beliefs is turned on its head to empower and further their agenda and goals. In this way, representation, knowledge, and silence can be understood as not only tools of colonial control, but also tools for Indigenous resistance to Western discourses, narratives, and representations.

‘Illiberal Peace’: Oxymoron, Political Necessity, or Old Wine in a New Bottle

Abstract With growing multipolarity and geopolitical polarization, the role of international organizations as third-party actors within the framework of liberal peace, has been steadily declining over the past two decades. The most recent spike in armed conflict since 2014 has not been accompanied by an associated increase in peace agreements and negotiated settlements, as was the case in the 1990s. Considering the undersupply of conflict management by international organizations, the role of state actors in third-party roles has grown, often with weak normative support and commitment to nonviolent conflict management. This has often legitimized the use of violence as a strategy of coercive kinetic diplomacy. Drawing from historical analyses of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, this article examines the question as to whether the current period of growing illiberalism in peacebuilding is historically anachronistic. It introduces a framework of analysis and engages in concept development to understand and operationalize “illiberality of peacebuilding.”

Neoliberal conflict and ‘democratic peace’: The post-cold war crisis

ABSTRACT This article conducts a comprehensive analysis of the inadequacy of the neoliberal peace theory, a derivative of the democratic peace theory, in its endeavour to establish global stability. Drawing upon case studies from the First Gulf War, the Balkans, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Northern Triangle of Central America, it becomes evident that the ambitions of the neoliberal peace framework have consistently fallen short of their objectives. These practical instances underscore the inherent constraints and oversimplifications of the theory when addressing the intricate dynamics within international relations. This article highlights the multifaceted nature of the pursuit of global peace and calls for the reassessment and adaptation of the neoliberal peace theory to align with the requirements of the contemporary world. The efficacy of neoliberal initiatives in promoting peace is evaluated, shedding light on their limitations. Additionally, the article explores lack of a direct correlation between regime type and peace by citing the failure of neoliberal peace in the context of illiberal trends with in democracies. Neoliberal trapping of liberal democratic peace theory, which turns out to be an inevitable crisis in peace building is discussed, scrutinising the instigation, exacerbation, and perpetuation of conflicts in the post- cold war era using the indicators of democratisation, economic interdependence and international organisations.

Everyday peace as a theory to explain victims’ peacemaking actions in intimate partner violence situations

This paper assesses the transferability of the concept of everyday peace, developed in the conflict and peace studies literature, to practices utilised by people experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). The relevance of everyday peace to IPV is assessed by mapping typologies of the concept against behaviour that victims implement to manage and survive abusive relationships. To collect these data, experienced family violence practitioners were asked to recount practice-based information about everyday strategies that victims use to avoid triggering or to de-escalate a perpetrator, thereby minimising immediate harm coming to themselves or others. Theming these behaviours against typologies of everyday peace demonstrated the significant relevance of this theory to IPV. As such, we suggest that everyday peace is a useful conceptual framework to apply to family violence. Our analysis finds that the everyday peace framework is particularly helpful for exploring victim agency in these contexts, reframing mundane and everyday strategies as agentic. In addition, everyday peace offers a means for better understanding victims’ actions, which could help develop more effective service responses supporting choice and agency in IPV situations.

Concepts of Post-Postmodern Art in Achieving Sustainable Development Principles

This statement article discusses a very controversial question and tries to hypothesize why postmodernism concepts could be no longer needed. and argue about its end possibility, after the birth of new concepts that came after, which were classified by the critics and thinkers as Post-postmodernism, to emulate the issues and developments that happened in the era of the third millennium which synchronized with the phenomena that evolved to contain cultural changes and social contexts in societies throughout the high-tech advancements, which caused harmful ecological impacts. Post-postmodernism started to create new concepts in how art and science gathered to serve the sustainability of human beings' lives, which turned to nature through the framework of peace and reconciliation with the environment, that was near to achieve the principles of sustainable development. The article aimed to discuss the relationship between the concepts of Post-postmodern art and the concepts of sustainability, and also concentrate on how Post-postmodernism attempts to provide artistic solutions in its aesthetic creations; to realize concept of integration with social, cultural, natural, and environmental contexts. That is also targeted in the sustainable development goals.